High-resolution meteorological simulations were conducted using a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with an Urban Canopy Model (UCM) in the Ulsan Metropolitan Region (UMR) where large-scale industrial facilities are located on the coast. We improved the land cover input data for the WRF-UCM by reclassifying the default urban category into four detailed areas (low and high-density residential areas, commercial areas, and industrial areas) using subdivided data (class 3) of the Environmental and Geographical Information System (EGIS). The urban area accounted for about 12% of the total UMR and the largest proportion (47.4%) was in the industrial area. Results from the WRF-UCM simulation in a summer episode with high temperatures showed that the modeled temperatures agreed greatly with the observations. Comparison with a standard WRF simulation (WRF-BASE) indicated that the temporal and spatial variations in surface air temperature in the UMR were properly captured. Specifically, the WRF-UCM reproduced daily maximum and nighttime variations in air temperature very well, indicating that our model can improve the accuracy of temperature simulation for a summer heatwave. However, the WRF-UCM somewhat overestimated wind speed in the UMR largely due to an increased air temperature gradient between land and sea.

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (VPRM) were coupled to simulate atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The performance of the WRF-VPRM to simulate regional scale CO2 concentration was estimated over coastal basin areas. Either Hestia 2011(HST) or Vulcan 2002(VUL) anthropogenic CO2 emission data were used in two numerical experiments for the study regions. Simulated meteorological variables were validated with ground and background CO2 measurement data, and the results show that the model captured temporal variations of CO2 concentration on a daily basis. CO2 directional analysis revealed that the dominant CO2 emission sources are located S and SW. The simulated Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) agreed relatively well with measured CO2 fluxes at each vegetation class site, showing approximately 40% at max improvement at shrub areas.

최근 기후변화로 인한 집중호우와 돌발홍수로 인한 도심지의 침수피해가 빈번하게 발생하고 있다. 특히, 인구밀도와 자산가치가 높은 도시지역에서는 침수에 따른 피해규모가 크기 때문에 이를 방지하기 위한 대책마련 등이 요구되고 있다. 이러한 도시지역 중 내륙에 위치한 도시지역과 달리 해안과 접해있는 연안 도시지역은 하천연장이 짧고 경사가 급하여, 조위에 따라 홍수위가 달라지기에 동일한 강우라도 피해가 크게 발생하는 특성을 가진다. 대표적 연안 도시인 창원(구 마산)시의 경우 지난 2003년 9월 태풍 매미로 인해 상당한 침수피해 및 인명 피해가 발생하였다. 당시 일강우량은 157mm로 창원시 하수관거의 설계강우량보다 낮았고, 창원기상관측소 확률강우량과 비교하였을 때 3년 빈도로 극단적으로 많은 호우는 아니었다. 하지만, 태풍 상륙 당시 호우와 함께 남해안의 만조 시각과 겹쳐 태풍에 의한 해일은 예측치를 훨씬 뛰어넘는 최대 439cm 에 달하여 피해가 발생하였다. 이는 단순히 집중호우 하나의 재해 요인에 따른 피해가 아닌 집중호우 발생시 만조위까지 영향을 미친 복합적인 재해발생에 의한 피해로 볼수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 1차원 도시범람해석 모형인 XP-SWMM 모형을 이용하여 2003년 9월 태풍 매미의 영향을 받아 침수피해가 발생한 마산지역 배수유역에서의 침수범람 모의를 수행하고, 유역 하류지점에서 만조위가 발생하는 경우와 발생하지 않는 경우의 유출량을 분석하여 조위의 발생 여부가 유출 및 침수에 얼마나 영향을 주는지 분석하여보았다.

The seasonal variations of ozone (O3) concentrations were investigated with regard to the relationship between O3 and wind distributions at two different sites (Jung Ang (JA): a semi-closed topography and Seo Chang (SC): a closed topography) within a valley city (Yangsan) and their comparison between these sites (JA and SC) and two non-valley sites (Dae Jeo (DJ) and Sang Nam (SN)) located downwind from coastal cities (Busan and Ulsan). This analysis was performed using the data sets of hourly O3 concentrations, meteorological factors (especially, wind speed and direction), and those on high O3 days exceeding the 8-h standard (60 ppb) during 2008-2009. In summer and fall (especially in June and October), the monthly mean values of the daily maximum O3 concentrations and the number of high O3 days at JA (and SC) were relatively higher than those at DJ (and SN). The increase in daytime O3 concentrations at JA in June was likely to be primarily impacted by the transport of O3 and its precursors from the coastal emission sources in Busan along the dominant southwesterly winds (about 5 m/s) under the penetration of sea breeze condition, compared to other months and sites. Such a phenomenon at SC in October was likely to be mainly caused by the accumulation of O3 and its precursors due to the relatively weak winds under the localized stagnant weather condition rather than the contribution of regional transport from the emission sources in Busan and Ulsan.

Numerical simulation is essential to indicate the flow of the atmosphere in the region with a complicated topography which consists of many mountains in the inland while it is neighboring the seashore. Such complicated topography produces land and sea breeze as the mesoscale phenomenon of meteorology which results from the effect of the sea and inland. In the mesoscale simulation examines, the change of the temperature in relation to the one of the sea surface for the boundary condition and, in the inland, the interaction between the atmosphere and land surface reflecting the characteristic of the land surface. This research developed and simulated PNULSM to reflect both the SST and vegetation effect as a bottom boundary for detailed meteorological numerical simulation in coastal urban area. The result from four experiments performed according to this protocol revealed the change of temperature field and wind field depending on each effect. Therefore, the lower level of establishment of bottom boundary suitable for the characteristic of the region is necessary to figure out the atmospheric flow more precisely, and if the characteristic of the surface is improved to more realistic conditions, it will facilitate the simulation of regional environment.

To investigate air quality away from the coastal urban source region, we used a hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian method which can describe the formation, transport, transformation and deposition processes in complex terrain. with inclusion of shipping sources that were considered to be important emission in the coastal urban region. The result of the Eulerian advection - diffusion prediction was quite similar to that of the Lagrangian particle diffusion prediction. It showed that pollutants emitted from piers can affect the part of inland, especially Dongrae and the coastal area. Those emitted from Sasang and Janglim industrial complexes can affect Hwamyeong and the coastal, respectively. During the daytime the concentration was low due to large deposition flux and terrain effect.

To predict diffusion and movement of air pollutants in coastal urban region a numerical simulation shoud be consider atmospheric flow field with land-sea breeze, mountain-valley wind and urban effects. In this study we used Lagrangian particle dispersion method in the atmospheric flow field of Pusan coastal region to depict diffusion and movement of the pollutants emited from particular sources and employed two grid system, one for large scale calculating region with the coarse mesh grid (CMG) and the other for the small region with the fine mesh grid (FMG). It was found that the dispersion pattern of the pollutants followed local circulation system in coastal urban area and while air pollutants exhausted from Sasang moved into Baekyang and Jang moutain, air pollutants from Janglim moved into Hwameong-dong region.