PURPOSES : This paper presents a description of the current issues facing road managers regarding the surface-type conversion of lowvolume roads for cost savings. METHODS: The paper reviews previous works conducted toward this end, acknowledges gaps in the current research, and lays out what information is needed for further studies. RESULTS : If the cost to maintain an unsurfaced road is less than the cost of maintaining a surfaced road, then there is potential for cost savings for the management agency. However, the problem is bigger than simply maintaining the roads that already exist. If unsurfaced roads prove to be more economical than surfaced roads, then the cost to convert from a surfaced to an unsurfaced roadway, and vice versa, when necessary, must also be examined. CONCLUSIONS : No other studies have addressed the un-surfacing of a road for cost savings, and it is therefore unknown whether substantial savings can be realistically obtained by converting from a surfaced to an unsurfaced road. To determine whether a conversion policy would be a viable option, additional data and research are needed.

This study introduces the methods to apply and develop the integrated Cost of Quality (COQ) and Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) model for seeking not only quality improvement but also reduction of overhead cost. Inefficient and uneconomical COQ activities can be identified by using time driver which also maximizes the quality improvement for Prevention-Appraisal- Failure (PAF) quality costs. In contrast, reduction of the indirect cost of unused capacity resource using Quality Cost Capacity Ratio (QCCR) of TDABC minimizes overhead cost for COQ activities. In addition, linkage between Overall Equipment Effective (OEE) and Time Driver develops the integrated system of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) and TDABC model. Lean OEE maximizes when an Unused Time (UT) of TDABC that are TPM losses and lean wastes reduces whereas the TPM Cost Capacity Ratio (TCCR) of TDABC minimizes indirect cost for non-value added TPM activities. Numerical examples are derived to better understand the proposed COQ/TDABC model and TPM/TDABC model from this paper. From the proposed model, process mapping and time driver of TDABC are known to lessen indirect cost from general ledger of comprehensive income statement with a better quality innovation and improvement of equipment.

3D-based BIM(Building Information Modeling) technologies can be utilized effectively as a means of systematic management of facility information for safety assurance and effective maintenance of waterworks facilities. In this study, BIM models of water treatment facilities that can be used as basic data for BIM-based maintenance of waterworks facilities were developed. Information exchange and generality of the developed BIM models were evaluated by conducting interoperability analysis of IFC(Industry Foundation Classes) conversion models. In addition, the application of COBie(Construction Operations Building information exchange) was recommended as an effective countermeasure to deal with technical limitation regarding exchange and utilization of facilities-related information through current IFC models. The results of this study can contribute to the development of BIM-based maintenance system for waterworks facilities.

In order to manage essential parts that are required for the repairable parts services performed at the military maintenance depots, the United States Air Force developed the Repairability Forecasting Model (RFM). In the RFM, if the requirements of the parts are assumed to follow the normal probability distribution after applying means from the past data to the replacement rate and lead times, the chance of the AWP (Awaiting Parts) occurring is 50%. In this study, to counter the uncertainties of requirements and lead times from the RFM, the safety level concept is considered. To obtain the safety level for requirements, the binomial probability distribution is applied, while the safety level for lead time is obtained by applying the normal probability distribution. After adding this concept, the improved RFM is renamed as the ARFM (Advanced RFM), and by conducting the numerical stimulation, the effectiveness of the ARFM, minimizing the occurrence of the AWP, is shown by increasing the efficiency of the maintenance process and the operating rate of the weapon system.

Plant management have a greatest influence on the corporate variety of tasks such as production, quality, environment. So, various performance indices for plant management are operating. But plant management tasks can be carried out effectively, so that all of how to organize and efficiently manage indicators is lacking real condition In this paper, improved profitability, cost savings by applying the concept for the performance assessment, plant management services, such as the key indices for performance according to the objectives of the firm. Dashboard for plant management work using me to develop a system that manage.

PURPOSES : This research describes how to predict the life cycles of fatigue cracking based on NCHRP Report 704 as well as modified harmony search (MHS) algorithm. METHODS : The fatigue cracking regression model of NCHRP Report 704 was used in order to calculate the ESAL (Equivalent Single Axle Load) numbers up to pavement failure, based on using material parameters, composite modulus, and surface pavement thickness. Furthermore, the MHS algorithm was implemented to find appropriate material parameters and other structural conditions given the number of ESALs, which is related to pavement service life. RESULTS: The case studies show that the material and structural parameters can be obtained, resulting in satisfying the failure endurance of asphalt concrete structure, given the number of ESALs. For example, the required ESALs such as one or two millions are targeted to satisfy the service performance of asphalt concrete pavements in this study. CONCLUSIONS : According to the case studies, It can be concluded that the MHS algorithm provides a good tool of optimization problems in terms of minimizing the difference between the required service cycles, which is a given value, and the calculated service cycles, which is obtained from the fatigue cracking regression model.

The goal of this paper is to suggest aircraft maintenance and its improvement for aviation safety. The purpose of aviation safety is to prevent aviation accidents resulting in damage to human life and property. Aviation safety relies heavily on maintenance. Human error is cited as a major causal factor in most aviation mishaps, including maintenance error. Errors can be described as active failures that lead directly to the incident, and latent failures whose presence provokes the active failure. Maintenance errors are parts installed incorrectly, missing parts, and necessary checks not being performed. In comparison to many other threats to aviation safety, the mistakes of an aviation maintenance technician(AMT) can be more difficult to detect. Often times, these mistakes are present but not visible and have the potential to remain latent, affecting the safe operation of aircraft for longer periods of time. State safety programmes is a system of activities for the aim of strengthening the safety and integrated management of the activities of government by standards of the ICAO. In summary, It is necessary to revise regulations on the basis of the aviation practice for aviation safety regulatory requirements. The goverment will eventually need to promulgate fatigue management standsrds for AMT also pay particular attention to the safety and education for small aircraft AMT.

PURPOSES: This study focuses on conducting pavement rehabilitation for more deteriorated roads given a limited government budget. METHODS: Therefore, we apply a optimization programming model of the permutation algorithm used for rehabilitating more deteriorated pavement areas, which is subjected to the limited budget. RESULTS: The permutation algorithm was evaluated in terms of determining the maximized rehabilitation of deteriorated pavement areas, using the newly developed performance models such as fatigue cracking, rutting, international roughness index(IRI) through the surveying data from 2006 to 2012. When compared with a traditional model of the so-called worst-first sequence(WFS) method, the permutation algorithm worked better than the WFS method, resulting in covering more deteriorated pavement areas given the limited government budget. CONCLUSIONS : Through a case study, it could be concluded that the permutation algorithm provides more reliable results in terms of rehabilitating more deteriorated pavement areas given the limited budget.

A number of screening tools have been developed to evaluate the human balance capability. Many of them were designed to identify the elderly with falling risk. Three different screening tools, which have been well used many clinical fields, were used in this study. The purpose of this study was to evaluate balance capability in facilities maintenance workers in korea. There were no statistical significance between male and female when evaluated with three different screening tools. However, significant differences were found among the age groups irrespective of gender when evaluated with three different screening tools. The results of three different screening tools in korea showed poor values compared with previous results. These results revealed that facilities maintenance workers faced more critical falling risk in korea.

Recently, conservation and utilization of cultural heritage has been regarded as importance. So, various research papers about maintenance of the remains have been presented in many conferences. But most of researches have focused on introduction about maintenance methods and explanation about maintenance concepts of remains. And even in case of a few papers treated post-evaluation about maintenance of the remains the criteria of the evaluation has tended to somewhat subjective. So, the purpose of this study is to show the objective post-evaluation indexes which was developed by Delphi · AHP methods. This research was proceeded in two stages. First, we arranged the evaluation index in a hierarchy to be made through the analyses about references and researches about maintenance of remains. 304 evaluation articles were elicited through the process. And then, elicited evaluation articles were classified with 'conservation' and 'utilization'. Second step was to figure out importance and validity of hierarchical evaluation articles with twice questionnaire surveys. This research used interval scale to comprehend validity and AHP method to evaluate relative importance of each other articles.

본 연구는 농가들의 온실 유지관리 실태를 알아보기 위해서 국내에 보급되어 있는 온실에 대해 전국을 대상으로 온실규격, 자연재해 예방 및 피해상황, 온실 구조재, 온실 피복재 등에 관한 실태를 조사하여 자료를 분석하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 온실의 규격의 경우, 길이는 단동 및 연동 온실 모두 90m이상이 가장 많았다. 폭은 단동온실 및 연동 온실이 각각 8m이 상 및 7.0~7.9m, 측고 1.5~1.9m 및 2.0~2.9m, 동고 3.0~3.9m 및 6m가 가장 높은 비율을 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 내재해형 온실을 조사한 결과 농가에서 내재 해형 온실 설치를 기피하는 것으로 조사되었다. 온실의 자연재해 피해는 대설 보다 태풍에 대한 피해를 많이 받는 것으로 조사되었다. 자연재해 예보 시 점검사항의 경우, 태풍 예보가 있을 때에는 천창, 측창, 출입문 및 피복재 고정밴드를 주로 점검하며, 대설 예보가 있을 때에는 난방기를 주로 점검하는 것으로 나타났다. 온실파 이프에 부식이 발생 시 보수방법은 도색 보다는 부분적 인 교체를 많이 하고, 자연재해 예방을 위한 구조물의 보강재를 대부분 사용하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 온실 피복재의 유지관리는 대부분의 농가에서 피복재 밀폐성을 점검하는 것으로 나타났지만, 광 투과를 위한 피복재의 청소는 대부분 하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 태풍시 온실 피복재를 제거하면 구조재 파괴를 막을 수 있는데 그렇게 못하는 이유는 피복재의 교체비용, 재배작물 때문인 것으로 파악되었다. 그리고 온실농가에서 화재예방을 위한 소방설비 구비 여부에 대해 조사한 결과, 온실의 화재예방 인식이 많이 부족한 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 1-MCP의 농도별 및 처리시간별 처리가 분화 심비디움 ‘Goldenbell’ 의 품질에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 수행하였다. 개화율은 모든 처리구에서 100% 정상적으로 개화하였으나 낙화율은 처리 간에 상당한 차이를 나타내었다. 1-MCP 0.168 mg·m-3 처리구는 무처리와 0.021mg·m-3 처리에 비해 현저히 감소된 결과를 나타내었다. 에틸렌 발생량도 1-MCP를 120분간 0.168 mg·m-3 처리 시 무처리 1903.3 mL·h-1·kg-1에 비해 867.6 mL·h-1·kg-1로 현저히 감소되었다. 따라서 이러한 결과는 분화심비디움의 품질선도유지에 매우 효과적임을 알 수 있었다.

본 논문은 노후소득보장정책을 중심으로 한국 노인복지정책의 발전방향을 모색하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 본 논문은 우선 한국의 노후소득보장정책의 현황을 살펴보고자 하며, 다음으로 그러한 현황분석을 토대로 향후 한국이 고령사회에 적합한 노후소득보장정책을 갖기 위하여 어떤 노력을 기울여야 하는지 논의하고자 한다. 본 논문은 크게 세 부분으로 구성된다. 첫째, 노인복지정책 중에서도 왜 노후소득보장정책에 주목해야 하는지를 커다란 사회경제적 변화, 예컨대 인구의 고령화 및 복지국가의 변화와 연결지여 살펴본다. 둘째, 한국의 노후소득보장정책이 그런 사회경제적 변화에 잘 부합하고 있는지 그 현황을 되짚어보고, 이를 통해 우리의 현실을 진단한다. 셋째, 현황에 대한 진단과 비판적 검토를 토대로 향후 한국의 노후소득보장정책이 어떤 방향으로 발전해 나가야 하는지 모색한다.

In this research, we are developing a predictive maintenance model of the injection molding machines based on the prediction of trend of injection molding parameters. At first, we developed an interface method to directly monitor the real-time injection molding parameter data from injection molding machine controller. Second, we identified the principal injection parameters which mainly affect the quality of injection molding products and need to be monitored for maintenance. Third, based on the time series analysis, we developed the prediction models of the principal injection molding parameters, which are identified by previous statistical model to forecast its future patterns/trends and schedule its maintenance point in time. We adopted Nelson’s rules to identify abnormal patterns in predicted data. Finally, we used FTA (fault tree analysis) to relate the injection molding parameters to the parts of the injection molding machine, find out the equipment or parts to be corrected.

The HANARO reactor constructed from Jan. 1985 to April 1995, and a major utilization system, the Cold Neutron Research Facility was completed Nov. 2010. The cold neutron research facility consists of a Cold Neutron Source, a process system, a neutron guide and a Spectrometer. A moderator is utilized to transform thermal neutrons into cold neutrons. A moderator cell accommodates the moderator. The inner assembly contains an aluminum moderator cell connected to a stainless steel heat exchanger by a bi-metallic transition joint. An In-Pool Assembly is welded to this inner assembly and a double flexible pipe, and a vacuum chamber is inserted. After HANARO reactor shutdown, the in-pool assembly was installed at a cold neutron hole in the reactor pool. We confirmed a precise installation by using an underwater TV camera for a nuclear reactor inspection. In-pool assembly connected to double flexible pipe each system in the Cold Neutron Research Facility. After cold neutron research facility operated, the reliability of vacuum system, helium refrigerator system, gas blanket system and hydrogen system for maintenance was confirmed.

The two experiments were done on stationary car at 800rpm, 1500rpm and running car on oscilloscope and chassis dynamometer at the speeds of 20km/h, 60km/h. In this experiment, the relativity between waveform, exhaust emissions and fuel consumption through two experimental methods were measured in case of cars with failures in MAP sensor, O sensor, spark plugs. The following results are obtained by analyzing the data relativity between two experimental methods, such as stationary and running tests. A simple stationary test under the maintenance of a decrepit gasoline vehicle would be realistic possibility to predict the fuel consumption and the exhaust emission comparable to results of running test with a chassis dynamometer.

PURPOSES: Surface treatment is a favorable method in the pavement preventive maintenance. This study (Part Ⅰ) aimed to develop the low viscosity filling material for waterproof characteristics and high penetrable and weather resistance, and a series of companion study (Part Ⅱ) presents the coating characteristics and performance analysis using field and lab tests. METHODS : Hydrophobic characteristics of the advanced surface treatment material are observed and measured the filling depth and the permeability for sand and asphalt pavement specimen using the water absorption test and permeability test, X-RAY CT test. Color difference for the weather resistance using ultraviolet ray accelerated weathering test is compared with asphalt pavement specimens. RESULTS : The developed material shows the decreased water absorption and increased impermeable effect because of the hydrophobic characteristics. It is found that the filling depth is about 6mm and weather resistance is better than asphalt pavement specimen. CONCLUSIONS: The advanced hydrophobic - low viscosity filling treatment material is developed in this study (Part Ⅰ) to improve the waterproof characteristics and high filling capacity and weather resistance for the pavement preventive maintenance.