Bee venom is a complex mixture of toxic components that induces immediate local inflammatory and allergic responses. However, the presence and role of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in bee venom have not been previously investigated. Here, we provide the first demonstration that bee venom contains Cu,Zn SOD (SOD3), a novel extracellular component that promotes local inflammation. Bee venom SOD3 was shown to be an oxidant, rather than an antioxidant, that induces the inflammation-signaling molecule H2O2 in vivo. H2O2 plays a pathological role by triggering an immediate local inflammatory response. Furthermore, bee venom SOD3 significantly induced the activation of proinflammatory mediators (TNF-α and COX-2) and cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) via the overproduction of H2O2 in mice. Our data demonstrate that bee venom SOD3 induced H2O2, which drives an immediate local inflammatory response, indicating a novel mechanism underlying bee venom-induced local inflammation.

Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are insecticides that disrupt the normal development of target insects by inducing symptoms such as premature molting or supernumerary larval stages. IGRs are categorized into three types based on their mode of action. One of the them is classified as juvenile hormone agonists (JHAs). In recent studies, we identified juvenile hormone antagonists (JHANs) from plant extracts. In order to identify a novel juvenile hormone agonists and antagonists, we tested 2,354 chemical compounds using the yeast-two hybrid system. Among them, 2 JHAs and 4 JHANs were selected and their insecticidal activities were evaluated against Aedes albopictus larvae. These results may be useful for development of novel IGR insecticides.

A viral genome was assembled de novo from next-generation sequencing (NGS) data from bean bugs, Riptortus pedestris, infected with an entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Bb), and was further confirmed via the RACE method. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the RdRp sequences, RiPV-1 was clustered in the unassigned insect RNA viruses with two other viruses, APV and KFV. These three viruses were suggested to constitute a new group of insect RNA viruses. Interestingly, RiPV-1 replication was increased dramatically in bean bugs 2 to 6 days after fungal infection. In conclusion, a novel insect RNA virus was found by NGS data assembly. This virus can provide further insight into the interaction between virus, fungus and the host.

A novel nanocomposite LDPE film with UV protective properties was developed for active packaging applications. Initially, undoped and Mn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by the sol-gel method and the resulting particles were characterized. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed an agglomerated nature and spherical morphology. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies indicated that all products were crystalline and in the form of rutile. The reflectance spectrum of undoped TiO2 NPs demonstrated a characteristic sharp edge at 410 nm. Subsequently, nanocomposite (NC) LDPE samples were prepared with the NPs by solvent precipitation followed by film casting. The optical and thermal properties of the NC samples were investigated. Incremental increases in Mn concentration from 0.25 mol % to 1.00 mol % were associated with progressive decreases in light transmission in the UV region. The melting and maximum decomposition temperatures of all NCs were 107 and 442-449 °C, respectively. The UV protective LDPE-based NC films exhibited superior photostability. Absorption in the FTIR spectra at 1716 and 1734 cm-1 changed after 4-wk exposure to UV for all film samples as a consequence of photodegradation. Finally, the photooxidation of perilla oil was assessed as an example of a UV protective packaging application. After 12 days, protection with 1.00 mol% Mn-doped TiO2-LDPE was associated with a gradual increase in PV, while protection with TiO2-LDPE was associated with a significant increase and protection with the control treatment was associated with a dramatic increase in PV. Hence, a 1.00 mol% Mn-doped TiO2-LDPE NC showed promise for UV shielding packaging applications.

Time-temperature indicators or integrators (TTIs) indicate food quality changes based on time-temperature history. Whilst many types of TTIs have been developed and commercialized, educated consumers often refuse to purchase food products with attached TTI labels showing even a slight color change. In this study, a novel on-off diffusion-based TTI coupled with polydiacetylene/silica nanocomposites has been proposed. The prototype TTI tag has a multilayer structure comprised of a self-adhesive base layer, a middle microporous sheet, and an upper opaque white layer coupled with a square reservoir of Tween 20 attached to an activation stripe. At the end of the diffusion path, polydiacetylene/silica nanocomposites were injected into a loading site as a fine blue stripe. After activation, Tween 20 diffused and reached the loading site, where it rapidly changed from blue-to-red via solvatochromism. This alternative and innovative TTI continuously showed a blue color until reaching the end point, at which stage a red color rapidly appeared, indicating product rejection. Thus, this novel TTI it is of great benefit to the brand owner. The developed prototype was characterized and evaluated for its ability to monitor microbial quality based on published, isothermal, microbial growth data of modified-atmosphere packaged minced beef, Mediterranean fish, and ground pork. The diffusion of Tween 20 in the TTI system was measured under various isothermal conditions and a kinetic model, based on the association between diffusion and time-temperature, was investigated. The Gaussian-estimated activation energy value was 51.082kJ mol-1. Tween 20 diffusion of 6.10, 5.15 and 6.15mm along the TTI systems were considered to be end points and the 95% confidence interval between the times taken for TTI to display OFF and for the foods to reach their deterioration thresholds were 23.30-23.70, 23.00-23.50 and 23.44-24.05h for total aerobic bacteria, Shewanella putrefaciens, and Pseudomonas spp. respectively. The TTI performance test for reproducibility and accuracy revealed a normal frequency distribution with 35004.90, 1200.254.82 and 549.811.09min at 0, 11 and 25C, respectively in accordance with the investigation of diffusion in the TTI.

Morphological and culture characteristics of the novel Phellinus linteus variant KACC93057P collected in Korea were characterized in this study. The surface of the wasangular, sessile, tough-woody, concentrically zonate, and dark brown in color. Basidiocarppores were circular, with 5–7 pores per mm. The hyphal system was dimitic, and basidiospores were ellipsoid or oval, 4.5–6 × 4–5, exhibiting characteristics typical of P. linteus. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 25–30oC, and optimal pH for growth was 5–7. The mycelial growth rate of P. linteus KACC93057P was faster than that of other P. baumii isolates. On growth medium, KACC93057P formed aerial mycelia with density higher than that of other isolates. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-ribosomal DNA sequences were closely related to the sequences P. linteus complex.

『은화』는 윤의병 신부가 쓴 한국최초의 천주교 소설이다. 1939년부터 1950 년 경향잡지에 연재되었으며 병인박해를 배경으로 한 군난소설이다. 본고에 서는 『은화』의 창작배경과 특징을 고찰하였으며 통합적 생태론의 입장에서 생 태 이야기로서 『은화』의 의의를 규명하였다. 『은화』는 성직자에 의해 집필되 고 성직자의 적극적인 기획으로 발표될 수 있었다. 한국 천주교의 경우 성직자 가 천주교 문학의 주역이었으며, 군난소설 『은화』 역시 예외가 아니었다. 특히 군난소설 『은화』의 등장은 소설에 대한 교회의 시각 변화를 보여준다. 또한 한 국의 천주교 소설 『은화』는 생태이야기의 핵심 메시지를 담고 있다. 『은화』는 종교와 정치 사이의 긴장 관계 속에서 신앙의 주체인 인간을 ‘꽃’으로 비유하여 환난 중에도 꽃처럼 피어나는 신앙인의 삶을 형상화한 소설이다. 지구생태 위기 시대인 현대사회를 사는 우리에게 이 이야기는 인간과 자연이 공존함으로써 생 존할 수 있는 지혜와 더불어 ‘이주’라는 방식으로 형상화한 서사를 통해 삶의 터 전을 변화시키고자 하는 일상생활에서의 실천을 종교 이야기를 통해 알려준다.

손창섭 소설은 장애인물이 특징적으로 많이 등장하며 그러한 점에서 그의 소 설은 ‘병리적,’ ‘병적,’ ‘장애소설’로 지칭되었다. 기존의 논의들은 장애를 반사 회, 비도덕, 불건강한 것으로 규정하고 그것을 작가 개인의 전기나 전후라는 사 회적 알레고리로 해명하고 있다. 따라서 장애를 통해 말하고자 의미에 대해서는 면밀하게 분석되지 않았는데 이 글은 장애 인물의 시각에서 손창섭 소설을 살 펴보았다. 손창섭 소설은 ‘같은 인간’의 시각에서 주류 사회의 가치를 추종하는 인물을 불건강한 인물로 배치함으로써 ‘건강’과 ‘건전’의 신화를 전복한다. 미결 정의 시각에서 양자의 경계를 무화시킴으로써 자본주의적 근대의 속물성을 공 격하고 있다. 또한 언어와 시선이 구성하는 폭력성을 간파하며 하위 배치된 영 역에 대한 공감과 소통을 요구하고 있다. 제도권 언어가 자기중심적 이기성과 폭력성에 물들어 있음을 비판하며 불구/신체를 가진 장애 인물들의 신음과 목소 리를 적극 복원하고 있는 것이다. 이를 통해 손창섭 소설은 장애를 통해 중심 권력과 지배 담론의 폭력성을 고발하고 주변화 된 존재에 대한 공감을 촉구하 는 타자의 윤리를 담지하고 있음을 알 수 있다.

High resolution reconstruction technology is developed to help enhance the spatial resolution of observational images for ground-based solar telescopes, such as speckle masking. Near real-time reconstruction performance is achieved on a high performance cluster using the Message Passing Interface (MPI). However, much time is spent in reconstructing solar subimages in such a speckle reconstruction. We design and implement a novel parallel method for speckle masking reconstruction of solar subimage on a shared memory machine using the OpenMP. Real tests are performed to verify the correctness of our codes. We present the details of several parallel reconstruction steps. The parallel implementation between various modules shows a great speed increase as compared to single thread serial implementation, and a speedup of about 2.5 is achieved in one subimage reconstruction. The timing result for reconstructing one subimage with 256×256 pixels shows a clear advantage with greater number of threads. This novel parallel method can be valuable in real-time reconstruction of solar images, especially after porting to a high performance cluster.

International business ventures are able to survive and succeed in today’s turbulent global market only by developing dynamic capabilities. The dynamic capabilities paradigm proposes for multinationals to integrate, build and reconfigure internal and external competencies as well as tangible (e.g. financial) and intangible (e.g. reputational) resources to face environmental volatility (Teece, Pisano & Shuen, 1997; Morgan, Katsikeas & Vorhies, 2012; Leonidou et al., 2015). However, dynamic capability development needs the organizational “capacity to extract economic benefits from current resources and to develop new capabilities” (Luo, 2000). Here the scholars do not offer a unified view. Capacity for dynamic capability is most often linked to knowledge exploitation / innovation capability (e.g. Monferrer et al., 2015), competitor knowledge utilization (e.g. Luo, 2000), or knowledge- sourcing, generative and integrative capabilities (e.g. Michailova & Zhan, 2015). When speaking about global dynamic capabilities, Lawson and Samson (2001) proposed 7-factor model, Chen and Law (2009) 6-factor model, and Leonidou et al. (2015) 5-factor model. New dynamic capabilities were born, e.g. networking capability (Mitrega et al., 2012), international marketing capability (Morgan, Katsikeas & Vorhies, 2012), etc. In spite of various views, scholars agree that dynamic capabilities generate new forms of competitive advantage (Teece, 2014; Leonidou et al., 2015) and offer strategic value to the firm (Morgan, Katsikeas & Vorhies, 2012). Thus, the advancement of the knowledge in this area will significantly contribute to better performance of export ventures in the future. This study addresses the equivocal results of international (business relationship) marketing and international business scholars and closes the gap between the two domains by proposing a structured framework towards global dynamic capabilities understanding. We build on two dynamic capability models (see Table 1): (1) antecedents-processes-outcomes model proposed by Eriksson (2014); and (2) strategy, structure and environment model proposed by Wilden et al. (2013). First, following Fang and Zou (2009) we believe that the magnitude and complementarity of resources deployed to create dynamic capabilities will differ depending on the antecedents or outcomes phases compared to dynamic capabilities creation process. Second, following Wilden et al. (2013) we claim that dynamic capabilities need to be aligned with organizational structure, environmental (competitive) intensity and multinational firm’s strategy to have a positive effect on export performance. In essence, the objective of this study is to offer an extensive literature review and answer the question, which are the key components of the future global dynamic capabilities model. At the end, this multidisciplinary study offers the directions for future research in the dynamic capabilities area. We suspect future studies will focus on the comparison between developed and emerging markets (Khalid & Larimo, 2012), as the level of turbulence in these markets differs leading to unique conditions for multinationals’ dynamic capabilities development. Furthermore, the comparison between headquarters’ and subsidiaries’ dynamic response to cultural, psychic and economic differences (Leonidou et al., 2015) might reveal other factors that equally importantly impact the export marketing strategy implementation effectiveness (Morgan, Katsikeas & Vorhies, 2012). Finally, we may expect more multidisciplinary studies in the future (Teece, 2014), particularly in the overlapping dynamic fields of (international) management, (business relationship) marketing, and humanistic studies.

소설이 탄생된 18세기 이후 여러 영국소설에는 성직자 인물들이 등장한다. 제인 오스틴(Jane Austen, 1775-1817)의 대표작『오만과 편견』(Pride and Prejudice, 1813)과『맨스필드 파크』 (Mansfield Park, 1814)에서 깊이 있게 다루어진 성직자 인물들은 19세기 초 영국 국교의 분위기 를 유추해볼 수 있게 한다. 또 샬롯 브론테 (Charlotte Brontё, 1816-1855)는 인도 선교사로 헌신 하게 되는 한 목사의 스토리를 『제인에어』(Jane Eyre, 1847)에 생생하게 담아냄으로써 빅토리아 중기의 종교적 분위기를 잘 전달해준다. 20세기 작품이지만 19세기를 시간적 배경으로 하는 『인간의 굴레』(Of Human Bondage, 1915)에서 서머셋 모옴(William Somerset Maugham, 1874-1965) 역시 영국 시골 교구목사의 생활을 구체적으로 그려내었다. 위대한 소설가들의 이와 같은 작업은 19세기 영국의 종교적 분위기를 이해하는 데 귀한 자료로 평가된다. 본 발표에서는 이상 언급된 작품들에서 여러 유형의 성직자 인물이 어떻게 형상화되었는지 분석해봄으로써 19세기 영국 성직자들의 목회와 삶의 성격을 이해해 보고자 한다.

A novel insect-infecting positive sense single-stranded RNA virus, Riptortus pedestris virus-1 (RiPV-1), was found in the Riptortus pedestris transcriptome data by de novo assembly and further confirmed by RACE method. The genome of RiPV-1 consists of 10,554 nucleotides (nt) excluding the poly(A) tail and contains a single large open reading frame (ORF) of 10,371 nt encoding a 3,456 aa polyprotein and flanked by 71 and 112 nt 5' and 3' noncoding regions, respectively. RiPV-1 genome contains the consensus genome organization of picorna-like RNA helicase, cysteine protease, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) array in that order from the 5' to the 3' end. From the phylogenetic analysis, RiPV-1 was clustered with unassigned insect RNA viruses, APV and KFV, which suggests that these three insect picorna-like viruses might constitute a novel group of insect-infecting RNA viruses. Tissue tropism analysis revealed that RiPV-1 was relatively abundant in the thorax, abdomen, midgut and fat body. Interestingly, RiPV-1 replication was enhanced by Beauveria bassiana JEF-007 infection that was quantified using qRT-PCR. This study identified a novel insect-infecting virus and provided further insight into the relationship between virus, fungus and host.

The present study was carried out to explore the potential effects of novel lactic acid bacteria Pediococcus penticeous KCC-23 (KCC-23) and Lactobacillus plantarum KCC-24 (KCC-24) on rye haylage fermentation at National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan province in Korea. The experiment contains three different groups such as control without lactic acid bacteria, rye haylage with KCC-23 and rye haylage KCC-24. After experimental periods, the content of crude protein, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), the activity of total digestible nutrient (TDN) and In-vitro digestibility (IVD) was similar in control and LAB treated haylage (p<0.05). The pH was reduced in KCC-23 and KCC-24 treated rye haylage as compared to control (p<0.05). The lactic acid concentration in haylages was increased by L. plantarum KCC-23, and KCC-24 supplement. Whereas, the less amount of acetic acid and butyric acid was noted in KCC-23 and KCC-24 treated haylage as compared with control (p<0.05). The KCC-23 and KCC-24 were dominantly grown in experimental haylage as compared with control. It indicates, the addition of KCC-23, and KCC-24 enhances fermentation quality of haylages as compared control. The present study suggests that KCC-23 and KCC-24 are potent strains that were improving the fermentation process in rye haylage

본 논문에서 필자는 중국소설사에서 明代에 활발히 이루어진 소설의 텍스트화 과정을 살 펴보고, 그 속에 내재된 문화적 의미를 분석했다. 인간이 언어로 소통을 하면서 최초의 문학 활동은 문자가 아닌 구술로 이루어졌다. 그러나 기존 중국문학사에서 구술문학은 그 역사와 가능성에 비해 상대적으로 미약하게 다루어졌다. 특히 명대 이후 소설이 텍스트로 대량 출간 됨으로써 문학적 비평이나 담론은 거의 문자로 된 문학 영역만을 다루고 있는 것이 현실이 다. 이에 본 논문에서는 소설 이전의 형태인 말하고 듣기로서의 이야기(說話)가 점진적으로 문자의 영역인 텍스트 속으로 전이된 과정을 살펴보고, 그 문제점과 구술로서의 이야기의 문 화적 가능성을 주로 다루고자 했다. 특히 소설 텍스트의 형식화로 인해서 문자로 소설을 읽 는 독자와 귀로 이야기를 듣고자 하는 보다 광범위한 대중과의 관계에 대한 분석과 전망을 아울러 시도하였다.

Medical mushroom, Phellinus linteus and Phellinus baumii called as “Sanghwang” have cultivated in Korea. PL has been studied extensively for its extraordinary capacity of suppressing cancer or enhancing body immunity. The mycelial materials of PL have mainly been used as research samples worldwide because fruiting bodies was difficult to be artificially cultivated. Alternatively, P. baumii (variety, ‘Jangsu’) have been cultivated in Korea. However, fruiting body morphology of P. baumii is clearly different to that of PL. Generally, Phellinus spp. including P. linteus slowly grow on artificial medium such as Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). In contrast, P. baumii strains were rapidly grown on the artificial media when compared to other Phellinus spp. and thus it was considerable that its mycelial growing ability can be acted as a factor for producing fruiting bodies. This study aimed to find Phellinus isolates having high mycelial growth rate. Five Phellinus isolates that show rapid growth rate on YGM medium were selected from 36 Phellinus isolates collected in Korea. They were identified on nucleotide sequences of rDNA-ITS region. Phellinus linteus strain and Phellinus spp. showing mycelial growth rate comparing to P. baumii were characterized on cultural and bioactive characteristics (antioxidant activity and immune activation).

The aim of this study was to identify and characterize new Flammulina velutipes laccases from its whole-genome sequence. Of the 15 putative laccase genes detected in the F. velutipes genome, four new laccase genes (fvLac-1, fvLac-2, fvLac3, and fvLac-4) were found to contain four complete copper-binding regions (ten histidine residues and one cysteine residue) and four cysteine residues involved in forming disulfide bridges. fvLac-1, fvLac-2, fvLac3, and fvLac-4, encoding proteins consisting of 516, 518, 515, and 533 amino acid residues, respectively. Potential N-glycosylationsites(Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr) were identified in the cDNA sequence of fvLac-1(Asn-454), fvLac-2(Asn- 437andAsn-455), fvLac-3(Asn-111andAsn-237), and fvLac4 (Asn-402andAsn-457). In addition, the first 19–20 amino acid residues of these proteins were predicted to comprise signal peptides. Laccase activity assays and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) analyses clearly reveal that CuSO4 affects the induction and the transcription level of these laccase genes.

A novel CO2 soluble azide cross-linker was used for fabrication of cross-linked 6FDA-durene membrane (AIM-PIs) and studied along the cross-linking density changed for high performance CO2-separation. The synthesis, characterization of these materials, together with the properties of the corresponding polymer membranes, including gas separation properties, will be discussed in detail.