마태복음의 배경이 되는 마태공동체는 유대 그리스도인과 이방 그리스도인이 함께 신앙생활을 하면서 점차 유대교로부터 핍박을 받고 있었다. 하지만 그들은 모든 족속을 제자로 삼으라는 예수의 선교명령에 따라 열방을 향해 선교하였고, 동시에 유대인들을 향해서도 선교하 였다. 따라서 마태는 예수가 유대인들이 바라고 기다리던 다윗의 혈통 을 이은 왕이자 메시아임을 증거하기 위해 마태복음 전체의 구성을 모세오경과 유비시켰다(analog). 또 왕으로 온 예수를 강조하기 위해 하나님 나라보다 ‘천국’(Kingdom)을 선호하며 ‘왕’(King)의 복음의 특징을 드러낸다. 이것은 마태복음의 결론이자 핵심인 ‘대위임령’을 천하의 제왕이 등극하는 형식, 즉 “하늘과 땅의 모든 권세를 내게 주셨으니”(28:18)로 명령하고 있는 것에서 그 절정을 이룬다. 이 선교 명령은 결국 그가 자신을 따르는 자들을 가르치고 고치며 훈련했던 모든 것들이 ‘선교적 제자도’로 집약되고 있음을 보여준다.

This article is an attempt to inquire into the doctrine of papal primacy in Gregorius VII and Martin Luther, focusing on their biblical interpretations of Matthew 16:18-19 and John 21:15-17. Gregorius VII refers to these passages as the scriptural evidence for Petrine primacy and monopolistic privileges. Furthermore, unambiguously revealing an invincible conviction of himself as the vicar of Christ and Peter's successor, Gregorius VII materializes an unprecedented form of papal primacy, not only in theory but also in practice. He plays his role as the head in the secular realm as well as in the spiritual one. He demands the kind of obedience that should be shown to Christ or St. Peter, the Prince of the Apostles, from both religious and secular leaders. Luther advances divergent interpretation of these passages. The significant characteristic of his interpretations is that they are Christological, or more precisely, Christocentric. This reveals that the essence of Luther's Reformation thought, that is, his theological stance on Jesus Christ and faith in him, is functioning as the interpretive key to these passages. The “rock” is defined as Jesus Christ or faith in him. He builds a Christian community comprised of those who believe in him. So Christ is the sole head of this spiritual community of believers, who properly wield the power of the two keys to bind and loose sins. Luther argues that, when Jesus asked Peter to tend his sheep, his command is irrelevant to papal primacy in both spiritual and secular realm. Luther pays heed to the question “Do you love me?,” which Jesus Christ asked Peter three times. Based on this question, Luther contends that no one can tend Christ’s sheep without loving him genuinely in the first place. Tending Christ’s sheep means following his steps and offering voluntary service to others.