This review paper aimed to comprehensively assess the ventilation methods and ventilation rates of livestock sheds, various livestock odor mitigation technologies, and the design flow rate of odor mitigation devices. The most efficient ventilation method for livestock odor control was found to be mechanical ventilation. When livestock odor is at its most severe during summer, ventilation systems are operated at the maximum ventilation rate, which is 5-25 times higher than the ventilation rate in winter. Therefore, the mitigation facilities of livestock odor must be designed while considering the maximum ventilation rate. There is a significant amount of research data on various livestock odor control technologies using various physical, chemical, biological, and complex technologies applied to livestock farms. Biofiltration and photocatalytic oxidation are considered the most promising methods due to their cost-effectiveness and simplicity. Biofiltration is effective for removing hydrophilic odors, but requires improvement for the efficient removal of hydrophobic odors and the control of accumulated excess biomass. The advantages of the photocatalytic oxidation method include its excellent hydrogen sulfide and ammonia removal rates and relatively low ozone emissions. However, it requires technology to reduce nitrous oxide emissions. Investment in installing and operating these odor mitigation technologies is only realistic for large-sized farms. Therefore, it is imperative for small and medium-sized livestock farms to develop odor mitigation technology that is inexpensive and has low installation, operation, and maintenance costs.

세계적으로 버섯에 대한 소비는 매년 증가하고 있으며 한국에서는 느타리버섯, 양송이버섯, 팽이버섯이 주로 유 통되고 있다. 하지만, 버섯의 재배와 가공 과정에서 미생 물 오염을 예방하기 위한 대안의 부재로 인하여 Listeria monocytogenes와 같은 병원성 미생물의 오염이 검출되고 있으며 버섯에 의한 식중독 및 리콜 사례가 다수 보고되 고 있다. 버섯에서 오염된 미생물을 저감화하는 방법으로 는 화학적 및 물리적 처리, 또는 이들을 결합하여 사용하는 병용처리 방법이 이용되고 있다. 화학적 처리로는 염소 혼 합물, 과산화아세트산, 4차 암모늄이온 화합물이 주로 사용 되고 있으며 오존과 전해수를 이용한 방법도 최근에 개발 되었다. 물리적 처리로는 초음파, 방사선조사, 콜드 플라즈 마 기술이 이용되고 있으며, 병용처리 방법으로는 자외선/ 염소 혼합물, 오존/유기산, 초음파/유기산 등이 연구되었다. 본 리뷰에서는 국내에서 소비되는 버섯의 종류와 그에 대한 미생물 오염도를 조사하고, 버섯에 오염된 미생물을 제 어할 수 있는 기술에 대하여 조사하여, 정리하였다.

PURPOSES : High concentrations of particulate matter (PM) are emitted or generated from vehicle emissions in urban roads with dense transient populations. To reduce the effect of PM emission on bus stop users at roadsides, a plan to reduce PM emitted from the roadside must be devised. In this study, an atmospheric environment at a roadside is simulated in a large-scale environment chamber, and a test for reducing PM around the bus stop is conducted by installing a bus stop adapted to a PM reduction system. METHODS : Exhaust gas is injected into the experimental and reference chambers using diesel and gasoline vehicles for roadside airquality simulations. The two vehicles are operated in an idle state without an acceleration operation to emit exhaust gas uniformly, and the initial conditions are achieved by injecting car emissions for approximately 40 min. The initial condition is set to 1 ppm of NOx concentration in the environment chamber. Between the two environment chambers, a bus stop adapted to the PM reduction system is installed in the experimental chamber to conduct a PM reduction experiment pertaining to the air quality around the roadside. The experimental progress is set as the start time of the experiment based on the time at which the initial conditions are achieved; simultaneously, the PM reduction system in the experimental chamber is operated. After the simulation is commenced, the PM concentration, which changes over time, is measured using a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) without additional injection of car emissions or pollutants. The HR-ToF-AMS measures the chemical composition of non-refractory PM1.0 (NR-PM1.0) in real time. RESULTS : The NR-PM1.0 compound (organic aerosol (OA), NO3 -, SO4 2-) increases by 160% compared with the simulated initial concentration up to T90min in both environmental chambers; this is speculated to be due to secondary formation. The reference chamber indicates a slight decrease or a steady-state after T90min, whereas the experimental chamber indicates a gradually decrease as the experiment progresses. The bus stop adapted to the PM reduction system reduces the amount of black carbon in the experimental chamber by 37% at 200 min. This implies that the PM emitted from the roadside is filtered via the PM reduction system installed at the bus stop, and cleaner air quality can be provided to passengers. CONCLUSIONS : The PM reduction system evaluated in this study can be detached from and attached to the outdoor billboard of a bus stop. Since it adopts air filtration technology that uses a high-efficiency particulate air filter, it can be maintained and managed easily. In addition, it can provide an atmospheric environment with reduced PM emission to passengers as well as provide a better air-quality condition to passengers waiting for public transportation near roadsides.

본 연구는 식품 생산 환경에서 A. ochraceus를 저감하기 위하여 물리적 제어기술인 광살균(LED, UV), 열수 처리를 통하여 그 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 A. ochraceus 포자 현탁액(107-8 spore/mL)를 스테인리스 칩에 1 mL 접종하고 37oC에 건조한 후 각각의 물리적 처리에 적용하였다. LED를 활용하여 30분, 1, 2, 5, 8, 11시간 처리하였으나 균수에서 유의적인 차이를 확인하지 못하였으나 UV-C와 열수침지에서는 모두 A. ochraceus가 유의적으로 감소하였다. UV-C를 단독으로 스테인리스 칩에 360 kJ/m2까지 조사한 결과 A. ochraceus가 1.27 log CFU/ cm2 까지 유의적으로 감소한 것을 확인하였다. 열수 처리에서는 가장 고온인 83oC에서 5분간 침지할 경우 A. ochraceus 초기 접종농도인 6.49 log CFU/cm2를 모두 사멸 시켰다. 그러나 고온의 열에너지를 5분간 현장에서 유지하는 것이 쉽지 않으므로 경제성과 사용 적합성 등을 고려하여 비교적 저온인 60oC와 자외선을 복합처리 하여 적절한 저감 조건을 확인하고자 하였다. 복합처리 결과 미온수에서도 침지시간 증가와 UV-C 조사량 증가에 따라 유의적으로 감소하여 불검출되었다. 이러한 결과들을 바탕으로 미온수인 60oC 물에 작업도구 등을 침지하여 3분 간 침지한 후 10분 이상 UV 살균처리 장치에 비치하여 둔다면 작업 중 A. ochraceus가 식품으로 교차오염되는 가능성을 줄일 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

The global trend is the application of heat-treated omission materials to reduce the manufacturing cost of automobile steering parts. Attempts have been made to apply heat-treated omission materials in domestic, but they are delayed due to concerns over rising cold forging process costs. For quantitative prediction of cold forging process cost, fatigue properties of forging die materials were evaluated. Based on this, the die life and cost were predicted quantitatively, and the manufacturing cost reduction of automobile steering parts using heat-treated material was found to be about 11%. Also, various methods to improve die life were additionally presented.

PURPOSES : Over the years, the concentration of fine dust is gradually increasing, thereby aggravating the seriousness of the situation. Accordingly, this study intends to install a clean road system using low impact development (LID) techniques on the roadside in order to reduce the scattering of dust on roads effectively. This system stores rainwater collected through gutters in rainy weather and sprays water onto the pavement surface to reduce the scattering of road dust. METHODS : The developed clean road system consists of a water tank, controller, rain detection sensor, and solar cell. Based on this, a test-bed construction was used to evaluate its applicability. By applying the developed system, actual applicability was evaluated through total suspended solid (TSS) test and fine dust measurement. TSS test was conducted to measure the reduction rate of scattering dust on the road owing to the water injected by the clean road system. A spray nozzle was used for the TSS test, and a nebulization nozzle was used for the measurement of fine dust. In order to increase the reliability of the test, three measurements were taken each, for normal road as well as unfavorable conditions road that reproduced the construction site. RESULTS : In this study, fine dust concentration measurement and TSS test were conducted to evaluate the practical applicability of the developed clean road system. From the TSS test, it was found that for both general roads and roads depicting bad conditions, the TSS value after the first spray was the highest, and the value after the second spray was sharply reduced, such that most of the re-dispersed dust was washed out after the first spray, and similar TSS value results were obtained after the third spray. Based on this result, the result of fine dust measurement showed similar fine dust reduction effect of 9%-15.9% regardless of the concentration of fine dust in the atmosphere. These results indicate that the concentration of fine dust in the atmosphere does not significantly affect of the degree of reduction in fine dust. CONCLUSIONS : In this study, a clean road system for reducing fine dust on the road was developed and its applicability was evaluated. In a future study, we intend to check the performance of the drainage pavement through performance evaluation of water permeability coefficient test and performance test in the form of drainage pavement. Through this, we intend to evaluate the applicability of the clean road system to which drainage pavement is applied. Moreover, we will develop a clean road system that applies drainage packaging, and analyzes the degree of fine dust reduction according to the spray angle, spray amount, and spray time of the clean road system in order to study the spray system with the optimum amount of fine dust reduction. In addition, in order to reduce fine dust in the winter, when fine dust is mainly generated, it is planned to install heating wires in spray pipes where freezing is expected. Lastly, the black ice prevention effect will be analyzed by mixing a certain amount of sodium chloride when spraying water.