This study examines the social and artistic aspects of the Netherlands in the 16th century, focusing on the paintings of Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525–1569), a representative Dutch painter at that time. Also analyzed were the types and characteristics of each item of the male populace’s and nobles’ costumes at that point in the Renaissance. The results are as follows: most of the populace’s chemises do not have frills on the neckline and sleeves; the doublet has a loose body and sleeves overall; and the sleeves and armholes are fixed with sewing rather than being detachable, making the epaulet invisible. The neckline of the doublet usually does not have a collar, but it sometimes has a hood. In the case of trousers, most males are shown wearing waist-high stockings, and a piece of cord is visible. It seems that the populace’s coats were mainly Spanish-style capes. The 16th-century Dutch populace’s costumes are imitative—reflecting a desire to emulate the codpieces and hairstyles of the aristocrats—while providing individuality through hats and belts. In terms of practicality, it appears that a knife and pouch were used in various living environments. This trend can be seen as a reflection of populace’s perception of the costume at the time.

1990년대 초·중반 많은 중국의 화가들은 전통 중국화(中國畵) 의 한계를 극복하기 위해 서양화를 융합하여 자신만의 독특한 회화 스타일과 예술 언어를 나타내었다. 이들 가운데 이고선은 ‘중국화와 서양화의 융합’의 길을 개척한 선두 주자였다. 특히 그의 어(魚)류 회화는 중국 전통 문인화(文人畵)의 필묵 정신을 계승함과 동시에 서양 회화의 형식적인 요소를 받아들여 독창 적인 표현 기법과 예술 언어를 발휘하였다. 본 연구는 이고선 과 동시대 화가들의 어(魚)류를 소재로 한 회화작품에 표현된 미의식과 예술특징의 차이를 알아보고, 중국 당대 사의화(寫意 畵)에 대한 경험과 영향에 대해 분석하였다.

본고에서는 『홍루몽』 텍스트에 소품으로 등장하는 역대 명화와 서예 작품들이 해 당 공간에서 어떠한 분위기를 조성하고 그곳에 사는 인물들과 어떠한 상호작용을 하 는지 분석함으로써 『홍루몽』 속 전통 서화 예술의 의의와 가치를 고찰해 보고자 하 였다. 『홍루몽』에서 서화는 인물의 성격을 드러내 보여주고 스토리를 이끌어가는 하 나의 중요한 서사적 장치로 운용되었다. 처음에는 서화의 자체적인 형상으로 독자에 게 다가가나 어느 순간 공간 속의 인물과 어우러지면서 모종의 의미체계로 독자에게 수용되고 있음을 알 수 있다. 그런 점에서 『홍루몽』의 서화 예술은 단순히 그림이나 글씨라고 하는 개별적인 소품의 차원에 머물지 않고 인물 감상 및 주제의 차원으로 확장되어 소설의 경계를 더욱 높은 수준으로 고양시켜 주었다고 하겠다.

본 연구의 목적은 이탈리아 매너리즘 회화에 적용된 패러디가 형식적 유희를 넘어 당시 시대상을 반영하거나 비판하는 능동적 조형수단임을 밝히는 데 있다. 먼저 이 글은 16세기에 가장 인용도가 높은 작품인 미켈란젤로의 <최후의 심판>에 나타난 패러디 양상을 검토한다. 그는 원작의 문맥과 내용을 고려하여 작중인물에 고대 조각의 파토스를 잔존시킨 것 외에도 다양한 관점의 서사를 창출해 냈다. 또한 이 글은 미켈란젤로의 추종자 중 하나로 꼽히는 피렌체 출신 화가 아뇰로 브론치노의 작품에 담긴 패러디적 요소에 주목하면서, 그가 어떤 맥락에서 어떤 방식으로 원작과의 생산적-전복적 관계를 형성해 나갔는지 분석해본다. 대가의 작품을 무의미하게 모방하곤 했던 16세기 후반기 다수의 매너리즘 화가들과 달리, 브론치노는 세련된 기교의 역설을 통해 원작이 내포하고 있는 메시지를 시대적 요구에 맞게 재구성함으로써 기존 이데올로기에 저항하는 예술적 전환점을 성취하였다고 볼 수 있다.

본 논문은 로버트 라이먼(Robert Ryman, 1930-)의 1953년-1967년 작품을 중심으로 그가 회화를 경험하는 상호작용의 과정을 통해 회화의 의미를 축적했다는 점을 밝힌다. 물질성과 반 복성이라는 특징 때문에 ‘미니멀리스트 화가’로 알려진 라이먼이 1950년대부터 작품을 시작해 온 맥락이 최근 연구되었다. 본 글에서는 이를 바탕으로 그가 회화와 상호작용하는 붓질의 행위 를 실험으로 보고, 듀이의 경험론과 접목했다. 그는 경험 과정에서 얻은 해결책을 ‘의식’적으로 이용하여 통제 조건을 설정하고 결과를 산출하고, 또 새로운 재료를 향해 도전한다. 이러한 관점 에서 그의 수평적 붓질에 나타난 반복은 물질적 측면에서 감축이 아니라 역설적으로 확장되며, 산업용 재료를 사용했음에도 그가 이를 회화를 지속하는 바탕으로 사용했다는 점을 주장했다.

This study, with focus on my artworks, aims to examine the 'pictorial expression of mind.' What is mind and how should I control it are the core content of my works. This study looked into mind which is expressed throughout my works. And it argued that the painting realized by senses - senses as the moving and flow of mind, - come from mind. It is to consider the relation between painting and mind by examining the senses for expressing the invisible inner side. I, in the art pieces, used a gem to express mind metaphorically and expressed it with senses. And I presented the birth and polishing process of a gem to express the flow and asceticism of my mind in the works. Such mind, in other words, is ‘one mind,’ ‘mind considered as the only true being,’ ‘unconsciousness,’ and ‘innate pure mind’ which all are based on my Buddhist belief. Realizing being unconscious and becoming one's true self is attaining a happy medium that avoids extremes; it means being completely empty. In this way, one can 'become his or her true self' can be possible through mind control. Regaining one's own innate pure mind and coming to have a peace of mind is enlightenment and nirvana- the process is the Zen meditation. I consider the process of artworks as the process of such enlightenment and regard it in the same light as Zen meditation. In addition, the cause of all phenomena is unconsciousness and painting is the manifestation of such unconsciousness. Thus, painting is like 'all things are made from the mind.' Such sense is the very first physical experience through which one can understand the world as it is - I intend to realize this in paintings. This painting, completed by such sense, can be the existence ‘just being as it is.’ This is the same as the true state in Buddhism meaning the true nature of all existence. Therefore, the painting expressed through senses is just as it is and the true being of an existence. For this reason, I intend to realize the actuality through senses in my artworks. The characteristic of my works is the combination of the photographic realism and expressionism. Some of the former's attributes include photographical image use and close-up; the latter includes some characteristics in expression. Having these attributes, my works can be defined as simulacre, a new existence. I also intended to extract rare images by enlarging the details of objects through close-up filming. The effect of such close-up brings an emphasis on the theme and presents new images - such features are expressed through already experienced fact.

The memory of the Korean War is about the time period when people lived toughly during evacuation, due to being exposed to the natural climate such as intense cold or heat without any protection, leaving their comfortable home and living in temporary built shelters which were barely enough to avoid the wind. ‘Death is concealed and only the figures of evacuation for survival were expressed, just as how the government ordered. Since the experience of the battlefield is personal and fragmentary, that is broken into pieces, it does not have compatibility. As war is a distorted experience that cannot be placed in a big picture, it is not possible to take a view of the war’s big picture. Having this individualized experience as a common collective memory is an issue and it is the will that people tries to pursue. The reason why the evacuees from north to south, and as well as from the south to further south were all able to be adopted as the theme of artworks due to the military action that emptied the occupied territories of the North Korean Army under the forced removal command. In such situations, the natural state of the ‘snow’ was like a symbol of the 1.4 Recession. The group of people who were thrown into the intense cold displaced the war damage of loosing their base livelihood, and symbolized the obedient citizens who faithfully follow their government’s command. The figure of advocating anti-communism is projected as a figure of a refugee during cold winter-time and it contains ones past which he or she obeyed its own country’s commands. Evacuation, especially the evacuation during the winter is a visual device that can confirm these kinds of country’s command. The consequences were same for the artists as well. Therefore, the situation being communal could be found due to the individual experiences during war are ideological. The image of the refuge shown in the picture played the role of strengthening the consciousness of defecting to South Korea into the meaning of the ‘Finding Freedom.’ I would like to express that the reason of them leave their home during the harsh winter is in order to avoid the oppression of the Communist Party. The evacuation that people went through was not to ‘Finding Freedom’, but ‘To Survive’. Later, this evacuation has been imprinted as a behavior of choosing free Republic of Korea, which was an ideological issue. Anti-communism was the rule of survival in South Korea society, and people have the tendency to remember what they want to remember. As it is not the people who possesses an incident, but the memory that possesses ones, people cover their memory with disguised plots in order to forget the violence and to live a different prologue. They share the incident of violence as a hurtful memory. The tragedy of the Korean War was the result of Ideology and being in between the powerful nations’ rights, but the violence during the war has been depicted as a natural disaster, which was the evacuation in heavy snow.