벤조다이옥산 기능기를 갖는 새로운 이온성 폴리아세틸렌 유도체를 2-브로모메틸-1,4-벤조디옥산을 이용한 2-에티닐피리딘의 4차염화 중합법으로 합성하였다. 2-브로모메틸-1,4-벤조디옥산에 의한 2-에티닐피리딘의 4차염화 반응에 의해 먼저 생성된 단량체인 에티닐피리디늄 염은 별도의 촉매나 개시제 없이도 중합반응이 잘 진행되어 70% 수율로 원하는 이온성 폴리아세틸렌 유도체를 합성할 수 있었다. 여러 가지 분석장비를 이용하여 고분자 구 조를 분석한 결과 합성 고분자는 벤조디옥산 피리디늄 부분을 갖는 공액구조 고분자임을 확인할 수 있었다. 합성 공액구조 고분자는 메탄올, DMF, DMSO, NMP 등과 같은 극성 유기 용매에 잘 용해하었다. 이 고분자는 이온성 피리디늄 부분을 갖고 있는 특성으로, 공기 중에서 상대적으로 더 많은 흡습 특성을 보였다. 합성한 고분자의 전기 -광학적 및 전기화학적 특성을 측정하고 분석하였다. 비가역적 전기화학적 거동이 산화 피크와 환원 피크 사이에서 관찰되었다. 본 고분자는 피리디늄 치환기를 갖는 다른 폴리아세틸렌 유도체와 비슷하게 50 사이클까지 안정적인 산화환원 거동과 1.0V에서의 안정한 산화전류값을 나타내었다.

Cesium lead iodide (CsPbI3) with a bandgap of ~1.7 eV is an attractive material for use as a wide-gap perovskite in tandem perovskite solar cells due to its single halide component, which is capable of inhibiting halide segregation. However, phase transition into a photo inactive δ-CsPbI3 at room temperature significantly hinders performance and stability. Thus, maintaining the photo-active phase is a key challenge because it determines the reliability of the tandem device. The dimethylammonium (DMA)-facilitated CsPbI3, widely used to fabricate CsPbI3, exhibits different phase transition behaviors than pure CsPbI3. Here, we experimentally investigated the phase behavior of DMA-facilitated CsPbI3 when exposed to external factors, such as heat and moisture. In DMA-facilitated CsPbI3 films, the phase transition involving degradation was observed to begin at a temperature of 150 °C and a relative humidity of 65 %, which is presumed to be related to the sublimation of DMA. Forming a closed system to inhibit the sublimation of DMA significantly improved the phase transition under the same conditions. These results indicate that management of DMA is a crucial factor in maintaining the photo-active phase and implies that when employing DMA designs are necessary to ensure phase stability in DMA-facilitated CsPbI3 devices.

본 연구에서는 경기도내 유통되고 있는 심해성 어류 50 건을 대상으로 수은, 메틸수은의 오염도 및 셀레늄의 함 량을 알아보았다. 금아말감법의 수은분석기, ICP-MS를 사 용하여 측정하였으며 각 항목별 평균함량은 수은 0.7647 mg/ kg (0.0182-5.3620), 메틸수은 0.0764 mg/kg (0.0096-0.8750), 셀레늄 0.4728 mg/kg(0.1075-3.5100)으로 메틸수은은 50건 모두 기준규격(1.0 mg/kg) 이하로 나타났다. 셀레늄은 수 은과 결합하여 수은의 독성을 감소시키는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 본 연구과제에서는 일일평균섭취량이 3.3 μg/kg으 로 일일권장량보다 낮은 수치였다. 유해물질인 수은과 메 틸수은은 JECFA에서 설정한 PTWI의 5.7%, 1.8%로 조사 되었다. 따라서 도내에서 유통되는 심해성 어류의 수은, 메틸수은과 같은 위해중금속은 안전한 것으로 나타났지만 지속적 모니터링이 필요하다고 판단된다.

Methylglyoxal is a highly reactive precursor which forms advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs and methylglyoxal are known to induce various diseases such as diabetes, vascular disorders, Diabetes Mellitus (DM), and neuronal disorders. Juglans regia L is an important food commonly used worldwide, having nutritious components, including phenolic compounds. Since ancient times, Juglans regia L have been differently applied by various countries for health and in diverse diseases, including arthritis, asthma, skin disorders, cancer, and diabetes mellitus. However, the effect of diabetes-induced renal damage against AGEs remains unclear. This study evaluates the anti-glycation and renal protective effects of ethanol extract of Juglans regia L against methylglyoxal-induced renal tubular epithelial cell death. Exposure to methylglyoxal resulted in reduced cell viability in NRK-52E cells, but co-treatment with Juglans regia L extracts significantly increased the cell viability. In addition, we examined the anti-glycation effect of Juglans regia L extracts. Compared to the positive control aminoguanidine and Alagebrium, treatment with Juglans regia L extracts significantly inhibited the formation of AGEs, collagen cross-linking, and breaking collagen cross-linking. Taken together, our results indicate that Juglans regia L is a potential therapeutic agent for regulating diabetic complications by exerting anti-glycation and renal protective activities.

이 연구에서는 DNA 메틸화 억제제의 처리방법에 따라 밀 염색체와 발아 초기 생육 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 종자를 DNA 메틸화 억제제 수용액에 침종한 처리구와 증류수 침종 후에 발아 시 DNA 메틸화 억제제 수용액을 뿌리가 흡수하는 처리구의 체세포 분열 중기 염색체 관찰 및 발아 초기의 생육을 조사하였다. 두 처리방법에서 초엽과 유근의 신장이 대조구보다 억제되는 것을 확인하였으며, 이러한 현상은 뿌리 분열 조직 세포의 활동성에 DNA 메틸화 억제제가 영향을 주어 체세포 분열 지수가 낮아지는 것을 확인하였다. 초엽과 유근의 신장은 DNA 메틸화 억제제 수용액의 흡수처리구에서 침종처리구보다 유의미하게 더 억제되었지만 침종과 흡수처리구 간의 체세포 분열지수는 유의한 차리를 보이지 않았다. 두 처리구(침종 및 흡수)에서 틈과 염색체 절단 같은 염색체 이상이 확인되었으며, 침종처리구에서는 염색체 풀림 현상과 짧은 염색체가 추가로 발생하였다.

The association between the COMT rs4680 (G>A, Val-158-Met) polymorphism and the risk of fibromyalgia has been investigated in previous studies, but the results are controversial. Therefore, a meta-analysis has been performed to confirm the association between COMT rs4680 (G>A, Val-158-Met) polymorphism and the risk of fibromyalgia in this study. Our study includes eleven case-control studies with 2,909 individuals comprised of 1,365 fibromyalgia patients and 1,544 control subjects. The regression analysis was performed using the random effects model or the fixed effects model and OR with the corresponding 95 % CI was calculated for the allele, recessive, dominant, over-dominant, co-dominant 1, and co-dominant 2 model. No statistical significant associations were observed between COMT rs4680 (G>A, Val-158-Met) polymorphism and risk of fibromyalgia in allele model (P-value = 1.00), recessive model (P-value = 1.00), dominant model (P-value = 0.54), co-dominant 1 model (P-value = 1.00) and co-dominant 2 model (P-value = 1.00). In conclusion, our meta-analysis showed that the COMT rs4680(G>A, Val-158-Met) polymorphism might not be genetic risk factor for the fibromyalgia.

본 연구는 식물검역 분야에서 주요하게 사용되고 있는 메틸브로마이드 훈증제로 인해 발생하는 약해를 저감하기 위한 물질을 모델식물인 애기장대를 이용하여 스크리닝하였다. 사전연구를 통하여 메틸브로마이드 훈증제의 식물 독성 메커니즘으로 활성산소발생와 식물 성장 호르몬인 옥신의 식물체 내 분배억제효과가 발생하는 것을 바탕으로 하여, 약해 저감물질후보군으로 활성산소를 제거하는 역할을 하는 ROS scavenger 2종 (NAC, GSH)과 옥신을 훈증제 처리 전 애기장대에 처리한 후 약해의 저감 정도를 육안평가와 더불어 관련 유전자의 발현을 확인하였다. 연구 결과 메틸브로마이드에 의해 유도된 약해는 옥신보다는 활성산소를 저감시키는 물질후보군들에서 약해 저감효과가 나타났다. 이 중 GSH을 이용하여 농도구배하여 전처리하였을 때, 5 mM GSH 전처리 후 메틸브로마이드 훈증 시 약해 저감효과가 두드러졌다. GSH 전처리 시 식물체 내에 MBF1c와 HSP70 유전자 발현이 증가하는 것을 확인하였으며, 이는 메틸브로마이드 훈증으로 유도되는 약해를 방어하는 역할을 담당하였을 것이라고 평가된다. 따라서, 식물검역 훈증제 메틸브로마이드에 의해 발생하는 약해를 저감하는 데 GSH의 사용가능성을 평가하였으며, 이를 기반으로 다양한 식물체에 적용하여 수출입 시 약해로 인한 경제적 손실을 감소시킬 수 있기를 기대한다.

This study investigates the physicochemical and sensory properties of the soy-based patties using κ-carrageenan (CG) and methyl-cellulose (MC) as binders. Soy-based patties were prepared using 0%-2% of κ-carrageenan and methyl-cellulose in proportion, and the quality change of soy-based patties was measured by storing them at 4oC for 4 weeks. During the storage periods, the water holding capacity of ‘MC 1.5%+CG 0.5%’ showed high values. As the MC content increased, the weight loss and cooking loss tended to decrease, and both values increased significantly during the storage period. As the MC content increased, the lightness and redness tended to decreased. The hardness and chewiness of soy-based patties tended to increase as the MC content increased. During the storage period, the total aerobic bacteria and the coliforms tended to increase. The VBN content was showed 14.6-17.5 mg%/100g in first week, since then, the VBN content has continued to increase. As a result of sensory evaluation, the springiness, taste and overall acceptability of soy-based patties with ‘MC 1.5%+CG 0.5%’ and ‘MC 2.0%’ showed the highest value.

(아이오도메틸)트리메틸실란을 이용한 2-에티닐피리딘의 무촉매 중합을 통하여 N-(트리메틸실릴메틸) 피리디늄 아이오다이드를 측쇄로 갖는 새로운 공액구조 고분자를 합성하였다. 이 중합반응은 불균일하게 진행되었으며 중합수율은 95%로 매우 높았지만 생성된 고분자는 중합중 가교화반응으로 대부분의 유기용매에 용해하지 않았다. 합성 고분자의 분자구조를 분석한 결과 이온성 피리딜 치환기를 갖는 해당 고분자가 합성 되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 합성 고분자의 열적 특성과 몰폴로지 등을 TGA, EDX 등의 분석장비로 측정하고 분석하였다.

(트리플로로아세톡시)메틸 기능기를 갖는 디프로파길 단량체인 4-(트리플로로아세톡시)메틸-1,6- 헵타 디인을 합성하고 그 중합실험을 수행하였다. 여러 가지 전이금속촉매를 사용한 4-(트리플로로아세톡시)메틸 -1,6-헵타디인의 고리화중합을 통하여 해당 고분자인 폴리[4-(트리플로로아세톡시)메틸-1,6-헵타디 인]을 높은 수율로 합성하였다. 본 중합에서는 몰리브데늄 계 촉매가 텅스텐 계 촉매보다 더 효과적이였 다. 반응과정 중에 생성된 고분자의 가교화반응으로 합성 고분자들은 대부분 유기용매에 용해하지 않았다. 고분자의 IR 스펙 트럼에서는 단량체의 아세틸렌 C≡C 및 ≡C-H 신축진동띠를 보여주지 않았다. 이 고분자는 XRD 회절분석 결과 대부분 무정형상임이 밝혀졌다.

전이금속촉매를 사용한 4,4-비스[(트리플로로아세톡시)메틸]-1,6-헵타디인의 고리화중합을 통하여 고분자 반복단위 내에 고리구조를 갖는 공액구조 고분자인 폴리{4,4-비스[(트리플로로아세톡시)메틸]-1,6-헵타디인}(PBTFMH)을 합성하였다. 일반적으로 몰리브데늄 계 촉매를 사용한 경우의 중합수율이 텅스텐 계 촉매 를 사용한 경우의 그것보다는 높게 나타났다. 합성한 고분자는 중합과정중의 가교화반응으로 대부분 유기 용매에 용해하지 않았다. 고분자의 IR 스펙트럼에서는 단량체의 그것에서 나타났던 아세틸렌의 C≡C, 및 ≡C-H 신축진동띠를 보여주지 않았다. 이 고분자는 XRD 회절분석 결과 대부분 무정형상임이 밝혀졌다.

The use of microwave-assisted extraction and an acid-base clean-up process to determine the amount of methylmercury (MeHg) in marine products was suggested in order to improve the complicated sample preparation process. The optimal conditions for microwave-assisted extraction was developed by using a 10% NaCl solution as an extraction solution, setting the extraction temperature at 50℃, and holding for 15 minutes to extract the MeHg in marine products. A NaOH solution was selected as a clean-up substitute instead of L-cysteine solution. Overall, 670 samples of marine products were analyzed for total mercury (Hg). Detection levels were in the range of 0.0006~0.3801 μg/kg. MeHg was analyzed and compared using the current food code and the proposed method for 49 samples which contained above 0.1 mg/kg of Hg. Detection ranges of methylmercury followed by the Korea Food Code and the proposed method were 75.25 (ND~516.93) μg/kg and 142.07 (100.14~244.55) μg/kg, respectively. The total analytical time of proposed method was reduced by more than 25% compared with the current food code method.

Characteristics of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are consistent with those of embryonic stem (ES) cells. However, exogenous genes integrated by using retrovirus delivery systems cannot be completely removed from the cells. In a recent report, activation-induced cytosine deaminase (AID) and thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) can induce pluripotency state in mouse differentiated cells through the process of DNA demethylation. Thus, we hypothesized that the two reprogramming factors may convert efficiently bovine differentiated cells into pluripotency state. So, genes of AID and TDG were integrated into pCMV6-AC-IRES-GFP-Puro expression vector, which was transfected into bovine differentiated cells. As results, the colonies derived from AID+TDG-induced bovine cells were formed on day 7 after culture. The number of AP positively colonies in AID+TDG-induced bovine cells was significantly higher than in AID-induced bovine cells (p<0.05). Additionally, expression of pluripotent genes (OCT-3/4, NANOG, SOX2) was slightly increased in AID+TDG-induced bovine cells, as compared to AID-induced bovine cells. Protein expressions of OCT-3/4, NANOG and SOX2 in AID+TDG-induced bovine cells were slightly increased rather than AID-induced bovine cells. Finally, DNA demethylation in the promoter regions of pluripotent markers in AID+TDG-induced bovine cells was increased than that of AID-induced bovine cells. In conclusion, pluripotent stem cells could be efficiently produced from bovine differentiated cells by using non-integrating delivery system with the reprogramming factors (AID and TDG).

메틸브로마이드(MB)는 오존층 파괴물질로서 환경문제와 중독의 안전성 문제가 발생하고 있다. 저곡해충방제에포스핀 훈증제(PH3)가 지속적으로 사용되어졌고, 최근 PH3 저항성 해충 발생이 높아지고 있는 실정이다. 이를대체하기 위해 환경문제 및 저항성에 대해 유해성이 적은 에틸포메이트 훈증제(EF)가 주목받고 있다. 본 연구에서는포스핀 훈증제를 대체할 수 있는 에틸포메이트 훈증제에 따른 포스핀 저항성 쌀바구미의 살충효과를 메틸브로마이드와 비교분석하였다. 메틸브로마이드 10mg/L를 처리하였을 때 전기유충과 성충에서 100%의 살충율 보였고 후기유충과번데기에서는 50%의 낮은 살충율을 보였다. 에틸포메이트 70mg/L를 처리하였을 때는 전기유충과 번데기에서 100%의사충율을 보였고 후기유충과 성충에서도 90% 이상의 높은 살충율을 보였다. 에틸포메이트 훈증제는 높은 살충율을보이므로 메틸브로마이드와 포스핀을 대체할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Acute and chronic toxicities of methyl ethyl ketone and methanol were investigated on Paronychiurus kimi (Collembola), for evaluating the potential effects of accidental exposures of these chemical substances on the terrestrial environments. This study was undertaken to establish a toxicity database for these chemical substances, which was required for the preparation of the response compensation and liability act for agricultural production and environmental damage. The 7-d acute toxicity and 28-d chronic toxicity were conducted using the OECD artificial soil spiked with varying, serially diluted concentrations of methyl ethyl ketone and methanol. Mortality was recorded after 7-d and 28-d of exposures, and the number of juveniles were determined after 28-d of exposure in the chronic toxicity test. In both assessments, methanol was more toxic than methyl ethyl ketone in terms of mortality (LC50) and reproduction (EC50). The 7-d LC50 of methyl ethyl ketone and methanol were 762 and 2378 mg kg-1 soil dry wt., respectively, and the 28-d LC50s were 6063 and 1857 mg kg-1 soil dry wt., respectively. The 28-d EC50 of methyl ethyl ketone and methanol were 265 and 602 mg kg-1 soil dry wt., respectively. Comparison of results obtained in this study with literature data revealed that P. kimi was more sensitive to methanol than other soil invertebrates. However, given the high volatility of the chemicals tested in this study, further studies are necessary to improve the current test guideline, or to develop new test guidelines for an accurate assessment of chemicals that require toxicity databases for chemical accidents.

The aim of this study was to determine total mercury and methyl mercury level in fishes (Deepsea Fish, Tuna, Billfish) and fishery products. A total of 101 fishes and 44 fishery products samples collected from commercial market in Gyeonggi-do. Total mercury were analysed by mercury analyzer and methyl mercury were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector. In the fishes, total mercury was detected in all samples and methylmercury was detected in 92 samples of them. The detection rate of methylmercury was 91.1% in fishes. The mean concentration (mg/kg) of total mercury and methylmercury were 1.968 ± 0.505/0.496 ± 0.057 for Billfish, 0.665 ± 0.091/0.252 ± 0.033 for Deep-sea Fish and 0.577 ± 0.085/0.218 ± 0.025 for Tuna, respectively. The Swordfish contains the highest level of total mercury (1.968 mg/kg) and methylmercury (0.496 mg/kg). In Mabled rockfish, the ratio of methylmercury’s contents about total mercury’s contents was the highest as 66.5%. In case of fishery products, frozens made of 100% of raw material contained the highest level of total mercury and methyl mercury. The weekly intake of total mercury and methylmercury was calculated in 4.72% and 5.24% of Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) respectively. This study showed that the weekly intake of methylmercury from Deep-sea Fish, Tuna and Billfish was less than the PTWI recommended by the Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives.