This study was conducted to determine the effects of vitamin C on the activity of liver function enzymes and electromicrographic changes in white rats treated with aflatoxin B1(AFB1) or X-ray and AFB1. Six week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: a control group, AFB1 treated group, AFB1 treated group with vitamin C, X-ray and AFB1 co-treated group, X-ray and AFB1 co-treated group with vitamin C. On the first day of the experiment, only one dose of X-rays was exposed to the entire liver at 1, 500 cGy. Next, vitamin C was injected at 10㎎/㎏body weight by intraperitoneal injection, followed 1 hr later by the administration of 0.4㎎/㎏of AFB1 by intraperitoneal injection. These treatments were then administered every three days over a period of 15 days. On the 16th day of treatments, the animals were sacrificed. Analysis of the activity of the liver function enzymes, GOT, ALK phatase and LDH, in the sera of rats revealed that they were somewhat increased by AFB1 treatment, X-ray and AFB1 co-treatment when compared to the control group. Furthermore, the activity of these enzymes decreased in response to administration of vitamin C. Especially, the levels of GOT were remarkably decreased in the AFB1 treated group treated with vitamin C when compared to the group treated with AFB1 alone(p<0.001). Electromicrographic analysis revealed cloudy swelling, necrosis, vesicular degeneration and fat accumulation of hepatocytes in response to treatment with AFB1 or co-treatment with X-ray and AFB1. However, the destruction of hepatic cells was considerably lower in the vitamin C-treated group. These results indicate that vitamin C had ameliorating effects on the hepatic cell damage.

It is important to find the effective position for cough and sputum clearance in respiratory physical therapy. The purpose of this study was to compare the changes in peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and peak cough flow (PCF) related to functional level and measurement position in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Twenty one subjects were classified into three functional levels, and measurements was undertaken in three different measurement positions (upright sitting, 45˚ reclining and supine). Vitalograph PEF/FEV DIARY was used to measure PEF and FEV1, and Ferraris Pocket Peak was used to measure PCF. Mixed two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post-hoc test were used for statistical analysis. The results of the study were as follows: 1) Significant main effects for measurement position were found. 2) PEF was the highest in upright sitting, followed by 45˚ reclining, and supine in order. 3)FEV1 in upright sitting and 45˚ reclining were significantly greater compared with that in supine. 4) PCF in upright sitting and 45˚ reclining were significantly greater compared with that in supine. 5) No significant main effects for functional level were found in PEF, FEV1, and PCF. 6) No significant functional level by measurement position interactions were found in PEF, FEV1, and PCF. Therefore, it is concluded that upright sitting and 45˚ degree reclining positions are recommended for effective cough and sputum clearance.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) on peak exploratory flow (PEF), forced exploratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and low back pain during forced expiration. Twenty-two subjects (14 subjects in experimental group, 8 subjects in control group) participated in this study. The stabilizer was used for ADIM training for five consecutive days. Vitalograph PEF/FEV1 DIARY and visual analogue scale (VAS) were used to determine forced expiratory pulmonary function and low back pain, respectively. Independent t-test and analysis of covariance were used for statistical analysis with a significance level of .05. The findings of this study were as follows: 1) There were no significant differences of ADIM effect on PEF and FEV1 between experimental group and control group. 2) There was a significant pain reduction in experimental group with ADIM. 3) PEF and FEV1 increased significantly in the fifth day compared with the first day pre-exercise baseline. Therefore, it is concluded that ADIM was effective in improving PEF and FEV1, and reducing VAS during forced expiration in patients with chronic low back pain.

In this study, 3,301 domestic and foreign patents, established from 1980 to June, 2007, were reviewed in order to examine the technological trends in treating or preventing liver disease. Primary focus was placed on countries such as Korea, Japan, and the United States - the leading nations with regard to liver function research. This paper explores the systematic search that utilized a research-focused database and research analysts. Since the year 2000, Korea has demonstrated increased developments in the area of diet and liver disease, as shown by an increase in relevant patent caseloads and submissions especially for medicinal preparations containing compounds or reaction products with undetermined constitutions. In addition, there was up to a 29% increase in themarket share and the frequency of patent submissionshad increased. Japan has shown a similar trend to Korea with an increase in research, but has focused more on medical preparations containing active organic ingredients. In the United States, an increase in the number of patents was shown after the year 2000.

The purpose of this study was to improve the professional's development of skill in qualitative analysis of humanMovement fromthe various subdisciplines of physical education. The conclusions were as follows; First, Physical educators and coaches can impr

20C SONY社의 Workman이 주도하던 휴대용 음향기기는 21C에 들어 MPMAN.COM에서 최초 개발되었던 MP3-Player에 밀려 지금은 사실상 시장 퇴출 상태이고 현재는 소비자에 감성이 고려된 MP3-Player(이하 MP3P)가 휴대용 음향기기를 이끌어 가고 있다. 본 연구에서는 MP3의 기능요인과 감성요인이 어떻게 상관관계를 이루어 MP3P 브랜드 선택에 이유로 작용하는지 알아보고자 구조방정식을 이용하여 분석하였다. MP3P제품의 외부적 감성 측정을 위해서는 디자인 변수를 사용하였으며, 제품 내부적 기능 디자인 측정을 위해서는 제품품질 특성 변수를 사용하였다. 이러한 연구를 통해 얻어진 결과 값으로 경쟁 브랜드가 가지는 브랜드 이미지를 벤치마킹하여 단점을 보완할 수 있으리라고 예상한다.

Physical Surroundings have been identified by a number of researchers as a powerful tool that can manipulate people's mood and cognition. A number of marketing practitioners have accepted this notion, given that physical surroundings are increasingly used as atmospheric stimuli in various retail environment as well as in restaurant. Yet there have not been practical reviews on consumer responses in restaurant setting/environment. By means of a literature review, this study examines how physical surroundings in restaurant settings function on displaying dinning atmosphere. It includes the conceptual definition and classifications of physical surroundings, effect of physical surroundings on customers' internal responses and behaviors, and testable research propositions and directions for future researches. This study is expected to make a substantial contribution to the understanding of restaurant manager and dinning atmosphere displayer about function of physical surroundings in dinning context.

This paper is to develope the more comfortable shoes for preventing sprain and slippery for the elderly. The shoes adding layers were designed using the shoe-last based on the Korean anthropometric data. The anthropometric elderly, arbitrarily defined as

This paper is to develope the more comfortable shoes for preventing sprain and slippery for the elderly. The shoes adding layers were designed using the shoe-last based on the Korean anthropometric data. The anthropometric elderly, arbitrarily defined as those 65 years of age and above, were a distinct with special needs. A total of 24 subjects participated. They evaluated each shoes using the shoe-last based on the Korean anthropometric elderly data and adding layer for preventing sprain and slippery. As results, the proposed shoes have the better functions for preventing sprain and slippery compared to others.

This study was conducted to find sensitive indicator of food intake and specific food group related to cognitive function and to analyze the pathway among factors affecting food intake and cognitive function of the aged. 179 people over 50 years old were investigated and all the data were analyzed by SPSS 10.0 package. Food frequency was more sensitive indicator to show the relationship between food intake and cognitive function of the aged than the numbers of standard amount of food eaten. Consumption of grains and starch, meat, fish, eggs and beans were strongly related to cognitive function of the aged and intake of vegetables and fruits also have relationship with it. Moreover, the more frequent eating the carbohydrate and the protein, the higher the cognitive level of the aged. Age, education period, income, blood pressure, duration after retirement, frequency of physical activity and BMI were correlated with food intake and cognitive function of the aged. Among them, age and frequency of physical activity were most strongly correlated with food intake, and education period with cognitive function of them. This investigation shows that more stable intake of carbohydrate and protein containing foods need to be supplied to low income aged and the importance of physical activity of the aged must be emphasized with food intake for better life of the aged.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resting periods between exercise sets during isokinetic contraction on recovery from muscle fatigue, strength, heart rate, blood pressure, and lactate level. Sixteen women performed 10 repetitions of isokinetic exercise for three sets in three different conditions. During the sets, they rested 50, 100, and 150 seconds in each condition. And the results were: 1) In this population, the peak torque of extensor during the isokinetic exercise in 100 second resting condition was significantly higher than that in 50 and 150 second resting conditions (p<.01). The total work of extensor was significant in the second and third sets in 50 and 100 second resting conditions (p<.01). 2) During the isokinetic exercise, the heart rate was progressively increased as the sets were advanced in all resting conditions (p<.01). And the increase was significant during the second and third sets than the first in 50 second resting condition (p<.01), while it was significantly greater after the third set than the first in 100 and 150 second resting conditions (p<.01). 4) No difference was found between the resting periods in blood lactate level and blood pressure during the isokinetic exercise. However, differences were found between the sets in these variables (p<.01).

도라지의 급이가 고콜레스테롤혈증 흰쥐의 간기능과 지질대사에 미치는 영향 구명하기 위하여 SD계숫흰쥐에게 동결건조한 도라지 분말 5%와 도라지 분말 5%에 해당하는 식물섬유, saponin, 에탄올추출물을 각각 급이하여 3주간 실험 사육한 후 혈청효소 및 간장의 지질성분 분석, 간세포의 형태를 검토하였다. 혈청중 AST, ALT효소활성은 대조군에 비해 전실험군이 유의적으로 감소하였고 그중 saponin 급이 군이 가장 낮았고 그 다음이 식물섬유군이었다. LDH효소 활성도 전 실험군에서 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으며 22년근 도라지의 식물섬유군과 saponin군이 낮은 값을 보였다. 간장 중의 총 콜레스테롤 함량은 4년근과 22년근 도라지 분말 및 식물섬유 급이군이 비교적 낮았으며, 중성지질 함량은 대조군에 비해 전 실험군에서 낮았으나, 각 실험군간의 차이는 크지 않았고, 인지직 함량은 전 실험군에 있어 비슷한 수준이었다. 간장 조직세포의 전자현미경 관찰 결과, 대조군은 지방구가 증가되어 있는 반면 도라지 급이군에서는 감소되었으며, 22년근 도라지 급이군은 간장 글리코겐 축적량이 증가되어 있었다.

This study was designed to observe the effects of hot water soluble polysaccharides extract(PS) from Lentinus edodes on the enzyme activities related with hepatic function and peroxidation in the rats fed butter yellow. The four groups of male SD rats were fed with the diets contained 15% casein(basal diet ; NO group), added butter yellow(BO group) or/and PS(NP, BP group) for 6 weeks. The activities of γ-GTP and GPT in BP were significantly lower compared with BO. The activities of glutathione peroxidase, catalase and lactate dehydrogenase were not significantly different between NP and NO, while those activities were significantly lower value in BP than BO. The activities of glutathione S-transferase of the microsomal and cytosol fractions were significantly low in BP than in BO. The contents of glutathione and malondialdehyde in the liver were considerably low value in BP. In a view of these results the PS of Lentinus edodes prevents the lipid peroxidation and diminishes the liver toxicity caused with butter yellow. The superoxide dismutase activity in cytosolic fraction of liver was not found any effect in all groups. But hepatic function enzyme activities such as catalase and glutathione peroxidase, LDH activities were remarkably decreased in the groups 2(basal diet + PS) and the γ-GTP, GOT and GPT activities, too. In liver, the contents of glutathione decreased by PS supplementation but HDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol ratio in plasma decreased at the groups 3, 4. The γ-GTP, GOT and GPT in plasma were remarkably higher in the rats fed the p-DAB than the control group, too. But above enzyme activities significantly decreased in the groups fed PS.

This study was conducted to develop the Korean traditional tea and investigate the effects of Shan-shu-yu, Gugiga, Ginseng, Younggi and coffee on the hematology of rat. Gugiga, Shan-shu-yu, Younggi and Ginseng tea were adimistrated 3g/day/rat with feeding, respectively. Coffee was adminstrated 1.8g/day/rat. The mixing ratio of mixed tea were 1:1 (w/w). According to the feeding days (10, 20, 30), enzyme activities and chemical components in serum and change in whole blood were determined. 1. The activities of s-GOT and s-GPT of rat administrated Shan-shu-yu, Young-gi, Gugiga, Ginseng and their mixed tea were increased at the normal ranges, and coffee and it's mixed tea were significantly increased other, group (p〈0.05). 2. In coffee and it's mixture groups, the content of s-glucose and s-cholesterol were remarkably increased (p〈0.05), but in others (except coffee additive group) were decreased than coffee and it's mixture groups. 3. In all groups (except coffee addivite groups), the range of WBC, RBC, Ht and Hb was 7.30-8.00 (×103/mm3), 8.18-9.00 ((×106/mm3), 50-60 (%) and 16.10-17.40 (g/d), respectively and in strict coffee group, the level of WBC, RBC, Ht and Hb was 8.90±0.40, 8.10±0.37, 49±0.38 and 14.90±0.44 (p〈0.05), respectively.