In the international businesses human resource elements acquired in different countries might have different values in varied industries due to the different quality of education and experiences in the original countries. Using selection models to evaluate expected values in earnings equation of human resource elements such as education and experiences etc. acquired in sending countries, system equations are expanded to examine also the values of science and engineering degrees in technology jobs with selectivity bias correction. This paper used the US census survey data of 2015 on earnings, academic degrees, occupations etc. The US has long maintained the policy of accepting more STEM workers than any other countries and helped maintaining own technological leadership. Assuming per capita GDP gap between the sending country and the US downgrades immigrant human resource quality, it rarely affects occupational selection but depresses earnings on average by two or more years’ worth of education. Immigrant quality index in the sense of GDP gap appears to be a valid tool to assess the expected earnings of the worker with. Engineering degrees increase significantly the probability of selecting not only engineering jobs but also general management jobs, as well as increasing the expected earning additionally over nine years’worth of education. Getting a technology job is additionally worth about four years of education. Economics and business degrees are worth additionally almost six years of education but humanities degrees depress expected earnings. Since years after immigration does not very fast enhance earnings capacity, education level and English language ability might be more useful criteria to expect better future earnings by.

In international businesses human resource elements acquired in different countries might have different values in varied industries due to different quality of education and experiences in original countries. Using existing models to evaluate expected values of human resource elements such as education and experience setc. acquired in sending countries they are expanded to examine also the values of science and engineering degrees in technology jobs with selectivity bias correction. This paper used the US census survey data of 2015 on earnings, academic degrees etc. to contrast qualitative effects with quantitative effects of human resource elements compared to those in the native and/or white group.

농촌경관은 자연경관과 문화경관을 대표한다. 문명화된 세계에서 진정한 자연경관은 찾아보기 힘들며 유럽과 아시아 지역에서도 적은 지역에만 존재한다. 가장 오래된 대표적인 경관은 사람들이 경제, 생산의 가치 뿐 아니라 미적 자원으로서토지에 대해 가지고 있는 가치가 무엇인지를 보여준다.최근까지도, 전세계적으로 토지의 농업생산성은 다른 어떤 것(미와 휴양, 회복의 가치 등) 보다도 주요한 관심사였으나이제 세계 인구의 50% 이상이 도시에 살고 있는 상황에서 농촌경관이 지닌 가치들은 상실될 위기에 처해졌다. 동시에,우리가 공공영역을 관리하고 개발하는 방법은 점점 더 명확한 과학적 근거를 바탕으로 하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 어떠한목적의 보호구역을 설정하는 데 있어 경제적, 생태적 생산성과 지속가능성 등의 생태적 효과의 평가에 크게 의지한다.이러한 평가는 기후변화와 자원의 추출 등의 영향에 대한 효과를 고려하는데는 적합하나, 체계적인 계획을 수립하는데가장 큰 방해가 되는 문화적, 심리적인 경관의 장소애착을 반영하지는 못한다. 기술적 경관평가와 관리에는 두 가지관점이 있다. 북아메리카, 오스트레일리아, 뉴질랜드에서는 경관평가 기법을 자연경관 가치의 체계적인 평가로부터발전시켜 왔으며 이것은 인간의 개입이 조화롭고 만족스러운 세계에 방해가 되는 것으로 이해하고 있다. 유럽에서의경관은 문화적이고 사람이 체험하는 것으로, 평가에 있어 측정 가능한 가치보다는 문화적 산물과 장소애착의 역할을중요시 여겨 기술적 계획과의 연계가 부족한 단점이 있다. 분석의 필요요소가 어느때보다도 광범위 해졌으며 정치적으로는커뮤니티부터 국가적 차원에 이르기까지 다양하며 민감한 이해집단을 포함해야 하는 상황에서 이 두 가지 관점은 모두현대 계획의 의사결정 환경을 완벽하게 지원하지 못한다. 본 논문에서는 농촌과 자연경관의 평가에 대한 주요 쟁점들을북아메리카와 유럽의 두 가지 관점에서 다루고 한국에서의 현대 농촌계획을 지원하기 위한 적합성에 대해 논의하였으며특히 미국의 주요 국가기관과 Scenic America 등 민간단체, 그리고 European Landscape Convention 의 경관 보호의 목적을 중심으로 다루었다.

지속가능한 수자원 이용과 관리를 위해서는 유역 내에서 진행되고 있는 수자원과 관련된 활동들이 지속가능한 개발의 개념에 부합하는지 여부를 판단해야 한다. 이를 위해서는 유역의 수자원 이용과 관리에 영향을 미치는 수문, 수질, 사회, 경제 및 환경 요인을 고려한 평가지수가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 수자원의 지속가능성을 평가할 수 있는 지표들을 선정하고 이들을 통합한 수자원 지속가능성 지수(Water Resources Sustainability Index,

As one of methodological approaches for objective and systematic evaluation for rural resources, a sequential system for significance determination of resources items was formulated using AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) as the base technique. By the system constructed in this study, the significance values were calculated for all items of standard goal system which had been presented in the first phase- paper of research works for rural resources evaluation. The results analysed and obtained in the study are summarized as follows; 1. In case that the number of resources items for evaluation are relatively large, stepwise matrix method is considered as the better one for pair-comparison works in view of evaluator's convenience and consistency. 2. The significance valuing results for most resources items showed a considerable difference between characteristic areas, especially in aspects of land and human resources, so being considered as wet reflecting the specific areal varieties, 3. On land resources, the items for industrial development and land use showed higher significance value, while natural environment resources the items for ecological varieties and on human resources the items for artificial facilities. However, lower-valued ones were the items for mineral stocks in land resources, for control and protection in natural environment resources and for lower-level culture heritage respectively.

Korean societies have been experiencing the wholesale structural changes in the rapid currents of recent openness, globalization and democratization, which effect much more heavily in rural areas than in urban areas, so rural recomposition works being an important national concern. In order to systematically reconstruct the rural structure, the decision makers, with a four step hierarchy of rural resident-residents group-community-region, should be endowed with the objective judgement on basic elements of resource potentialities under their control. In this process. rational resource evaluation works would be firstly necessiated from expert groups. Based on the view mentioned above, this study principally aimed at developing a rational evaluation framework for rural resources. For that objective, the first step of the study pigeonholed the total resources items identifiable in rural areas from the existing study results, spatial planning and field surveying data. After then, using the formalized classification criteria of resources items, a tentative goal system for rural resources evaluation was proposed and the final one determined through expert-group checking. The results obtained during the study are summarized as follows ; 1. Using the existing examples of resources identification/classification and the basic data list for county-level development planning as the principal reference ones, total rural resources elements were classified into 3 constituent units : land, natural environment and human resources, which correspond to places to work, to play and to live, respectively, as 3 constituent ones of life-supporting space. 2. Three characteristic areal types were adopted to represent the total rural areas : lowland, upland and seashore areas, and also 3 practical use types to represent the objectives of resources evaluation systems : for land use planning, natural conservation policy and village improvement planning. Thus 9 different types of goal system for resources evaluation were developed(each system by 3 areal typesX3 practical use types) 3. Each goal system has 3-tier classification steps from the higher, middle and lower one. The higher and middle steps should contain equally applicable components to all the rural areas, of which allowable number being around 3 and 4 respectively. However the lower step would contain detailed sub-components changeable to areal characteristics of which allowable number being around 7.