불교문헌에서 욕계의 음식 중 단맛 음식으로 가장 잘 알려져 있는 것 은 천상계 음식인 수타(須陀)와 인간계 음식인 환희단(歡喜團)이다. 이 두 음식은 그 달콤한 맛으로 천상계와 인간계의 중생들에게 선호되는 음식 임과 동시에 그 달콤함으로 인해 인간계에서 유혹의 도구로 사용되거나 천상계에서 천자들로 하여금 방일한 삶을 영위하게 하여 후생에 고통과 괴로움을 당하게 되는 낮은 세계에 재생하게 하는 원인을 제공하기도 한 다. 인간계 단 음식인 환희단은 그 단맛으로 모든 사람들이 선호하는 음식 이자 잔치에서 사용되거나 귀한 손님을 접대하고 수행자들을 위한 보시 음식으로 묘사된다. 이러한 실물음식으로서의 기능과 더불어 불교문헌에 서 환희단은 그 맛에 빠져 인간들에게 어려움을 야기하거나 혹은 유혹의 음식으로도 등장한다. 천상계 음식인 수타는 욕계에서 가장 많은 선업을 쌓은 중생이 태어나 는 천상계 중생의 선업에 걸맞게 모든 맛을 구비한 욕계 최고의 음식으 로 설명된다. 수타는 천자(天子)의 선업에 조응하여 그 색과 맛과 향과 식감을 구족한 음식으로 천상계 천자는 천녀(天女)들과 더불어 천상계 음 식인 수타, 천상계 술인 천주(天酒)을 향유하면서 방일의 생활에 빠지게 하는 주된 요소로 기능한다. 수타와 환희단의 예에서 보듯이 불교문헌이 단맛 음식에 대하여 그 부 정적 측면에 보다 많은 언급을 하고 있는데 반하여 밀교의례에서 단맛은 불부(佛部), 연화부(連花部), 금강부(金剛部), 삼존(三尊) 중 최상의 존격 인 불부의 상품에 반드시 올려야 하는 맛으로 강조되고 그 가장 상징적 인 단맛식품으로 ‘흰 설탕’을 명시하고 있다.

본 논문은 예이츠와 김종길 시에 나타난 ‘비극적 환희’를 연구한 논문이다. 두 시인은 각자의 어려움에도 불구하고 ‘비극적 환희’로 극복하려는 공통점을 지닌다. 비록 산 시기와 장소는 다르지만 ‘존재의 통합’ 내지 ‘자기실현’을 이루려고 각자의 시에서 ‘비극적 환희’를 공유한 것 같다. 이에 논자는 그들의 시에 나타난 어려움을 ‘비극적 환희’로 수용하면서 최선을 다한 두 시인의 친연성을 탐구한다.

Yeats completed his theory of tragedy after his translation and the performance of Sophocles’ King Oedipus. The theory of his tragedy is as follows. First, the protagonist tries to overcome his fate and inquires into passionate identity. Second, the protagonist reaches tragic ecstasy. Thirdly, the protagonist changes his passion into wisdom. Fourthly, the protagonist completes the ultimate reality through the tragic gaiety. In short, Yeats, after completing tragic gaiety in Sophocles’ King Oedipus, shows how he embodies the ultimate reality.

It is well-known that Yeats had a very deep interest in the Oriental Thoughts throughout his life. In this paper, the focus is laid on his interest in Buddhism. Many of his friends and teachers, such as George Russel, Edward Dowden, Madame Blavatsky, Shri Purohit and Mohini Chatterjee introduced Buddhism to him and their friendship were lifelong. This paper examines the relationship between “Tragic Joy” in his poem “Lapis Lazuli” and Buddhism. In a letter to Dorothy Wellesley, Yeats confessed that as the east has its solution, the westerners must raise the heroic cry. His confession implies his object is oriental solution or the solution in the viewpoint of the union of oriental thoughts and occidental thoughts. The main theme of the poem, “Lapis Lazuli” is tragic joy. The characters created by artists aren’t afraid of death and play their roles to the end. Accomplishing their roles, they feel joy, though they know their roles are not reality and reality itself is empty. This attitude isn’t different from that of Buddhism. Buddhism sees that the Reality itself is empty. Though artists realize nothing can last forever, they create artifacts and feel joy in repeated creation. It is certain that Yeats believes that the source of all the existing things is the mind. All the things in the world are reflection of the mind and emptiness itself. To realize this truth is tragic but to create again is a joy.

The nature poems of G. M. Hopkins is generally characterized as a sensitive observation on the natural objects. But the most distinctive character of his poems is in its motion and trembling. It is related with his peculiar poetic concept ‘inscape’ and ‘instress.’ We can see too many proves of this moving in Hopkins’s poetry. In his nature poems, every tree, spring water and grass is alive. Even the cloud is described as a moving life force in his diary or poems. It is surprising to be able to see so many life forces in one poet’s poems. This life force is more distinguished in his poem “The Windhover” or other poems of animal. And its climax, we can see in his poem “Harry, the Ploughman.” In this poem we can see wonderful observation on the body of a strong farmer. He observed even the minute motion of muscles one by one and he seems to be glad to see this manly body. Hopkins has an inclination of the socialist and he liked more the labouring men than the cultured weak people. Another example is Tom in “Tom’s Garland” and the blacksmith in “Felix Randal.” This is in striking contrast to Yeats’s early nature poems which are considered as a dreamy poetic world. Yeats was too devoted to one woman’s love and his early poems are a kind of escape from this world. His nature is a retirement place from this world. Contrary to this, Hopkins’s nature is a life itself. For him the whole world and nature are a great and perfect work of God. And he caught its highest moment in its motion, that is inscape.