This study was investigated to test whether the zygote recognized the topoisomerase II beta (TOP2B) mediated DNA fragmentation in epididymal spermatozoa or the nuclease degradation in vas deferens spermatozoa by testing for the presence of gammaH2AX (γH2AX). The γH2AX is phosphorylation of histone protein H2AX on serine 139 occurs at sites flanking DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs). The presence of γH2AX in the pronuclei of mouse zygotes which were injected with DNA broke epididymal spermatozoa was tested by immunohistochemistry at 5 and 9 h post fertilization, respectively. Paternal pronuclei that arose from epididymal spermatozoa treated with divalent cations did not stain for γH2AX at 5 h. On the other hand, in embryos injected with vas deferences spermatozoa that had been treated with divalent cations, γH2AX was only present in paternal pronuclei, and not the maternal pronuclei at 5 h. Interestingly, both pronuclei stained positively for γH2AX for all treatments and controls at 9 h after sperm injection. In conclusion, the embryos recognize DNA that is damaged by nuclease, but not by TOP2B because H2AX in phosphorylated in paternal pronuclei resulting from spermatozoa treated with fragmented DNA from vas deferens spermatozoa treated with divalent cations, but not from epididymal spermatozoa treated the same way.

Existing reinforced concrete building structures have seismic vulnerabilities under successive earthquakes (or mainshock-aftershock sequences) due to their inadequate column detailing, which leads to shear failure in the columns. To improve the shear capacity and ductility of the shear-critical columns, a fiber-reinforced polymer jacketing system has been widely used for seismic retrofit and repair. This study proposed a numerical modeling technique for damaged reinforced concrete columns repaired using the fiber-reinforced polymer jacketing system and validated the numerical responses with past experimental results. The column model well captured the experimental results in terms of lateral forces, stiffness, energy dissipation and failure modes. The proposed column modeling method enables to predict post-repair effects on structures initially damaged by mainshock.

외부강선으로 보강된 철근콘크리트 보에 대한 기존 연구 대상은 과보강 철근콘크리트 보가 대부분이다. 그러나 이러한 저보강 철근콘크리트 보에 대한 외부 강선 보강은 보강 텐던의 양이 아주 적어서 외부 강선의 보강 효과를 명확하게 분석할 수 없다는 문제점이 있다. 이러한 이유로 본 연구에서는 손상된 저보강 철근콘크리트 보를 외부강선으로 보강한 경우를 선택하여 연구를 수행하고자 하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 실험을 통하여 보강 효과를 평가하고 적절한 보강방법을 찾기 위해서 7개의 실험 부재를 제작하여 휨거동 실험을 실시하였다. 실험 결과에 의하면, 강선량이 증가할수록 보강효과는 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 에폭시 레진으로 균열을 보수하면 그 효과는 더욱 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 외부 강선의 극한응력에 대한 AASHTO 1994와 ACI-318 설계식은 실험결과와 잘 일치하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 본 연구의 결과는 향후 손상된 철근콘크리트 보의 적정 보강 방법을 제시하는 데 효과적일 것으로 예상된다.