잡식성인 아메리카동애등에(Hermetia illucens)는 최근 음식물 쓰레기를 처리하는 환경 정화용 곤충으로 알려져 있을 뿐만 아니라 항생물질을 분비하여 여러 방면에 산업적으로 이용될 가능성이 보이고 있다. 또한 대량적으로 사육이 가능하여 전 사육과정을 자동화하는 기반에서 생산화가 진행되고 있는데 이때 가동되는 기계에서 소음이 발생하게 된다. 곤충에게 소리는 주로 짝짓기나 보호를 위해 사용되기 때문에 이러한 소음은 곤충에게 스트레스로 작용될 수 있다. 본 실험은 동애등에 발육에 미치는 음파의 영향 평가는 최적의 발육 조건인 25℃와 광조건 8:16 h (L:D)에 실시되었다. 분석된 음파는 95 dB 조건에서 상이한 주파수(0-5,000 Hz)를 유충에 처리하였다. 주파수가 증가함에 따라 용화율과 우화율이 현격하게 낮아졌다. 다음으로 동일한 주파수(5,000 Hz)에서 소리세기(0-105 dB)를 다양하게 처리한 경우 85 dB 이상의 음파가 동애등에의 발육을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 또한 동애등에 발육에 영향을 주는 음파 조건(5,000 Hz, 95 dB)이 일부 면역 및 소화 유전자들의발현을 교란시켰다. 이상의 결과는 85 dB 이상 고주파 음파 처리가 동애등에의 발육에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다.

아메리카동애등에(Hermetia illucens)는 대표적인 환경정화곤충으로, 본 연구는 대량 사육 시설 보급으로 인하여 발생할 가능성이 있는 생태계 위해성에 대한 영향 예측 및 저감방안 수립에 대한 다양한 연구를 수행하였다. 아메리카동애등에는 우리나라 전역에 분포하고 있었으며, 국내 토착종인 동애 등에 (Ptecticus tenebriefer)와 생태적지위(Ecological Niche)의 중첩도가 매우 높 은 종이며, 기타 파리류와 야생상태에서 산란지 및 서식지를 경쟁하는 관계로 조사 되었다. 구기(mouth part)는 흡취형(sponge type)으로 수분을 쉽게 섭취하기 구조이며, 소화기관은 퇴화되어 병원균을 매개할 가능성이 매우 낮다. 부산물로 발생하는 분변토는 다량의 질산성질소가 포함되어 있어 방치할 경우 하천에 유입되어 하천생태계에 영향을 줄 것으로 예측되었지만 식물의 성장을 촉 진 시키는 것으로 분석되었다. 생태적 지위가 중첩되는 종이 많으며, 야생상태에서 거미류 및 조류 등의 천적이 존재하며, 인간에게는 피해를 주기 않는 것으로 조사되었다. 대량 사육시 부산물로 발생하는 번데기 및 분변토는 다양한 용도로 대량 소비가 가능하기 때문에 대량 사육이 생태계에 큰 위해를 주는 요소는 없는 것으로 조사되 었다.

아메리카동애등에 (Hermetia illucens)와 동애등에 (Ptecticus tenebriefer)는 파 리목 동애등에과 (Family Stratiomyidae)에 속하는 곤충이다. 두종의 유충은 유기 물의 분해에 탁월한 능력을 가지고 있어서 환경 곤충으로 많은 주목을 받고 있다. 이 두 종의 미토콘드리아 CO1유전자의 haplotype의 다양성을 비교한 결과 도입 종인 아메리카동애등에의 haplotype은 10개로 매우 낮은 반면, 동애등에의 haplotype은 약 30개로 매우 높았다. 이러한 이유는 아메리카동애등에는 미국 원산으로 1990년대 말에 한국에서 도 입되었으며, 도입 과정 중 유전적 병목현상 (genetic bottleneck)을 겪은 것으로 생 각된다. 반면 동애등에는 국내 토착종으로서 국내 생태조건에 적응하여 진화한 결과로 외국에서 유입된 종 보다 매우 다양한 haplotype을 가지고 있는 것으로 생각된다.

본 연구는 인공 사육 시설에서 부산물로 발생된 아메리카동애등에 분변토의 식 물 성장 촉진 효과를 알아보기 위하여 분변토를 서로 다른 농도로 혼합한 토양에서 강낭콩(Phaseolus vulgaris L)을 재배하여 식물성장해석법(Plant Growth Analysis) 을 이용하여 평가하였다. 분변토 처리는 엽면적 성장은 6일째부터, 총건중량의 성장은 9일째부터촉진 되 었으며, 분변토를 25% 혼합했을 때보다는 50%로 혼합 했을 때 효과는 더 큰 것으 로 나타났다. 각 처리구 간의 순동화율(NAR)의 변화는 상대성장률(RGR)의 변화와 정상관관 계를 보였으며(Correlation: r=0.89 P<0.01), 상대성장률(RGR)과 엽면적비(LAR) 사이에는 약한 정상관관계(Correlation: r=0.09 p=0.66)가 나타났다. 따라서 상대성장률(RGR)에 영향을 미치는 두 가지 요소 중, 구조적인 면에서 관 계되는 엽면적비(LAR) 값에는 관계가 없으며, 기능적인 측면을 나타내는 순동화 율(NAR)의 변화에 영향이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 아메리카동애등에 분변토 처리는 식물의 성장에 구조적인 측면에서 영향을 주어 성장을 촉진 하는 것으로 나타났다.

잡식성인 아메리카동애등에(Hermetia illucens)는 최근 음식물 쓰레기를 처리하 는 환경 정화용 곤충으로 알려져 있을 뿐만 아니라 항생물질을 분비하여 여러 방면 에 산업적으로 이용될 가능성이 보이고 있다. 또한 대량적으로 사육이 가능하여 전 사육과정을 자동화하는 기반에서 생산화가 진행되고 있는데 이때 가동되는 기계 에서 소음이 발생하게 된다. 곤충에게 소리는 주로 짝짓기나 보호를 위해 사용되기 때문에 이러한 소음은 곤충에게 스트레스로 작용될 수 있다. 위 실험은 동애등에 발 육에 미치는 음파의 영향 평가는 최적의 발육 조건인 25oC와 광조건 8:16 h (L:D) 에 실시되었다. 분석된 음파는 95 dB 조건에서 상이한 주파수를 종령 유충에 처리 하였다. 주파수가 증가함에 따라 용화율과 우화율이 현격하게 낮아졌다. 다음으로 동일한 주파수(5000 Hz)에서 소리세기를 다양하게 처리한 경우 85 dB 이상의 음 파가 동애등에의 발육을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 실제로 동애등에 사육시설에 서 성장한 유충을 분석한 결과 대조구와 큰 차이 없이 용화와 우화를 할 것으로 나 타났다. 본 연구는 또한 동애등에 발육에 영향을 주는 음파 조건(5000 Hz, 95 dB)이 일부 면역 유전자의 발현을 현격하게 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과는 85 dB 이상의 음파 처리가 동애등에의 발육에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다.

아메리카동애등에(Hermetia illucens)는 대표적인 환경정화곤충으로, 우리나라에는 1990년에 최초로 발견되어 보고(Kim, 1997)되어 외래종으로 취급되고 있는 종이다. 아메리카동애등에는 인공적으로 대량 사육이 가능하여 농가에 보급될 예정이다. 본 연구는 농업과학원 인공 사육 시설에서 발생된 분변토의 성분이 생태계 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 생태독성평가(Acute toxicity test)를 수행하였다. Proteose media로 분변토 성분을 추출하여 인위적으로 침출수를 제조하여 Chlorella vulgaris(UTEX-2714, Chlorophyceae)의 Cell number 증가 여부를 72시간 동안 확인 하였다. 100% 농도에서는 C. vulgaris 성장을 억제하지만, 50% 이하 수준에서는 유의성 있는 영향은 없는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 대량 사육시설에서 발생되는 분변토의 경우 사육시설 주변 하천으로 침출수 형태로 유입이 되더라도 큰 영향은 없을 것으로 추측된다.

아메리카동애등에(Hermetia illucens)는 대표적인 환경정화곤충으로, 우리나라 에는 1990년에 최초로 발견되어 보고(Kim, 1997)되어 외래종으로 취급되고 있는 종이다. 본 연구는 2010년 5월부터 9월 까지 시행되어 총 16개소에서 약 300개체 를 채집하였다. 우리나라 전역에 분포하고 있었으며, 해발 850m 까지 분포하는 것 으로 확인 되었다. 추계에 농가에서 발생하는 생활 쓰레기의 양적 증가에 따른 개 체수 증가를 보였다. 인가 및 음식점 근처 텃밭이 있는 유기성 폐기물이 야적된 지 역을 중심으로 주로 서식하며, 산란장소로 이용하는 것으로 확인 되었다. 자연 상 태에서 동애등에(Ptecticus tenebrifer)와 서식지 및 Niche가 중첩되어 서로 극심한 경쟁관계에 있으며, 서식지 경쟁, 비행능력, 서식 밀도, 지역적 분포 면에서 동애등 에(Ptecticus tenebrifer)가 우월한 것으로 관찰되었다. 사람 몸에 붙는 경우는 없었 으며, 음식냄새를 맡고 음식점 안으로 날아 들어오는 경우가 있었다. 규칙적으로 방제를 시행하는 축사, 퇴비 생산 공장, 대규모 농경지 및 주변 지역에는 분포하지 않는 것으로 조사되었다. 애벌레 및 번데기는 야생조류가 섭취하지 않으며, 성충 은 거미류에 포식당하는 것이 확인 되었다.

This study was conducted to investigate the distribution pattern, ecological characteristics and life cycle of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens, BSF). The BSF was widely distributed throughout Korea. The insect was mainly found in the vicinity of and in cattle sheds, manure sheds, living waste dump grounds, and food waste dump grounds. Developmental characteristics of the BSF are as follows: the egg was long oval shaped of 887 ㎛ in the major axis and 190 ㎛ in the minor axis, it weighed 24 ㎍. Female oviposited ca. 1,000 eggs on average, eggs hatched in 81 hours under laboratory condition (27℃, 60% R.H.). The duration of the larval stage was approximately 15~20 days. The size of the last instar larvae was 21 ㎜. The cuticle of the pupae gradually acquired red-brown color and the size of them was 19 ㎜. The pupal stage was shorter for females (16 days) than males (15 days). Adults were sized about 13~20 ㎜ long and black-colored. The life span of adult insects was 5~8 days for the first generation (June~July), 7~10 days for the second generation (Aug.~Sept.), and 13~18 days for the third generation (Sept.~Oct.). Mating started on the next day of emergence and actively occurred at the third day after emergence. Mating mostly occurred between 10:00 and 16:00 during which light intensity is highest. Egg-laying started on the third day and was most frequent from the fourth to the sixth day after emergence. Similar to mating time, females oviposited mostly between 10:00 and 16:00.

This study investigated the antioxidant effect of Hermetia illucens larvae using different extraction temperatures and solvents. We found significant differences in total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), an in three antioxidant indexes 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 1,1’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) contents, among the samples depending on the extraction temperature and solvent used. The sample extracted with water at 45℃ (HIW-45℃) showed the highest TPC, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP contents, while the sample extracted with water at 90℃ (HIW-90℃) showed the highest TFC. These differences can be due to the different chemical structures of the extracted components. Based on these results, HIW-45℃ was the optimal extraction method for Hermetia illucens. We intend to further investigate the availability of functional materials for Hermetia illucens using this method.

The present study aimed to examine the effect of dietary Ptecticu tenebrifer powder mixtures as pet dogfeed ingredients on crude fat and ash digestibility. Three groups of feeds Feed A, Feed B, and Feed C supplied from three farms were fed to a total of 45 dogs. The dietary Ptecticu tenebrifer powder mixture were prepared by mixing 25 g of Ptecticu tenebrifer powder with 100 g of canned food. Feed A, Feed B, and Feed C containing dietary Ptecticu tenebrifer powder mixtures were fed to 15 dogs of each breed of bichon, poodle, and chihuahua that were divided into three groups following a completely randomized design. For measuring the crude fat and crude ash digestibility, manure of each dog breed from each group were collected. Crude fat digestibility was not statistically significant among the dog breeds fed with feed C (p>0.05), but overall there was a statistical difference between the feed and the group by dog breed (p<0.05). In terms of crude ash digestibility, the three types of feed showed differences with respect to dog breeds (p<0.05). However, the group with no significant difference was observed in Feed B by dog breed (p>0.05). In conclusion, feeding Ptecticu tenebrifer powder mixture to dog breeds had no positive effect on the crude fat and ash digestibility and can be used as pet dogfeed ingredients.

The present study investigated the feasibility of using the ethanolic extract of Hermetia illucens larvae (HIE) as a whitening improvement material. In cell viability assays using B16F1 melanoma cells, no cytotoxicity was recorded up to 200 μg·mL-1 of HIE. Moreover, while tyrosinase inhibitory activity increased, melanin content decreased in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that HIE likely inhibited tyrosine-induced intracellular melanin biosynthesis in B16F1 melanoma cells. Therefore, HIE is expected to serve as a potent whitening improvement material.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary Ptecticus tenebrifer on the fecal microbiomes of bichon frise. A total of 16 bichon frise dogs (average weight, 2 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments (4 dogs/group): general pet food, two types of domestic pet food containing Ptecticus tenebrifer, and one imported pet food containing Ptecticus tenebrifer. In the controls, Firmicutes accounted for the highest proportion (82%) at the phylum level in the fecal microbiomes. The Tax4Fun2's functional prediction program indicated that the control groups showed a relatively high amount of obesity-related microorganisms; the pathways included three types of carbohydrate metabolism. Among the treatments, Firmicutes abundances was the least in the treatments with the two types of domestic pet food containing Ptecticus tenebrifer; this did not affect the functional prediction of Tax4Fun2. In conclusion, the two types of domestic feed with Ptecticus tenebrifer were healthy and suitable for bichon frise; they could be beneficial in terms of obesity.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Ptecticus tenebrifer powder on the mortality and meat quality of Korean native chickens. A total of 40,000 Korean native chickens (1 day old, Hanhyup No. 3) were allocated to two dietary treatments (20,000 chickens in each treatment), which were fed the following: basal diet (control) and 1% of Ptecticus tenebrifer powder (T1). Feeding trials were conducted for 12 weeks, and mortality was measured weekly. At the end of the experimental period, 16 chickens (8 chickens in each treatment) were selected and slaughtered to obtain breast meat. The items used to analyze meat quality were pH, TBARS, and meat color. The weekly mortality rate was decreased by around 2 to 3 times in the T1 treatment group compared with the control group. The pH, TBARS, L*, and b* values of Korean native chicken breast were not affected by Ptecticus tenebrifer powder supplementation (p>0.05); however, a* values showed statistical significance (p<0.05). In conclusion, the addition of 1% Ptecticus tenebrifer powder reduced mortality rate and demonstrated its potential in livestock environmental management.

This study investigated the effects of dietary Ptecticu tenebrifer powder and canned mixtures on protein digestibility by different breeds of companion dogs (15 Bichons, 15 Malteses, 15 Chihuahuas and 15 Poodles). The mixtures were divided into Diet A, Diet B, Diet C, Diet D, and Diet E, which were supplied from five farms. Twenty-five grams each was mixed with 100 g of each canned food, and a total of 125 g was measured for each breed of dog. The result of component analysis of the mixtures showed the highest protein contents rather than dry matter, crude ash or crude fat. There were statistical significances (p<0.05) in all mixed feeds fed to bichon, maltese, chihuahua and poodle dog. Overall, protein digestibility by the breeds of dog ranged from 87.44% to 97.18%. Result of breed of dog comparison revealed that Diet E by poodle dog had the highest protein digestibility, and the lowest protein digestibility was observed in Diet C by Maltese. In conclusion, the use of dietary Ptecticu tenebrifer powder and canned mixtures did not only increased protein digestibility by different breeds of dog but also maintained normal manure properties.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary Hermetia illucens powder on duck litter quality. One hundred twenty Pekin ducks (0 day old) were assigned to 2 groups (0% and 0.5% Hermetia illucens powder) with 3 replicates (20 ducks per replicate) for 42 days. Duck litter quality included moisture, pH, VBN, total nitrogen, ammonia, and temperature. Litter pH and VBN values were significantly affected by Hermetia illucens powder (p<0.05). However, moisture and total nitrogen values were not greatly influenced by the addition of 0.5% Hermetia illucens powder (p>0.05). At 21, 28 and 35 days, both 0.5% Hermetia illucens powder and controls had a great effect (p<0.05) on ammonia contents, except at 7, 14 and 42 days. In comparison to control, ammonia contents in groups with 0.5% Hermetia illucens powder were reduced from 16.9 to 41.8% as the days increased. Duck litter showed lower temperature by 0.5% Hermetia illucens powder compare to control. In terms of environmental managements, these results suggest that using 0.5% Hermetia illucens powder as feed additives improved litter quality and decreased ammonia contents.

Ptecticus tenebriferwas incorporated to partially or totally replace the diets of juvenile white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Experimental groups of shrimp with an average initial body weight of 0.014 ± 0.001 g were fed each of the 5 diets formulated to include 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% (C, T25, T50, T75, and T100, respectively) of Ptecticus tenebriferpowder substituted for commercial feed. After eight weeks of feeding trials, juvenile shrimp fed with diets T25 and T50 showed higher live weight gain (2.298 ± 0.405 and 2.539 ± 0.406, respectively), and a better feed conversion ratio (1.389 ± 0.246 and 1.536 ± 0.246, respectively) compared to those of shrimp fed a control diet. Survival rate was 98% in all experimental groups except for the T75 group (66.67±57.73% survival). The levels of immune markers such as beta-glucan binding protein, prophenoloxidase, and crustin associated with the cellular and humoral immunity of shrimp were found to be higher in 25% and 50% commercial feed replacement groups. A reduction in total nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, and ammonia levels was greater in T25 and T50 rather than in T75 and T100. These results clearly indicate that replacement of feed with 25 to 50% Ptecticus tenebriferpowder in juvenile white shrimp diet was optimal in promoting the growth performance of shrimp without any adverse effects.

We investigate the effects of the immune function (HI titer) in broilers fed diets containing Hermetia illucens (H. illucens) peptide extract over a 40-day period. Twenty-four broiler chicks (Arbor Acres, 1 d old) were divided into four groups and fed different diets (control, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% H. illucens peptide extract). To evaluate HI titer, all broilers were vaccinated with H9H2 vaccine subcutaneously on the lateral thorax, according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Similar HI titer was observed with 1% H. illucens peptide extract treatment compared to the control after 40 days (p>0.01). Groups fed 0.5% H. illucens peptide extract demonstrated the most effective immune effects (p<0.01), followed by groups fed 0.1% H. illucens peptide extract. In conclusion, using 0.1% or 0.5% H. illucens peptide extract before or after vaccination improved HI titer immune function in broilers.

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of broilers fed different levels of Hermetia illucens powder. A total of 400 broiler chicks (1-day old Arbor Acres) were fed commercial diets containing H. illucens powder at 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% with four replicates (25 chicks per replicate), for 35 days. Weight gain in broilers fed diets containing different levels of H. illucens powder increased significantly at 28 and 35 days, compared with that of the control (p<0.05). However, feed intake and mortality showed no differences among the treatments as a function of time. At 21, 28, and 35 days, broilers fed different levels of H. illucens powder had lower feed conversion rates (p<0.05) than their counterparts fed the control diet. In conclusion, 0.5% H. illucens powder is the optimal level for improved weight gain and feed conversion.

There are tens of millions of animal deaths annually due to infectious diseases such as AI (Avian Influenza) and footand- mouth disease. Currently, eco-friendly and economical methods of disposal of the resulting animal carcasses are being studied. Among them, the black soldier fly (Hermetia Illucens, BSF) is attracting attention as an alternative to disposal methods that cause environmental pollution, such as incineration or landfills, because of its strong organic decomposition ability. In this study, the efficiency of BSF larvae for decomposition of broiler, pig, or duck was determined. Disposal ability relative to BSF larva level was measured for each. Our results confirmed that all three animals could be decomposed after 48 hours when BSF larva were injected at greater than 300% of the weight of the carcass.

Much research on Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) is underway in the disposal of food waste. In addition to food waste treatment, it has received much attention in the industrial using of by-products such as feed, compost, and antibiotics. In this study, the treatment efficiency of organic wastes and larval growth were investigated according to the amount of input. The organic wastes used in this study were chicken carcasses and food waste. In case of carcass treatment, to the exclusion of bones and feathers, it was treated about 83 percent. Food waste was completely treated in 48 hours when 50 percent of the weight of the food was put into the larvae. The maximum larval growth was observed with 10 percent injected, from 0.076 g to 0.254 g. However, there was no difference in the growth of larvae when 30 percent or more was added.