이 논문은 1980년대 이전부터 일어나기 시작한 남인도의 “교회 밖 기독교” 현상을 선구적으로 연구한 허버트 호퍼의 연구 내용을 소개한다. 그리고 힌두교 내에서의 내부자 운동이라고 할 수 있는 이 현상에 대한 선교학적 평가와 교회의 과제를 다룬다. 인도 선교사였 던 호퍼는 예수에게 헌신했지만 교회에 가지 않고 세례도 받지 않는 사람들, 그러면서도 힌두 공동체에 그대로 남아 있는 사람들을 연구했 다. 호퍼는 그들을 “비세례 신자들”이라고 지칭하면서(후에는 예수 박타, Jesu Bhakta라고 함), 그 원인을 정치 경제적인 측면(하위 카스트, 즉 달릿의 경우)에서 그리고 사회, 문화적인 측면(상위 카스트 의 경우)에서 찾아낸다. 호퍼는 비세례 신자들을 그대로 인정하면서 오히려 그들이 선교 전략적인 측면에서 높이 평가될 수 있다고 말한다. 왜냐하면 예수를 믿으면서도 그가 속한 힌두 공동체 안에 있기 때문에 그 내부에서 그리스도를 소개할 수 있기 때문이다. 호퍼의 연구로부터 약 40년이 지난 현재 인도에는 예수 박타들의 공동체들이 많이 있고, 교회의 또 다른 형태 혹은 새로운 표현으로서 교회적 역할을 하고 있는 것으로 보인다.

Thirty years have passed since the first Korean missionary Youngja Kim had arrived in India in 1980. Korean missionaries have filled up the vacancy of Western missionaries after they had gone home. They have done excellent job particularly in the field of church planting where the Western missionaries found it hard. Unfortunately, however, Korean missionaries have worked tirelessly without having any chance to get feedback from Indian natives and churches. This article shows the present situation and some problems of Korean missions. Its aim is to evaluate Korean missions in India by the reflection on Indian culture and Indian critic of foreign missions carried out in India. Korean missionaries have worked mainly among so-called the scheduled caste people and the scheduled tribe, namely the lowest strata of Indian society. The religion of S. C. and the S. T. is Buddhism, Sikhism, Animism and Totemism unlike the mainline Hinduism. The Korean missionaries' work is mostly focused on church planting, along with teaching ministry in seminaries and schools, and social service. Indian Christians examined themselves and confessed that 90% of their evangelistic efforts are carried out among about 4% Christians of their country. They proposed that their focused missionary efforts should be made among the main line caste Hindus who have not heard the Gospel. Secondly, Indian Christian leaders like R. C. Das demanded that foreign financial assistance should be stopped right now unless western missionaries would ruin the native initiative and the spirit of self-reliance which is essential to the fulfillment of Indian evangelism. Thirdly, they suggested that church building is culturally irrelevant in India where spirituality is raised by parents and elders rather than by the appointed paid Christian workers. Based on these criticism, Korean missionaries have to shift the traditional paradigm of missions in India as following. First, Korean missionaries should strike a balance by focusing on missions among the higher caste Hindus or middle class people in cities. Second, Korean missionaries should stop the financial assistance to the Indian workers and churches, and rather plant the independent spirit and the gospel faith.