미술관은 일반적으로 전시, 교육, 연구 등을 포함한 활동 전반에 있어서 공적 책임이 있 는 공간으로 인식된다. 공적이라는 기준은 행정적이고 경제적인 의미에 더불어 관람자 및 관 계자를 포함한 공중의 기대와 의도를 품은 말이다. 이렇듯 여러 의미의 혼성체인 ‘공공’은 공통적으로 이상적인 무언가를 가리키는 용어로 사용됐지만, 시대적 상황에 따라 그 해석이 달라졌다. 본 논문은 18세기 후반의 프랑스 살롱전과 루브르 박물관, 그리고 1980년대 무 렵에 설립된 현대미술관들의 사례를 통해 ‘공적 영역’으로서 각 미술관 모델이 대변하고자 했던 시대적 이상과 열망을 논한다. 공적 영역에 관한 이론적 논의는 공중에게 예술을 개방 하고 그에 대해 논의할 수 있도록 했던 조건을 분석하여 미술관의 제도적 형태, 물리적 구 성, 그리고 공중의 주체성이라는 쟁점까지 고찰하는 관점을 제공한다.

This paper analysed the architectural images on Pleasant Gathering of Leeum, Samsung museum of art, which has been assumed as a work of the Koryo dynasty. Through the comparison between the unique wooden structure at roof edge on the building images and real architectures, it found the buildings on the painting were from China Fujian(福建), not from Korea. It also analysed the color painting on buildings, trees, themes from previous famous paintings and dresses to confirm these images were came from the early period of the Ming dynasty. It is a very unique painting containing various information on the Fujian ancient architecture, but its architecture drawing is not as skillful as typical ancient Chinese paintings.

보스턴미술관의 한국미술 컬렉션은 보스턴미술관의 운영 및 소장품 수집과 관련된 컬렉 터들과 큐레이터에 의해 변화를 겪어왔다. 보스턴미술관의 동양미술품 소장 및 연구는 일본 과 중국이란 큰 축을 중심으로 이뤄졌으며, 그 중 한국미술은 부수적인 부분으로 다뤄졌다. 본 논문은 동양컬렉션의 조성 과정 및 소장과 연구에 주요한 영향을 미친 두 명의 큐레이터와 컬렉터들의 활동을 중심으로 살펴봄으로써 보스턴미술관의 한국미술 컬렉션의 형성과 특징에 대해 조명해보고자 하였다. 보스턴미술관에 한국 미술품이 처음 소장된 1892년에서 1910년 사이 에드워드 실베스터 모스(Edward Sylvester Morse, 1838~1925)의 한국 도자 컬렉션이 가장 주요하다. 일본 도자기와의 관계를 보여주기 위한 표본으로 삼국시대부터 근대에 이르는 시기의 다양한 한국 도자기가 수집되었으며 특히 신라, 가야의 토기가 많은 비중을 차지했다. 시기, 종류의 구분 없이 하나의 캐비넷에 전시된 한국도자기는 민족학, 인류학과 유사한 맥락에서 연구되었다. 이어지는 1910년대와 1920년대에는 기존 동양미술 컬렉션에 부족한 일본 조각과 중국 미술품들을 보강하는 과정에서 회화, 공예 등 다양한 매체의 한국미술품이 함께 소장되었다. 그 중 특별 기금을 통해 수집된 고려청자는기형, 색감, 문양, 유약 등의 특징을 파악하는 등 청자 자체로서 전시, 연구되는 양상을 띠었다. 연구를 통해 과거부터 중국, 일본인들에게 높은 평가를 받은 우수함과 고분 출토 도자기가 갖는 진품성이 고려청자를 한국미술의 대표격으로 자리잡게 하였다. 한편 고려청자는 중국 고대 역사를 바탕으로 다양한 동양미술의 보고로 발전한 일본미술까지의 시대적 변화를 담은 보스턴미술관 동양미술 전시에 한 부분으로 자리하였다. 전시구성과 함께 보스턴미술관의 동양미술 소장, 연구에 반영된 오카쿠라 카쿠 조(岡倉天心, 1868~1913)의 영향은 동양미술 연구자와 컬렉터들로 이어졌다. 다음으로 도미타 코지로(富田幸次郎, 1890~1976)가 동양미술부를 이끌어 나가던 1930년 이후, 일본 미술상과의 관계 속에서 고려시대 금속공예품이 주로 소장, 연구되었다. 동서양을 오가며 주요 컬렉터 및 기관과의 관계를 형성해 온 야마나카 회사(Yamanaka Company)를 통해 수집된 금속공예품은 코지로에 의해 일본 연구자들의 발굴, 연구성과를 활용하여 연구되며 한반도 내 일본 식민정책의 성과를 함께 담아내기도 했다. 마지막으로 한 국미술 컬렉션에 가장 큰 기여한 찰스 베인 호이트(Charles Bain Hoyt, 1889~1949)의 한국 컬렉션은 고려청자, 금속공예에 편중되어 전체 한국미술 컬렉션과 유사한 구성을 가지고 있으나 조선시대 도자기가 청자와 비슷한 수준으로 수집되었으며 다양한 기형, 기법을 반 영하고 있어 개인의 취향도 반영되어 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

본 연구는 국립미술관이 지향하는 공공성의 실체를 파악하는 과정에서 그 운영방침의 전제가 되는 미술정책과 공공성의 역학 관계를 과연 어떤 관점에서 조명해야 하는가를 질문한다. 만약 정책을 ‘공익의 실현’이라는 목표에 이상적으로 부합할 수 있는 실질적이면서 합리적인 수단이라고 전제한다면, 박정희 정권의 조국 근대화 프로젝트 중 하나였던 국현 경복궁관 개관, 공공 미술관으로서의 대중성과 전문성을 확보하고자 했던 과천관의 설립과 전개, 그리고 민간 경영의 개념 도입 이후 정부와 미술계의 논쟁으로부터 비롯된 특수법인화 추진까지의 정책사는 공공성 에 대한 복합적인 정치적 이해관계가 얽혀있음을 전제해야 한다.

도시민 삶의 질적 추구와 여가생활 증진에 이바지하는 미술관의 역할은 수동적인 예술작품 보존의 공간에서 방문객의 다양한 요구를 수용하는 공간으로 전환됐다. 현대인에게 부족한 자연과 예술에 대한 향유와 보다 나은 휴식의 공간이 되기 위해선, 미술관의 역할을 내부공간에 국한시키지 않고 옥외의 공간으로 확장하는 것이 필수적이다. 본 연구는 미술관의 옥외 전시공간 방문객을 대상으로 중요도 및 만족도를 조사 분석하고 이를 토대로 옥외 전시공간의 질적 향상을 추구한다. 연구 대상지로는 수도권을 대표하는 국공립 미술관으로 국립현대미술관 과천관과 소마미술관을 선정했으며 설문조사 및 IPA 분석 방법을 사용해 후행 연구에 활용 가능한 실증적 데이터를 제공한다. 연구 결과 25개의 항목에서 중요도와 만족도간에는 유의미한 차이가 있었으며 각 항목에 따라 현상 유지, 최우선적으로 개선되어야 할 사항, 현시점에서는 고려가 불필요한 사항, 추후 시설 도입 시 고려되어야 할 사항으로 분류할 수 있었다. 특히 보행공간에 대한 안전성과 연계상태 그리고 이동의 용이성 등이 개선되어야 할 것으로 판단되었다. 미술관의 옥외 전시공간 조성 과정에서 고려 또는 개선되어야 하는 방안을 수립하는 데에 본 연구의 결과는 유용한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 도시민의 요구에 따라 미술관의 옥외공간에 대해 보다 세부적인 연구와 체계적인 가이드라인 구비와 함께 쾌적한 휴식의 장소가 되도록 해야 함을 명시한다.

Deoksugung Palace Art Museum was built in 1938 as the first professional art museum in Korea. In 2015, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage published a book on architectural drawings of this building. This book, called Architectural Drawings of the Deoksugung Palace Art Museum, consists of 646 sheets, 23 types of documents, as well as other historical letters. This paper focuses on the analysis of the characteristics of classicism in Architectural Drawings. It shows that every dimensions of drawings were controled by 3 partition composition through the analysis of architectural plan drawings, elevation drawings and even section drawings. Thus, Classicism for the museum is not about classical elements but the principle of composition of each elements for the construction. This paper further argues that Deoksugung Palace Art Museum exemplifies beautiful Classicism architecture which follows the principle of classical architectural composition.

이 논문은 21세기의 국내외 미술관의 양적 팽창 속에서 당면하고 있는 ‘재정 자립’ 문제를 주제로 삼았다. 전 세계적인 신자유주의 체제 내에서 미술관은 경영 혁신과 재정 자립에 대한 요구가 크게 늘어났다. 이러한 상황은 한국의 지역 미술관 운영에 시사하는 바가 크다. 본 연구자는 재정 자립에 대처하고 있는 해외 미술관의 사례를 조사하고, 여기에 경기도 지역의 미술관 현황과 비교해, 한국의 미술관 재정 자립을 위한 최적화된 모델을 제시하고자 한다. 그 모델은 재정 자립의 시대적 흐름을 수용하되, 일천한 미술관 역사의 현황을 감안해 국가나 지자체가 공공성이라는 미술관의 본질을 수렴하는 것이다. 이러한 공공성 개념에 기반을 두고 미술관의 재정 자립도를 늘려 나갈 때 국가 정책과 개별 기관 정책 사이의 적절한 균형점이 도출될 것이고, 문화예술기관의 지나친 상업화와 전문성 부재라는 이중의 덫을 피할 수 있을 것이다.

In San Francisco, two new museums were recently built in 1995 and 2005. The one is San Francisco Museum of Modern Art designed by Mario Botta and the other is De Young Museum designed by Jacques Herzog & Pierre de Meuron. The urban settings for the museums are compared with each other and theories of the architects are evolved on different branches in the modernist trends. The theories and settings are followed by the representation in the forms, facades, interior spaces and towers. SFMOMA is located on the SoMa area, which was recently developed into a cultural urban core with Moscone Center and Buena Yerba Garden. De Young Museum was rebuilt in the old museum site in the Golden Gate Park. The one is on the context of urban artefacts and the other on the context of natural artefacts. To Botta, the museum in today's city plays a role analogous to that of the cathedral of yesterday. It is a place of common encounter and confrontation. The volume of SFMOMA which is geometrical and symmetric with double pylons. The frontality on the street and public green open space and the axiality of SFMOMA runs through the Buena Yerba Garden over Buena Yerba Center for the Arts are reminded us of an urban core with a religious monument and a city square. The staircase with grandiose design in the atrium seems to work as an altar with lighting from skylight above enhancing the liturgical ambiance. De Young Museum is shaped in a rectangle with long narrow courtyards. Three bands of volumes are juxtaposed and the nature flows into the museum corridors and galleries. The tower is distorted so as to be aligned to the street grids of the surrounding area. The copper panel of De Young Museum and natural context evoke 곧 modern concept of "machine in the garden". The two museums from different pedigrees of Modern Architecture are now major landmarks of SF and urban expressions for the 21st century.

Since the evaluation of its intellectual activities and abilities is done by curator’s capabilities, planning exhibition is very important as the final result achieved by their own knowledge, information, and research. ARPA(Advanced Research Project on Arts) is suggested as the system which enables curators responding simultaneously to the society in the times, based on its special characteristics. If this system settles well, which means that the curators at NMCA(National Museum of Contemporary Art, Korea) play their roles as the professionals in each of their fields, the goal of consolidating the status of museum as the representative national museum, and building up competent department of curators, will be achieved at the same time. To clarify above, the curators set up the various assignments of research about the types of arts such as painting, Korean painting, sculpture, installation, new-media, design, craft, photogarphy, architecture, etc. And they establish the art objects classified by the regions, such as the Northern American, Southern American, European, Asian, and other Third World countries. They elaborate art objects more on the history, the work, the artist, and the issue of contemporary art. Furthermore, when the curators devote deeper study to those research subjects, they can have the opportunities to design an exhibition upon the research.Today, the museum of art is ‘The Place for Communication and Encounter’, it is regarded important to share the aesthetical, creative values with current artists, and to understand mutually with the spectators. It is needed to improve the curator’s work, in order to meet the demands of the times and even to advance. Because the form of ‘exhibition’ is the tool that reveals the identity NMCA aiming at, the motivation, the development, and the realization should be leaded by the curators, who are the mainstream of the museum. ARPA is a system for identifying the exhibition like mentioned above . The main purpose of this system is to produce synergy effect, having the researching, collecting work in liaison with planning exhibition. ARPA will be able to improve the quality of exhibition through the way of developing the exhibition, passing through the stable process in the long run. So far, I have referred to a new paradigm of the exhibition design at NMCA via ARPA. Yet, there still remain missions in reality, such as analyzing the previous exhibition and reshuffling personnel and system, which should be done. When these matters settled, these plans would be suggested practically. At this point, it is the most significant that NMCA is attempting to let others aware of the importance of exhibition planning based on research. when the ARPA and exhibition planning is conjoined together successfully, the competent exhibition will be achieved, which can offer a meaningful exhibition to the art world, strengthen infra structure thru exchanging with public museum in the region, and eventually, establish a network with museum in foreign countries.

Recalling images from the past is one of Yeats's favorite poetic activities, especially in his old age. Many of his later poems are created on the basis of this technique, providing considerable information on his contemporary characters, events and other factors. In a sense, this kind of versification appears to mythify prominent historic figures in turbulent modern Irish history. In the poem "Municipal Gallery Revisited", Yeats sees his poetic personae as 'permanent or impermanent images', but ironically, they will be remembered permanently because of this work. They will also illuminate individual and national history dealt with in the poetic stanzas. Yeats's creative strategy is to enumerate a series of intense scenes that are worth remembering. To grasp a specific image in a particular moment is intended to reveal an absolute feature of a given character or a historical as well as cultural event. Through their own images, these people depicted in the poem are turned into symbolic characters. Greatness is impressed with a single scene and genuine perpetuity is uncovered with an instant reflection. In other words, a briefly described image is not just a section randomly isolated from a particular person's life. Rather, the image implicitly sums up and typically project an individual's complex personality in the poem, and in turn, on the reader's mind. The poet-narrator walks through the gallery, appreciating the portraits and other paintings on display and opens up his own creative world. Political characters in the beginning, then Hugh Lane and other Gregory people as a cultural stepping stone and finally the portraits of John Synge and Lady Gregory appear in sequence through the poetic work. Such a climactic approach stresses what the poet has in his own mind. Artistic ideals and literary colleagues who shared them with the poet are remembered and in the end, he himself go beyond the grave and sees his own self as an image already dead in an elegiac imagination. What he wants to record in a literary epitaph is gradually expressed along the long gallery of the museum. Eventually, the scenes composing this verse create a visionary gallery to light up the poet's real self.

The trend of “Blockbuster Exhibitions” over the past decade has led to the unfortunate reality that museums, losing sight of their role as an Academic organization, are becoming increasingly influenced by the corporate world. In my dissertation entitled “The Commercialization of Blockbuster Exhibitions in Museums,” I explore the modern tendency toward Blockbuster exhibitions in art museums and the negative impact of those exhibitions on the art world. Museums of the modern day have expanded their territory from the traditional venue of public education to the hybrid cultural space. This mission, evident in the museum’s attempt to satisfy audiences with the offering of diverse activities, has changed the concept of the museum, giving priority to the desire for financial gain. From the viewpoint of this new museology, the museum considers Blockbuster exhibitions as the safest method to increase ticket sales. As a program that openly reveals the commercialism of the museum, I explore the Blockbuster show and its strategies as a means of exposing the influence of the corporate world on art. A key component to the Blockbuster exhibition is the “hype” that is created to attract an audience. This devotion to increased publicity distracts from what should be the goal of public education, as the primary focus leans towards the desire for a large number of visitors. Consequently, this unavoidably standardized exhibition is presented to the public in a manner that deprives the audience of a unique experience. With large crowds and increased ticket prices, it is difficult to form a genuine appreciation of the artwork. In addition to the profit gained by increased ticket prices and the commercial sales of “souvenirs” from the museum gift shop, Blockbuster shows are used as a means to attract the attention of corporate sponsors. As explained in my dissertation, the importance that the museum places on corporate sponsorship as a capital resource is evident, however the degree to which the museum allows itself to be influenced by the desire for capital gain poses a threat to its function as an academic organization. Circumstances in American museum history, in particular, have influenced the transition from academic resource to corporation within museology. In keeping with the nation’s tendency towards capitalism, art museums in the United States were initially established and developed by individual capitalists who applied principals of corporate operation to museum management. As a result, in modern days, We witness the influence of enterprise on museum programs. while corporate management may be able to guarantee immediate fiscal benefits, however, it is unable insure the future of the museum. In sum, my dissertation discusses the mechanism of the commercialized “Blockbuster Exhibition” and the impact that it has on the future of the museum as an industry. This research provides an opportunity to reconsider the role of the museum as an academic institution, particularly in regard to the need to decrease the capitalization of exhibitions and refocus their influence on the art world as an educational resource.

This study examined the role of interpretation with various practices in art museums to seek a new meaning and a concept of art museum today. The exploration of interpretation would be a starting point to discuss about on art museums with professionals in each art-related field. While museums recognize the concept of interpretation and the scope of the functions in different levels, the study focused on the practices of collecting and exhibiting that will entrust the museum new realms of activities toward the audience. In particular, its emphases are set force on the information on the collections via the museum’s web sites, interpretation policies, and theories and methodologies in exhibition development. Art museum websites well reflect how museums utilize the new medium to enhance the understanding of art works by providing in-depth art historical information, comprehensive contexts, and subject/concept based search methods. In recent decades, these have enacted changes to expand dimensions of interpretive functions in most museums, particularly in the United States and others. In an administrative perspective, Tate Gallery Interpretation Policy became an good example how an art museum put its interpretation philosophy as the basis of interpreting collection and public programs. Tate established functions of intrepretation and education not only within a task-based team but also as an intrer-divisional coorperation to provide an interpretation scheme of information provisions such as guide brochure, audio tour, multimedia content, and library. New environment and trends of museum exhibition, and its development processes stem from communication theories, object interpretation philosophy, display strategies, and various evaluation techniques through audiences. With the communication theories of Shannon and Weaver, Berlo’s SMCR(Source-Message-Channel-Receiver) models were perceived as to understand the mechanism to communicate museum exhibits to visitors. Suzan vogel’s insight into object display strategy helped to conceive the mechanism of object recontextualization. She emphasized that the museum’s practice to construe opinions and impressions through object display should be discreet and critical. therefore, the professionals to plan the exhibition should reveal the intention and their practices. For a prevailing new methodology from the field, the interpretive exhibition development processes are articulated as the front-end, formative, and summative evaluation, futhermore the team process in industrial product management models was adapted. These have turned out to be more interactive with visitors and effective to communicate the exhibition concepts and messages, hence resulting in enriched museum experiences. Finally the study concluded that understanding the aspects of interpretation should help art museums to set a framework for current practices to expand its public dimension. It can provide curators with a critical view to website planning and its content. And obviously, the interpretive exhibition development methodology will lead museum exhibition developers to be skilled in its current approaches to thematic exhibition concerning diverse subjects and topics.

미술관 교육은 대부분 전시와 연계하여 전시 기획의 방향과 의도에 맞추어 개발된다. 수원시립 미술관은 “예술로서의 삶”의 실천이라는 뚜렷한 교육철학을 바탕으로 2021년 기획전 “< >이 살아가는 새로운 방식”전시와 연계한 비대면 온라인 교육 “미술관 산책”을 개발하였다. 미술관 산책은 COVID-19로 인해 미술관 방문이 어려워진 시기의 비대면 맞춤형 교육 프로그램이다. 비대면 교육이기 때문에 교육용 키트를 사전 제작하여 참여자들에게 배송해주고 교육 활동에 활용할 수 있도록 안내한다. 진행 과정은 온라인 화상회의 프로그램(ZOOM)을 활용해 전시 이해를 위한 1부의 도슨트 전시 해설, 2부 예술 강사와 함께 키트를 활용한 작품 활동 과정으로 계획되었다. 이 프로그램의 목적은 아름다운 작품을 완성하는 것이 아니라 교육 경험을 통해 스스로를 되돌아보고 ‘나’와 연결된 주변을 살펴보자는 의미를 담고 있다. 포스트 코로나 시대를 준비하는 과정에서 수원시립미술관 전시연계 온라인 교육 프로그램 개발과 적용을 통해 참여자들과 의미 있는 예술 경험을 공유하고 삶을 위한 미술관 교육의 가치를 재조명하고자 한다.