Physicochemical properties and storage stability of plant-based alternative meat prepared with low-fat soybean powder (LPAM) treated by supercritical-CO2 and those of full-fat soybean powder (FPAM) were compared. Ash and crude protein contents were higher in LPAM than in FRAM. Water absorption capacity and oil absorption capacity were significantly higher in LPAM than in FPAM. Water binding capacity was higher in LPAM than in FPAM during a 20 days storage period at 5℃ and pH was significantly lower in LPAM than in FPAM after a 5~10 days storage period. Hardness, gumminess and chewiness significantly increased with the increase in the storage period, and the three were significantly higher in LPAM than in FPAM after 10 days and 20 days of storage. The acid value showed no remarkable difference according to the storage period in LPAM; however, it was significantly higher in FPAM than in LPAM after 20 days of storage. The peroxide value and TBA value were significantly increased according to the storage period, and were significantly lower iin LPAM than in FPAM during all the storage periods. Therefore, the use of low-fat soybean powder may be effective in improving oxidative stability during storage in the production of plant-based alternative meat.

To enhance the efficacy of Abeliophyllum distichum leaves, extracts were prepared using different solvents for hydrolytic enzyme-treated Abeliophyllum distichum leaves. Physicochemical quality and antioxidant activity were measured. Soluble solids, reducing sugar, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, and polyphenols contents showed the lowest values in the control without enzyme treatment. However, they showed high contents in ethanol extract. In the case of enzyme treatment, their values were higher than those of the control. In particular, verbascoside content increased about 220 times more than that of the control group when treated with enzymes and extracted with 50% ethanol. pH was lowered upon enzymatic treatment. Regarding DPPH radical scavenging activity, for enzyme-free, 25% ethanol extract showed the highest activity among extracts with different solvents. For cellulase and pectinase-treated leaves, water extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity among extracts with different solvents. For leaves treated with enzyme combination, 50% ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity among extracts with different solvents. Regarding ABTS radical scavenging activity, it was generally higher in the 50% ethanol extract than in the water extract and 25% ethanol extract. In particular, verbascoside content was increased when the extract was prepared by co-treatment with enzymes and 50% ethanol.

To increase antioxidant activity and physicochemical quality characteristics, four kinds of berries (blueberry (BEB), blackberry (BKB), cranberry (CNB), raspberry (RSB)) with antioxidant activities were used to replace beet (B) in existing ABC juice. In the experimental group, the pH was decreased while the content of soluble solids was increased significantly. Total polyphenol content was significantly increased in all experimental groups compared to that in the control group. The control group had the lowest polyphenol content at 14.723 μg GAE/g, whereas the blackberry replacement group had the highest polyphenol content at 67.12 μg GAE/g. The total flavonoid content was the lowest in the control group at 8.98 μg QE/g but the highest in the blackberry group at 50.47 μg QE/g. All experimental groups showed significantly higher antioxidant activities than the control group. DPPH & ABTS radical scavenging activities were the lowest in the control group at 15.69% and 19.55%, respectively, but the highest in the blackberry group at 48.24% and 59.43%, respectively. SOD-like activity was also the lowest in the control group at 14.12%, but the highest in the blackberry group at 48.18%. When comparing experimental groups, antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, SOD) and antioxidant components (total polyphenols and total flavonoids) were in the order of BKB > CNB > RSB > BEB > Control. In conclusion, the new ABC juice containing four types of berries is enriched in antioxidants with significantly improved antioxidant activities and physicochemical quality characteristics.

This study investigated the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of sponge cakes made using different amounts (2 and 4%) of barley sprout powder (BSP) and green tea powder (GTP), respectively. The results showed that the baking loss rate of GS2 (2% green tea) and GS4 (4% green tea) was 12.39% and 11.96%, respectively in the green tea addition group, which was higher than that of the barley sprout group, but significantly lower than that of the control group at 13.34% (p<0.05). The specific volumes of the sponge cake containing barley sprout and green tea 2% and 4% were between 2.84- 2.95 mL/g, which was significantly higher compared to the control group at 2.69 mL/g (p<0.05). The sugar content was significantly higher in the control group and the barley sprout addition group at 2.30oBrix (p<0.05). As for the volume index, the control group with the lowest value at 13.43 showed a significant difference compared to the addition groups. The volume index significantly decreased as the addition amount increased, measuring 14.07 in BS4 (4% BSP) compared to 14.87 of BS2 (2% BSP) in the barley sprout group (p<0.05). In cross-sectional photography, the color became darker than that of the control group as the quantum of additives increased. In terms of the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, the total phenol content, and total flavonoid content, the groups with the addition of barley sprout and green tea showed higher antioxidant activity than the control group (p<0.05).

This study investigated the minimum salt concentration required for achieving the optimal quality characteristics of sauerkrauts made by adding 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5% (w/w) of sea salt to cabbage according to the fermentation period. For evaluating the quality characteristics, we measured the microorganisms (lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and coliform group), pH, total acidity, salinity, chromaticity, and hardness every 24 hours. The lactic acid bacteria were identified and analyzed, and acceptance test was carried out on the 4th day of fermentation. The results showed that the salinity of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% sauerkrauts on the 4th day of fermentation was lower than the average salinity of Baechu-Kimchi. The 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% sauerkrauts had significantly higher lactic acid bacteria than the 2.5% sample, and the coliform group was not detected after the 5th day of fermentation. Among the microbes identified, Weissella cibaria JCM 12495 was found only in domestic sauerkraut, in addition to Lactococcus lactis NCDO 604, Leuconostoc citreum JCM 9698, and Lactobacillus sakei DSM 20017. The results of the acceptance test show that 1.0 and 1.5% sea salt sauerkraut had significantly higher overall acceptance compared to the other samples. In conclusion, sauerkraut with a salt concentration of 1.0 and 1.5% (w/w) had abundant lactic acid bacteria and excellent sensory properties, suggesting that the production of low-salted sauerkraut can be adopted to reduce consumer salt intake in the future.

To increase the utilization of Centella asiatica (CA), enzymes such as cellulase and pectinase were added and the physicochemical properties of the treated CA were analyzed. In addition, apple-CA jam was prepared using the enzyme-treated CA, which had the best antioxidant properties, and the physicochemical and sensory qualities of the jam were measured. There was a high content of ascorbic acid, polyphenols, flavonoids, reducing sugar, amino acid, minerals and DPPH radical scavenging activity in the enzyme-treated group. The antioxidant component and activity in the jam prepared by adding enzyme-treated CA increased with an increase in the amount of enzyme-treated CA. In the soluble solids, the higher the amount of enzyme-treated CA, the higher the value, but there was no significant difference in pH. The sensory evaluation of the jam, in particular the taste, showed that the highest preference was observed when the enzyme-treated CA was added in the range of 5.0~6.7%, and the control group showed the lowest preference. There was no significant difference in flavor and spreadability among the treatment groups, however, the control group showed the highest color preference. In the overall acceptability, when 5.0% of enzyme-treated CA was added, the highest acceptability was shown.

붕어와 떡붕어의 수분, 지방, 단백질은 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 붕어는 연령이 증가함에 따라 pH가 낮아지는 함량을 보였다. 붕어의 보수력은 5년생이 가장 낮은 반면, 가열감량은 높게 나타났다. 5년생 붕어와 떡붕어의 적색도와 전단력이 가장 높게 나타났다. 붕어와 떡붕어는 각각의 연령에 따라 다소 차이를 보여 앞으로 다각적인지 초연구가 필요하다고 판단된다.

본 연구에서는 국내 시판되고 있는 진피차 10종을 무작위로 구매하여 외관 및 기본 정보와, 각 티백을 80oC의 열수 100 mL에서 5분간 침출한 용액의 당도, pH, 적정 산도, 환원당 함량, Vitamin C 함량, 총 폴리페놀 함량, 총 플라보노이드 함량을 분석하였다. 진피차 10종은 모두 100% 진피를 사용했으며 첨가물이 들어있지 않았다. 당도와 산도는 진피를 많이 함유한 T10에서 가장 높게 나타났으며 동일한 제조사 제품의 경우 외관상 입자크기가 큰 제품에서 당도값이 높게 나타났다. pH는 일정한 경향이 나타나지 않았으며 이는 원료 및 제조공정의 차이로 인한 것으로 생각된다. 환원당 함량과 Vitamic C 함량은 진피 함유량이 증가할수록 함량이 높아지는 경향을 나타냈다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 8.69-33.42 mg GAE/100 mL의 범위에서 진피 함유량이 높을수록 총 폴리페놀 함량이 높게 나타났다. 총 플라보노이드 함량은 T10에서 가장 높은 값을 보였고, T1이 가장 낮은 값을 나타냈으며 총 폴리페놀 함량 결과와 유사한 경향 을 보였다. 본 연구에서 진피차는 중량, 입자크기에 따라 이화학 특성이 달라진다는 것을 확인하였으며 이외에도 원료나 제조공정에 따른 차이가 있을 것으로 판단된다. 이를 바탕으로 진피차의 품질향상 및 신제품 개발 시기초정보로 활용하는 데 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구는 시판 진피차를 시료로 이용했기 때문에 명시된 정보 이외에 품질 특성에 관여하는 건조방법, 귤 품종, 재배지역에 관한 정보는 알 수 없었다. 따라서 이러한 조건에 따른 진피차의 품질특성에 관한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

The quality characteristics of sugar-reduced green tea cookies were tested, and there was no significant differences in density, spreadability, loss rate, and pH in all experimental groups (p<0.05). The sugar content of the sample with 100% sugar replaced was 0.96oBrix, which was significantly higher than the 0.80 °Brix of the control (p<0.05). The sample with 75% sugar substituted was 0.76oBrix, which was similar to that of the control (p>0.05). The calories per 100 g of cookies were reduced from 482 to 433 kcal in the sample groups, where the sugar content was reduced from 0 to 100%. Carbohydrates also decreased with decreasing sugar content. The protein was 5g in the sugar sample group reduced by 0- 25%, and 6 g in the sugar sample group reduced by more than 50%. Dietary fiber was three times higher in the sugar sample group reduced by 75% than the control, and four times higher in the sugar sample group reduced by 100% than the control. No significant differences in the sweet sensory intensities were observed between the control and the 75% reduced sugar sample group (p>0.05). The brightness, savory, sweet, and aftertastes were similar in all experimental groups (p>0.05). Overall, high value-added green tea cookies with a more than 75% reduction in sugar were successfully developed with added functions of immunity, anti-cancer, antioxidant functions, preventing constipation and obesity, without deteriorating the sensory and physicochemical qualities tested.

This study analyzed the quality characteristics of Soksungjang combined with sorghum koji, according to the amount of sorghum added and the length of the fermentation period. The moisture content of Soksungjang was the lowest in the control group when there was no sorghum koji added, but gradually increased as the amount of added sorghum koji increased. The reduction in the sugar content of sorghum Soksungjang did not change according to the fermentation period of the control group, but increased alongside the fermentation period when sorghum koji was added to Soksungjang. The amino nitrogen content increased from 67.20-80.73 mg% from the beginning of the fermentation period to 173.13-383.60 mg% at the end of the fermentation period, and the total polyphenol content increased from 260.25-351.28 mg% from the beginning of the fermentation period to 567.28 mg%-674.93 mg% to the end of the fermentation period. DPPH radical scavenging activity also increased as the fermentation period elapsed, and ABTS radical scavenging activity increased and then decreased slightly over the fermentation period. The antioxidant activity was the highest in the Soksungjang mixture with a 10% concentration of sorghum koji.

본 실험은 지방 함량을 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 또는 30.0%로 조절하여 발효-건조 소시지를 제조하였을 때 발효-건조 30일차 이후의 제품의 이화학적, 지방 산화도, 미생물학적 및 관능적 특성을 조사한 내용이다. 지방함량이 5%에서 30%로 증가할 때 수분활성도(water activity, Aw)는 0.65에서 0.77로 증가하였으며(p<0.01), pH는 5.59에서 5.47로 유의적으로 감소하였고(p<0.01), 전단가는 10.45에서 3.47kg/㎠로 감소하였다(p<0.01). 육색의 경우, 지방함량이 30%로 증가할 때 대조구에 비해 L*, b*값은 유의적으로 증가하였으며(p<0.01), a*값은 유의적으로 감소하였다(p<0.01). 지방산화도는 지방함량이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.01). 지방함량의 변화에 따른 단백질 변패도(volatile basic nitrogen, VBN), 총균수 및 유산균 수의 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). 관능검사의 경우 30% 지방 첨가구가 다른 시험구보다 유의적으로 낮은 유산취, 높은 곰팡이 냄새, 높은 산화 맛을 보였으며(p<0.05), 조직감 선호도도 낮았으며, 종합적인 기호도도 낮게 나타났다(p<0.01). 이상의 결과 지방 첨가 20%까지가 발효-건조 소시지의 이화학적 특성 및 관능적인 특성인 색깔, 냄새, 산화 맛, 조직감에 있어 부정적인 영향을 미치지 않아 좋은 결과를 보였으나, 지방 산화를 초래하기 때문에 지방산화를 억제하는 방법을 병행하는 더 많은 연구가 필요할 것으로 평가된다.

This study investigated the effect of the addition of various levels of pig head meat (HM) as a substitute for rear leg meat (RLM) on the physico-chemical quality characteristics of non-emulsified, smoked, and cooked sausage during refrigerated storage. Sausages were prepared in four variations according to the proportion (0%, 10%, 20%, or 30%) of HM added and maintained at 4°C. Quality measurements were taken for 28 days. The sausages added with the addition of 20% and 30% HM had significantly (p<0.05) higher moisture and lower protein content compared to those without the addition of HM. The pH value during the storage period was higher (p<0.05) in the sausages to which the HM had been added than in those without HM. The sausages with 30% HM showed the lowest (p<0.05) L* and b* values and the highest (p<0.05) a* value during the storage period. The 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content, hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness of the sausages showed no significant variations with the addition of various levels of HM. These data suggest that RLM could be substituted with 30% HM because it does not negatively affect the quality of the non-emulsified sausage. However, a further study on sausages made with 100% HM instead of RLM may be needed to improve its utilization.

본 연구는 착즙이나 추출 후 폐기되는 복분자(Rubus coreanus) 부산물을 사료자원으로 급여한 버크셔 암컷과 거세돈의 육질특성을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 시험 돼지는 Berkshire 품종 총 60두를 암수 구분하여 각 15두씩 임의 배치하였고, 복분자 부산물을 급여하지 않은 대조구와 복분자 부산물을 전체 사료의 0.3% 수준으로 출하 전 60일간 급여한 처리구(RC)로 분리하였다. 육질분석을 위하여 도축 후 예비 냉각한 좌반도체 등심 부위를 채취하여 일반성분, 이화학적 육질특성, 지방산 및 항산화 활성을 분석하였다. 일반성분은 대조구와 RC간의 유의적 차이가 없었고, 육색에서 거세돈육의 명도(L*) 값에서만 RC구에서 대조구 보다 낮은 값을 나타냈다(p<0.05). 등심육의 pH와 보수력은 RC 급여에 의한 유의적 차이가 없었으나, 전단력에서는 RC에서 유의적으로 높은 값을 나타냈다(p<0.05). TBARS 수치는 거세돈육의 RC가 대조구에 비해 낮은 경향을 나타냈고, DPPH radical 소거활성에서도 거세돈육의 RC가 대조구보다 높은 항산화능을 나타냈으나 유의적인 차이는 없었고 이는 성별에 의한 차이가 큰 것으로 판단된다. 근내지방 함량과 지방산 조성은 RC 급여에 의한 영향보다는 성별에 의한 차이가 뚜렷하게 나타났으며, RC 급여에 따른 항산화 특성 패턴이 다르게 나타난 것도 위와 같은 이유인 것으로 판단된다.

1. 제조된 콩 발효물의 수분함량은 50.0~60.0%, pH 7.5~8.5 및 산도 0.1~0.0%로, 수분함량은 ‘선풍’, pH는 ‘밀양 ’과 ‘새단백’(발효 48시간 처리 후), 산도는 ‘대풍2호’(발효 24 시간 처리 후)와 ‘새단백’이 높게 나타남. 2. 아미노산성 질소 함량은 발효 전 123.1~165.2 mg·%-1, 발효 48시간 처리 225.7~420.0 mg·%-1로 증가하였고 ‘대풍2 호’의 함량이 가장 높았음. 3. 조단백질 함량은 발효 전 45.0~55.0%, 발효 48시간 처리 후 50.0~65.0%로 증가하였고 ‘새단백’이 발효 전과 후에서 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈지만, 발효 전에도 다른 품종보다 조단백질 함량이 높아 이에 영향을 받은 것으로 판단됨. 4. 유리당 중 maltose 및 glucose가 0.08~0.52%에서 0.02 ~0.09%로 발효시간에 따라 감소하였으며, fructose는 0.03~ 0.38%에서 0.13~0.43%로 증가하였고 총 유리당의 함량은 1.07~5.94%로 ‘평원’이 5.94 %로 가장 높게 나타남. 5. 발효 전과 발효 48시간 처리를 비교하였을 때 oxalic acid, malic acid, succinic acid 및 acetic acid는 각각 0.03 ~0.13%, 0.01~0.08 %, 0.06~0.34%, 0.01~0.17%로 증가했으 나, citric acid는 0.34~0.17%로 감소하는 경향을 보였고 총 유기산의 함량이 가장 낮은 품종은 ‘미소’(2.18 %)로 나타남. 6. 이소플라본 함량은 발효 48시간 처리시 ‘새금’, ‘우람’, ‘밀양306’호 및 ‘대풍2호’에서 daidzein이 0.09 %로 가장 높게 나타났으며, genistein은 ‘대풍2호’에서 0.13 %로 가장 높은 것으로 나타남. 7. 본 연구에서는 발효 적합 시간은 48시간으로 판단되며, 알칼리를 띠고 이소플라본 함량 및 아미노산성 질소 함량이 높은 ‘대풍2호’가 장류용 콩 품종으로 적합한 것으로 판단됨.

This study was performed to examine the physicochemical and antioxidative properties of the sponge cakes with different contents (0, 2, 4, 6, 8%, w/w) of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) powder (LBP). An increase in LBP content in the cake led to a significant increase in the baking loss rate, specific volume, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, total phenol contents and total flavonoid contents of the cakes (p<0.05). As the LBP content increased, significant decreases were shown in the specific gravity of batter, sugar contents, pH, lightness, redness and yellowness of the cakes (p<0.05). Ash contents, uniformity index and other textural properties of hardness, springness, cohesiveness, and brittleness did not show any significant differences between the sample groups (p>0.05). These results suggest that LBP can be applied to sponge cakes to achieve positive textural properties such as uniform pore formation and increased volume with increased antioxidant properties.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics of Doenjang made by seven different traditional soybean paste manufacturers, in Chungbuk province during fermentation. The moisture content of Doenjang declined in the process of fermentation, from 58.07~68.86% to 52.32~63.79%. The salinity increased from 7.47~14.38% to 10.42~17.73%. Sample B was the lowest, and G was the highest. The pH showed a tendency to decline from 5.36~6.22 to 4.30~5.66 except for sample F, which increased 6.33~7.10. In contrast, the total acidity showed a tendency to increase from 0.56~1.77% to 1.11-1.83% except for sample F, which declined 0.71%~0.54%. The lightness declined from 44.33~55.90 to 26.68~49.66. However, the redness and the yellowness generally increased. The content of amino type nitrogen generally increased with the progress of fermentation from 93.33~408.80 mg/kg to 314.07~1,258.13 mg/kg and sample D, with Aspergillus oryzae added, was the highest. The volatile flavor compounds of Doenjang had 10~20 types. Sample D had the fewest number of volatile flavor compounds (10 types of compounds), and sample C had the largest number of it (20 types of compounds). Four types of compounds, ethanol, 3-methyl butanal, ethyl acetate, and 3-methyl butanoic acid, were detected from all samples.