Organoleptic parameters such as color, odor, and flavor influence consumer perception of drinking water quality. This study aims to evaluate the taste of the selected bottled and tap water samples using an electronic tongue (E-tongue) instead of a sensory test. Bottled and tap water's mineral components are related to the overall preference for water taste. Contrary to the sensory test, the potentiometric E-tongue method presented in this study distinguishes taste by measuring the mineral components in water, and the data obtained can be statistically analyzed. Eleven bottled water products from various brands and one tap water from I city in Korea were evaluated. The E-tongue data were statistically analyzed using multivariate statistical tools such as hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The results show that the E-tongue method can clearly distinguish taste discrimination in drinking water differing in water quality based on the ion-related water quality parameters. The water quality parameters that affect taste discrimination were found to be total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sulfate (SO4 2-), chloride (Cl-), potassium (K+) and pH. The distance calculation of HCA was used to quantify the differences between 12 different types of drinking water. The proposed E-tongue method is a practical tool to quantitatively evaluate the differences between samples in water quality items related to the ionic components. It can be helpful in quality control of drinking water.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a key component in the biogeochemical cycling in freshwater ecosystem. However, it has been rarely explored, particularly complex river watershed dominated by natural and anthropogenic sources, such as various effluent facility and livestock. The current research developed a new analytical method for TOC/TN (Total Organic Carbon/Total Nitrogen) stable isotope ratio, and distinguish DOM source using stable isotope value (δ13C-DOC) and spectroscopic indices (fluorescence index [FI] and biological index [BIX]). The TOC/TN-IR/MS analytical system was optimized and precision and accuracy were secured using two international standards (IAEA-600 Caffein, IAEA-CH-6 Sucrose). As a result of controlling the instrumental conditions to enable TOC stable isotope analysis even in low-concentration environmental samples (<1 mgC L-1), the minimum detection limit was improved. The 12 potential DOM source were collected from watershed, which includes top-soils, groundwater, plant group (fallen leaves, riparian plants, suspended algae) and effluent group (pig and cow livestock, agricultural land, urban, industry facility, swine facility and wastewater treatment facilities). As a result of comparing characteristics between 12 sources using spectroscopic indices and δ13C-DOC values, it were divided into four groups according to their characteristics as a respective DOM sources. The current study established the TOC/TN stable isotope analyses system for the first time in Korea, and found that spectroscopic indices and δ13C-DOC are very useful tool to trace the origin of organic matter in the aquatic environments through library database.

In this study, we developed Rapid Enrichment Broth for Vibrio parahaemolyticus (REB-V), a broth capable enriching V. parahaemolyticus from 100 CFU/mL to 106 CFU/mL within 6 hours, which greatly facilitates the rapid detection of V. parahaemolyticus. Using a modified Gompertz model and response surface methodology, we optimized supplement sources to rapidly enrich V. parahaemolyticus. The addition of 0.003 g/10 mL of D-(+)- mannose, 0.002 g/10 mL of L-valine, and 0.002 g/10 mL of magnesium sulfate to 2% (w/v) NaCl BPW was the most effective combination of V. parahaemolyticus enrichment. Optimal V. parahaemolyticus culture conditions using REB-V were at pH 7.84 and 37oC. To confirm REB-V culture efficiency compared to 2% (w/v) NaCl BPW, we assessed the amount of enrichment achieved in 7 hours in each medium and extracted DNA samples from each culture every hour. Real-time PCR was performed using the extracted DNA to verify the applicability of this REB-V culture method to molecular diagnosis. V. parahaemolyticus was enriched to 5.452±0.151 Log CFU/mL in 2% (w/v) NaCl BPW in 7 hours, while in REB-V, it reached 7.831±0.323 Log CFU/mL. This confirmed that REB-V enriched V. parahaemolyticus to more than 106 CFU/mL within 6 hours. The enrichment rate of REB-V was faster than that of 2% (w/v) NaCl BPW, and the amount of enrichment within the same time was greater than that of 2% (w/v) NaCl BPW, indicating that REB-V exhibits excellent enrichment efficiency.

GC-MS/MS using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and C18 cartridges was used to identify and quantify levels of chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and permethrin in bulk raw milk. A calibration curve spanning 10 ng/mL to 200 ng/mL was obtained with a satisfactory correlation coefficient of 0.99. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) for chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and permethrin in the matrix ranged from 0.06 to 1.81 ng/mL and 0.19 to 6.04 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries of 5 pesticides from spiked samples at 37.5-125 ng/mL ranged from 86.1 to 102.1%. The measurement of uncertainty of the GC-MS/MS method for these five pesticides was developed based on the analytical process and quantification. An analysis method that is easier and faster than the method specified in the Korean food standards codes for analyzing these five pesticides in raw material milk was developed. Moreover, the analytical method for chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and permethrin in bulk raw milk by GC-MS/MS was established.

Okadaic acid (OA) group toxins, including OA and its analogs, such as dinophysis toxins (DTXs), have been reported to cause diarrheal shellfish poisoning (DSP). These toxins are primarily produced by dinoflagellates and are accumulated in bivalves. Recently, the presence of Dinophysis sp., a causative alga of DSP, has been reported along the coasts of Korea, posing a potential risk of contamination to domestic seafood and exerting an impact on both the production and consumption of marine products. Accordingly, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have established standards for the permissible levels of OA group toxins in marine products for safety management. Additionally, in line with international initiatives, the domestic inclusion and regulation of DTX2 among the substances falling under the purview of management outlined by the 2022 diarrheal shellfish toxin standard have been implemented. In this study, we reviewed the physicochemical properties of OA group toxins, their various exposure routes (such as acute toxicity, genotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity), and the relative toxicity factors associated with these toxins. We also performed a comparative assessment of the methods employed for toxin analysis across different countries. Furthermore, we aimed to conduct a broad review of human exposure cases and assess the international guideline for risk management of OA group toxins.

본 연구에서는 기존 식품첨가물 분석법에서 합으로써 분 석되는 락색소를 laccaic acid A, B, C, E 4가지 성분으로 분류하고 개별적으로 정량 할 수 있는 분석법을 확립하였 다. Natural red 25를 사용하여 구조적으로 비슷한 laccaic acid A와 B를 1차적으로 분취한 후 2차로 A와 B를 분리 했다. 같은 방식으로 C와 D를 1차, 2차에 걸쳐 각각의 개 별 표준품으로 사용하였다. 락색소 불검출 시료 3가지 시료 (햄, 토마토 주스, 고추장)를 확보하여 0.05-107.2 μg/mL 범 위에서 결정계수(r2) 0.995 이상의 직선성을 확인하였다. 3 가지 시료에서 정밀도와 정확성을 측정한 결과, 일내 정 밀도는 0.2-12.3%, 정확도는 90.6-112.7% 범위 내에서 확인 되었으며 일간 정밀도는 0.3-13.3%, 정확도는 90.3-113.0% 범위내로 확인 되었다. 락색소를 사용하는 식품과 사용 금 지 식품에 대해 회수율을 측정한 결과, 사용 가능 식품에서 는 91.6-114.9% 범위의 회수율을 보였으며, 사용 불가 식품 의 경우 92.5-113.5% 범위의 회수율을 보였다. 락색소의 검 출 한계는 3가지 시료에서 검출한계 0.01-0.15 μg/mL, 정량 한계 0.02-0.47 μg/mL로 확인되었다. 락색소의 4가지 성분중 laccaic acid A와 C에 대한 측정 불확도를 산출한 결과, laccaic acid A의 측정 불확도는 13.65±0.39 mg/kg(신뢰수준 95%, K=2), laccaic acid C의 측정 불확도는 4.19±0.39 mg/kg(신뢰 수준 95%, K=2)로 비교적 낮은 측정불확도 값을 산출하 였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 식품 중 락색소의 개별 분석 과 정성 및 정량분석을 위해 유효성이 검증된 분석법을 확립으로 식품 중 잔류물질 기준규격 설정 및 관리에 참 고 자료가 될 수 있고, 향후 매트릭스 효과에 따른 laccaic acid 개별 분석과 개별 활성 및 독성시험 연구의 근거 지 표가 될 수 있다고 판단된다.

프로바이오틱스 제품에 대한 수요가 지속적으로 증가하 고 있으며, Lactobacillus 균주가 가장 대중적인 프로바이 오틱스로 널리 사용되고 있다. 프로바이오틱스는 기준에 적합한 균수의 확보가 중요하며 제조원가나 시간 등을 낮 추기 위해 배양법의 개발이 필요하므로 Lactobacillus 생 산을 위한 배양 조건이 최적화되었다. 반응표면방법론에 의한 통계적 최적화에서 반응 변수에 영향을 미치는 독립 변수의 최적 조건은 Lactobacillus acidophilus의 경우 22.55 시간(배양시간), 25oC(배양온도), 3.41%(프리바이오틱스 농 도); Lactiplantibacillus plantarum의 경우 24시간, 30.86oC, 2.00%; Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus의 경우 66.67시간, 35oC, 3.41%이었다. Lactobacillus의 최적 배양조건은 예측 한 결과와 실제 결과가 밀접하게 일치하는 것을 확인하였 다. 이러한 데이터는 수율 높은 Lactobacillus를 생산하는 데 중요한 포인트를 제공할 것이다.

Invasive predators are one of the most damaging species groups to biodiversity. In the Nakdong River, the lake skygazer Chanodichthys erythropterus is a dominant species that is fiercely carnivorous and a concern for commercial fish. Although it is important to understand the ecological characteristics related to the feeding habit, studies on the diets of lake skygazer in Nakdong River have been limited to studies of gut contents. In this study, the trophic position (TP) and feeding habits of C. erythropterus were studied by calculating TPs using samples collected from 13 sites throughout the Nakdong River. Compound-specific isotopic analysis of amino acids provided reliable TPs from the muscle of Lake skygazer C. erythropterus without any isotope baseline. The results were approximately 3 to 3.6 and suggesting a carnivorous but size-dependent prey variation. In particular, the TP variability of C. erythropterus observed in the Nakdong River showed that it had a selective feeding habit compared to carnivorous fish species of relatively similar trophic levels.

A rapid analytical method was developed and optimized to determine gluten content in bread. Existing gluten quantification methods were inappropriate for bread with high gluten content because they were optimized to analyze shallow gluten content. To overcome this problem, the first method of quantifying the gluten content in bread was developed by modifying the gluten analysis method in cereal grains. Heat-stable gliadin was selectively quantified for gluten quantification using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gliadin peaks were separated using an Agilent SB-C8 column. The specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) were measured for validation. The calibration curve of gliadin had high linearity (R2 = 0.9996), and LOD and LOQ were 0.03 and 0.10 g/100 g, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values of intra- and inter-day precision were less than 2.49% and 1.54%, respectively. Recovery ranged from 90.73% to 93.87%, with RSD values less than 2.06%. These results indicate that the HPLC method for quantifying gluten in bakery products is efficient, reliable, and reproducible.

현재, 국내에서는 가공식품인 식용유지에 대한 잔류농약 허용기준이 설정되어 있지 않아 잔류농약은 식용유 품질평 가의 사각지대라 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 식용유지에서 가열증류법을 이용하여 68종의 농약을 대상으로 추출 및 정 제법을 최적화하여 GC-MS/MS 분석법을 확립하였다. 가열 증류법은 가열온도 및 시간의 영향을 받았으며 이동상의 역 할을 하는 질소의 유량과 용출용매의 종류에는 큰 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 잔류농약의 결정 계수(R2)는 0.99 이상으로 나타났고, 정량한계(LOQ)는 0.01- 0.02 mg/L이었으며, 대두유를 이용하여 0.01, 0.02, 0.1, 0.5 mg/L 수준으로 회수율 실험 결과 평균 회수율(n=5)은 66.1- 120.0%이었고 상대표준편차는 ±10%이하로 나타났다. 또한 실험실내 일간정밀도는 11%이하로 조사되어, 식품의약품안 전평가원의 ‘식품등 시험법 마련 표준절차에 관한 가이드라 인(2016)’에 적합한 수준임을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구에 서 개발한 시험법은 식용유지의 잔류농약 안전관리를 위한 시험법으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) has been widely used in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industry as a functional material. In a previous study, we have investigated not only pharmacological effects such as antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, but also analyzed various functional ingredients. In this study, triterpenoids were analyzed using HPLC-DAD to determine marker compounds among functional ingredients. When triterpenoids were analyzed, asiaticoside from C. asiatica was determined as an optimal marker compound. Next, specificity, linearity, limited of detection (LOD), limited of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy, and range were evaluated using HPLC-DAD to determine asiaticoside contents in C. asiatica juice and extracts. The specificity was elucidated by chromatogram and retention time using an established analytical method. The coefficient of correlation obtained was 0.9996. LOD was 4.99 μg/mL and LOQ was 15.12 μg/mL. Intra- and inter-day precision of asiaticoside were determined to be 0.48~1.68% and 0.08~1.09%, respectively. Furthermore, the recovery rate of asiaticoside was 98.88% and the analytical range of Field-70E was determined to be 0.625~10 mg/mL. As a results of evaluating ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP antioxidative effect, Field-70E showed potent antioxidant activities. Results of this study could be used as basic data for quality standardization of C. astiatica juice and extracts.

본 연구에서는 미용분야 창업 활성화를 위해 소셜 빅데이터 분석을 탐색적 데이터 분석(EDA) 을 기반으로 하여 2019년부터 2021년 동안 각 년도별로 기간을 구분하여 ‘미용창업’에 대한 수요 변화와 감정 및 의미 차이의 특징적인 패턴을 도출하고자 하였다. ‘미용창업’ 키워드를 주제로 연관된 검색어를 추 출한 결과 창업에 필요한 전문적인 창업교육 보다는 미용관련 기술을 배울 수 있는 기관이나 자격증에 더 많은 관심을 보였으며, 이는 정부 및 지자체에서 여러 가지 창업지원 정책들이 마련되고 있음에도 불구하 고 여전히 전문적인 창업교육의 중요성을 인식하지 못하고 있는 것으로 파악할 수 있으며, 이에 대한 대안 으로 미용분야 창업을 성공적으로 이루기 위한 전공별 맞춤형 창업교육 프로그램을 개발하는 것이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 탐색적 데이터 분석을 통해 가설을 설정하고 전통적인 확증적 데이터 분석(CDA)을 결합 하여 가설을 검증한다. 미용 창업을 위한 탐색적 데이터 분석 방법이 존재한 적은 없으며, 정식 창업교육의 필요성을 언급하기보다는 미용창업에 대한 관심 변화와 예비창업자의 요구사항을 탐색적 데이터로 분석한 다면 맞춤형 창업 프로그램 개발에 도움이 될 것이라고 확신한다.

There has been increased interest in lignans due to their potential effect in reducing the risk of developing several diseases. To evaluate lignan contents, sensitive and accurate methods should be developed for their quantification in food. The present study aimed to validate a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of 5 lignans: lariciresinol (Lar), matairesinol (Mat), pinoresinol (Pin), secoisolariciresinol (Seco), and syringaresinol (Syr). The validation included selectivity, linearity, recovery, accuracy, and precision. The method was proved to be specific, with a linear response (R2≥0.99). The limits of detection were 0.040~0.765 μg/100 g and the limits of quantification were 0.114~1.532 μg/100 g. Recoveries were 90.588~109.053% for black sesame powder. Relative standard deviations of repeatability and reproducibility were below 5%. Total lignan contents of roasted coffee bean, oat, and blacksoy bean were 105.702 μg/100 g, 78.965 μg/100 g, and 165.521 μg/100 g, respectively. These results showed that LC-MS/MS analysis would be effective in producing acceptable sensitivity, accuracy, and precision in five lignan analyses.

This study aimed to develop an optimal processing method for the production of apple-mango jelly for domestic suppliers, by analyzing the quality attributes of the jelly. According to the central composite design, a total of 11 experimental points were designed including the content of apple-mango juice (X1), and the sugar content (X2). The responses were analyzed including the color values (CIE Lab and color difference), physicochemical properties (water activity, sweetness, pH, and total acidity), and textural properties (hardness and gel strength). Regression analysis was conducted, except for total acidity, and showed no significant difference for all the experimental points (p<0.05). Quadratic model was derived for all responses with an R square value ranging from 0.8590 to 0.9978. Based on regression model, the appropriate mixing ratio of apple-mango jelly was found to be 31.11% of apple mango juice and 14.65% of sugar. Through this study, the possibility for developing jelly product using apple-mango was confirmed, and it is expected that these findings will contribute to the improvement of the agricultural industry.

본 연구는 동백나무 종자에 함유된 생리활성물질인 camelliaside B의 표준정량화를 위해 고성능 액체 크로마토그래피 (HPLC-DAD) 분석법을 확립하고자 실시하였다. 동백나무 종자에 함유된 주요화합물은 MS/MS 분석, UV 흡광도, 화합물의 유지시간 등을 통해 얻은 결과에 바탕을 두어 camelliaside B를 동백나무 종자 추출물의 지표물질로 선정하였다. Camelliaside B의 HPLC 분석법에 대한 특이성, 정확성, 정밀도 및 정량한계 등을 검증하였다. Camelliaside B 분석을 위해 표준화된 HPLC 분석법은 0.99% 이상의 상관계수(R2)로 높은 선형성을 가지는 것을 보여주었다. Camelliaside B의 회수율은 100.42-108.00%였으며, 검출한계 (LOD)와 정량한계 (LOQ)는 각각 0.084㎍/㎖, 0.254㎍/㎖였다. 동백나 무 종자 지표물질 (camelliaside B)의 일중 정밀도는 각각 0.09-0.16 RSD였으며, 일간정밀도는 0.123 RSD였다. 표준화된 분석법으로 지역별로 수집한 동백나무 종자의 camelliaside B의 함량은 0.279-2.05㎎/g 으로 다양하였다. HPLC 분석법으로 확인한 모든 매개변수는 기능성 원료 인정을 위한 제출자료 작성 기준을 충족하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 확립한 HPLC 분석법은 동백나무 종자 추출물 유래 건강 관련 기능성 제품 또는 의약품 개발의 첫 단계를 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

Putrescine은 일반적으로 미생물의 활동에 의해 발생되며, 신선함의 척도로서 사용된다. 그러나 동결건조된 로열젤리에 대한 putrescine 의 분석법은 아직 확립되지 않은 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 C18 컬럼을 이용하여 동결건조 로열젤리 내 putrescine을 분석하기 위한 UPLC 분석 법을 확립하고자 하였다. 새롭게 확립된 분석법은 7분 이내에 putrescine을 분석 가능하였으며, 이러한 분석법을 검증하기 위해 특이성, 직선성, 정밀성, 정확성, 정량한계, 정성한계 등을 평가하였다. 본 연구를 통해 동결건조 로열젤리의 신선한 정도를 평가하기 위한 분석법을 제공하였으 며, 추후 안전성의 척도에 대한 자료로서 활용 가능할 것으로 기대되어진다.

본 연구는 발효노니 다당체 추출물(Vitalbos)을 건강기능 식품 소재로 활용하기 위해 DAA, 총당 함량, 단당류 3종 (galacturonic acid, glucose 및 galactose)을 지표성분으로 설정하고, 지표성분에 대한 효과적인 분석법 설정 및 검 증을 위해 수행되었다. 기존에 보고된 분석법 검증 방법 을 수정하여 특이성, 직선성, 정밀성, 정확성, 검출한계 (LOD) 및 정량한계(LOQ)를 고성능 액체크로마토그래피와 페놀-황산법을 이용하여 측정하였다. 그 결과 DAA 및 단 당류 3종의 표준용액과 Vitalbos의 머무름 시간이 일치하 였으며 스펙트럼 또한 동일하여 분석법의 특이성을 확인 하였다. 지표성분의 검량선 상관계수(R2)는 0.9995-0.9998 범위로 0.99 이상의 우수한 직선성을 나타냈다. Intra-day 및 inter-day 정밀도는 0.14-3.01%의 범위로 5% 미만의 우 수한 정밀도를 나타냈고 회수율은 95.13-105.59% 범위에 서 우수한 정확도를 보였다. DAA 분석의 LOD와 LOQ는 각각 0.39 μg/mL 및 1.18 μg/mL이었으며 총당 함량의 LOD 및 LOQ는 각각 0.84 μg/mL 및 2.55 μg/mL로 측정 되었다. 단당류 3종에 대한 LOD는 0.48-0.81 μg/mL의 범 위였으며, LOQ는 1.45-2.44 μg/mL 범위에서 정량분석이 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 분석법 검증 결과, 특이성, 직선 성, 정밀성 및 정확성 모두 우수한 분석법임을 검증하였 으며, LOD와 LOQ 또한 Vitalbos 분석에 적합하였음을 확 인하였다. 검증된 분석법을 이용하여 Vitalbos의 지표 성분 함량을 측정하였을 때, DAA, 총당 함량, galacturonic acid, glucose 및 galactose의 함량은 각각 2.31±0.06 mg/dry weight g, 475.92±5.95 mg/dry weight g, 72.83±1.05 mg/dry weight g, 71.63±2.44 mg/dry weight g 및 67.30±2.31 mg/dry weight g으로 측정되었다. 본 연구에서 검증된 분석법을 사용했을 때 Vitalbos의 지표성분 3종에 대하여 우수한 재현성으로 정 량분석이 가능하였으며, 건강기능식품 소재로의 품질관리에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This study was to investigate an analytical method for determining dieckol content in Ecklonia stolonifera extract. According to the guidelines of International Conference on Harmonization. Method validation was performed by measuring the specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) of dieckol using high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array. The results showed that the correlation coefficient of calibration curve (R2) for dieckol was 0.9997. The LOD and LOQ for dieckol were 0.18 and 0.56 μg/mL, respectively. The intra- and inter-day precision values of dieckol were approximately 1.58-4.39% and 1.37-4.64%, respectively. Moreover, intra- and inter-day accuracies of dieckol were approximately 96.91- 102.33% and 98.41-105.71%, respectively. Thus, we successfully validated the analytical method for estimating dieckol content in E. stolonifera extract.