본 연구는 열 스트레스 (heat stress, HS)에 노출된 브로일러에서 혼합 생균제의 급여가 혈 액 생체지표, 면역반응, 맹장 미생물 및 생산성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 총 400마리의 브로일러 수 컷 (Ross 308)을 각각 100마리씩 4그룹, C (대조군, 실온 25℃), HS (열 스트레스 33℃), HSP (HS플 러스 혼합 생균제 500, 750 mg/kg) 그룹으로 배치하였다. 브로일러의 증체량, 사료섭취, 사료요구율 및 면역기관 무게는 HSP 그룹에서 HS 그룹과 비교했을 때 증가하였다. 혈액 IgG, lymphocytes 농도는 HS 그룹에서 HSP그룹과 비교했을 때 증가하였고, heterophil과 lymphocyte(H:L)비율, 코르티코스테론 농도 및 폐사율은 낮았다. 맹장의 Lactobacillus는 HS 그룹과 비교했을 때 HSP 그룹에서 증가하였으나 Escherichia coli (E. coli), coliform bacteria, aerobic bacteria는 낮아졌다. 본 연구결과는 열 스트레스 에 노출된 브로일러에게 B. subtilis, S. galilaeus 및 Sphingobacteriaceae등 3가지 균주가 포함된 혼합 생균제를 급여해주면 면역반응 증진, 미생물 균형을 유지해줌으로써 폐사율을 낮추고 생산성을 개선할 수 있음을 시사해준다.

본 연구는 열 스트레스 (heat stress, HS)에 노출된 산란계에서 혼합 생균제의 급여가 생산성, 계란품질, 면역반응, 맹장 미생물 및 분 암모니아에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 총 400마리의 50주령 Hy-Line brown 산란계를 무작위로 각각 100마리씩 4 그룹, C (대조군, 실온 25℃), HS (열 스트레스 33℃), HSP (HS 플러스 혼합 생균제 500, 750 mg/kg)로 배치하였다. 산란계의 생산성, 계란품질, 비장 무게, 혈액 IgG 및 lymphocyte 농도는 HSP 그룹에서 HS 그룹과 비교했을 때 증가하였고, 코르티코스테론, heterophil과 lymphocyte의 비율 (H:L) 및 폐사율은 유의하게 낮았다. Lactobacillus는 HSP 그룹에서 HS 그룹과 비교했을 때 증가하였으나 Escherichiacoli (E. coli), coliform bacteria 및 aerobic bacteria는 유의하게 낮았다. 분에서 암모니아 발생은 HS 그룹이 HSP 그룹에 비해서 유의하게 증가하였다. 결론적으로, 이러한 혼합 생균제가 여름철 산란계의 더위 피해를 방해주고 면역반응, 맹장 미생물 균형을 경유하여 생산성, 계란품질 및 계분으로부터 악취 발생을 줄이는 데 효율적인 영양전략이 될 수 있음을 나타낸다.

The purpose of this study was to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (indirect ELISA) based on a monoclonal antibody (MAb) that is specific to mackerel thermal stable-soluble protein (TSSP), that can be used for the rapid detection of mackerel in processed marine foods. Among the four MAbs (3A5-1, 2, 9, and 12) developed in previous studies, the 3A5-2 MAb that showed high specificity and sensitivity were selected and used to develop the indirect ELISA method. The detection range of the indirect ELISA was 0.02%-0.001% and the detection limit of 0.001% was shown. No cross-reaction to other marine products and food ingredients was observed by the indirect ELISA. Processed marine foods containing mackerel with ≥ 0.3 O.D. value at 405 nm were estimated as positive samples by the indirect ELISA. Therefore, the indirect ELISA can be used as a rapid and sensitive method to identify mackerel authenticity and adulteration in processed marine foods.

This study was to demonstrate the comparison of immunological activity between vegetable soup made by fresh and extruded radish in in-vitro (bone marrow-derived macrophages and dendritic cells, and mouse splenocytes) and invivo models. In cell survival tests, extruded radish added to vegetable soup (EVS) and non-extruded radish added to vegetable soup powder (NEVS) were treated with bone-marrow derived macrophages, dendritic cells, and mouse splenocytes, and showed no cytotoxic effect at a dose below 1000 μg/mL. EVS treated cells had greater cell proliferation and cytokine [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-2, interferon (INF)-γ] production when compared to the NEVS treated group. Cell surface marker (CD 80/86, MHC class I/II) expression in bone marrow-derived macrophages and dendritic cells was evenly increased in the EVS treated group. In in-vivo study, administration of EVS increased for the CD4 and CD8 T cell population in splenocyte and cytokine production (IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α) but not Th2 type cytokines (IL-4). Therefore, adding the extruded radish is a more effective method for vegetable soup to increase immunological activity against immune cells.

It is noted that Dioscorea quinqueloba is a medicinal herb that is widely used to treat cardiovascular disease and is assessed as useful to treat other various medical conditions. The immunopotentiating effects of the protein extract (DQP-1) from Dioscorea quinqueloba were thus formally investigated in vivo under incident of cold stress. In this case study, the spleen and thymus weight in mice was shown to have decreased after a measured exposure to cold stress, while the adrenal gland weight in the mice was shown to have increased. The systematic oral administration of DQP-1 significantly recovered the weight loss of the spleen and suppressed the adrenal gland hypertrophy during the association with cold stress. Additionally, the DQP-1 also restored the ascorbic acid level in the adrenal gland reduced after cold stress. The cold stress exposure lowered the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the mouse thymus as determined by the flow cytometric analysis, as well as the levels of some serum immunological cytokines(interleukin-2, interleukin-12, and interferon-γ) in the studied mice. The resulting identified weakened immunity caused by cold stress was also recovered by a treatment with DQP-1. The DQP-1 significantly suppressed the formation of serum enzymes of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase, which were systematically elevated during the cold stress episode. These results indicate that DQP-1 can improve immunity in mice that are characteristically weakened under stress.

곤충의 면역반응에 대한 연구는 곤충 체내 침입한 미생물들과 직접 반응하는 기작들을 중심으로 연구되었다. 그러나 미생물들이 곤충 체내에 침입 한 후 발생되는 다양한 미생물 분비물질에 의한 곤충 면역반응의 시작여부 등에 대한 연구는 거의 없는 실정이다. 이를 위하여 흰점박이 꽃무지(Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis) 유충의 장내에 존재하는 공생균과 체외 병원균을 동일한 조건에서 배양 하고 다양한 분비물질들이 존재 할 거라 예상되는 배양액만을 분리, 유충에 주사하여 면역반응 여부를 조사하였다. 공생균 배양액을 주입한 유충들은 비교적 건강하고 면역반응도 발생하지 않았으나 병원균 배양액을 주입한 유충의 경우 150시간 후 60% 이상 사망하였고 주사된 자리도 짙은 갈색의 멜라닌화가 관찰 되었다. 이러한 면역반응은 과립혈구세포의 리소좀(Lysosomes) 활성화 여부로 재확인 하였다. 병원균 배양액이 주입된 유충들의 경우 12시간 후 리소좀 이 ~50% 이상 활성화 되었으나 공생균 배양액이 주입된 유충들의 경우 ~5% 미만으로 활성화 되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 공생균 배양액내에 는 기주면역반응을 유도하는 물질들이 없거나 량이 매우 적게 존재하는 것을 추측 할 수 있었다.

For the purpose of developing new immunomodulatory agents from broccoli, ethanol extract (BCEE), hot water extract (BCHW), and crude polysaccharide (BCCP) were isolated from broccoli, and their immunomodulatory activities and chemical properties were examined. In the in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, BCHW and BCCP did not affect the growth of tumor cells and normal cells. Murine peritoneal macrophages stimulated with BCCP showed higher production of IL-6, IL-12, and TNF- α cytokines than those stimulated with BCHW. Also, BCHW and BCCP did not show proliferation of splenic lymphocytes. In the in vitro assay for intestinal immunomodulatory activities, only BCCP enhanced GM-CSF secretion and the bone marrow cell-proliferating activity via cells in Peyer’s patches at 1,000 μg/mL. Also, BCHW mainly contained 33.7% neutral sugars, such as arabinose, glucose, and galactose, and 30.7% uronic acid, and BCCP consisted of 42.6% neutral sugars, including arabinose, galactose, and glucose, and 50.5% uronic acid. The above results lead us to conclude that crude polysaccharide (BCCP) isolated from broccoli causes considerably high cytokine production in peritoneal macrophages and bone marrow cell proliferation, and the polysaccharide extraction process is indispensable for separation of new immunomodulatory agents from broccoli.

5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a pyrimidine analog which can work as antineoplastic antimetabolite by blocking thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid in DNA synthesis. This study is aimed to know the anticancer effect of 5-FU on the expressions of important signaling proteins in KB cells through immunoprecipitation high performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC). KB cells were treated with 5 μM 5-FU and cultured for 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours, and followed by IP-HPLC analysis using 32 antisera. 5-FU suppressed the proliferation of KB cells by decreases in the expressions of proliferation-related proteins, Ki-67, PCNA, CDK4, and MPM2 to 82.6%, 92.4%, 95.2%, and 95.9%, respectively, but increases of antiproliferation-related proteins, p16 and p21 to 106.7% and 125.5%, respectively, during 96 hours of experiment. This proliferation reduction was also negatively regulated by cMyc/MAX/MAD network signaling. The cellular protection and survival were consistently arrested by 5-FU treatment in KB cells. The expressions of NFkB, MDR, p-mTOR, and TNFα were decreased to 95.1%, 92.8%, 93.4%, and 90.3% in 48-72 hours, respectively, while cellular stress was increased by upregulation of p38 to 111.3% in 48 hours. And the expressions of pAKT1/2/3, hTERT, and AMPK were also decreased to 93.3%, 97.4%, and 89.3% in 24-48 hours, respectively, while the cellular transformation might be undergone by upregulation of TGF-β1 to 117% until 96 hours. Particularly, 5-FU treatment greatly induced the cellular apoptosis in KB cells by increased expressions of PARP, cPARP, caspase 9, c-caspase 9, caspase 8, and caspase 3 in the lack of p53/BAX and FASL/FAS signaling. The expressions of PARP and c-PARP were increased maximum to 119.2% in 24 hours, and followed by increases of caspase 9, c-caspase 9, caspase 8, and caspase 3 to 111.2%, 125.9%, 108.6%, and 116.3% in 72-96 hours. Therefore, it is presumed that 5-FU induced cellular apoptosis in KB cells may be derived from the overexpression of PARP due to the increased DNA defect caused by 5-FU, which can lead to ATP depletion and subsequent cellular apoptosis.

The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of purified amino acid (PAA) isolated and purified from animal slaughter house blood on growth performance and immune response of weanling piglets. A total of fifteen, 28 days old, weaned pigs were randomly distributed into three treatment groups, 5 pens per treatment (one head per pen). Each experimental diet was provided to five piglets per group (T0, 0% PAA; T1, 0.1% PAA; T2, 0.5% PAA). The feed consumption was calculated daily and body weight on a weekly basis. The blood samples were analyzed for plasma concentration of biochemical parameters and cytokines using ELISA Kit assay. Pigs fed with the 0.5% PAA have greater average daily weight gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) as compared to those of T0 and T1. However, ADG and FE of T0 and T1 have no remarkable differences. The plasma cytokine levels were lower in T2 as compared to T0 and T1. The blood parameters like total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glutamate oxalate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were within the normal range in all the treatment groups. The study indicated that supplementation of 0.5% PAA have positive effect on the growth performance of the weanling pigs. Moreover, supplementation of the amino acid isolated and purified from animal slaughter house blood has no adverse effect on palatability of the feed and health of the animals.

Vegetable soup has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-cancer effects. In this study, five kinds of vegetable soup were developed using a new manufacturing process and compositional changes in raw material, and anti-cancer and immuno-stimulatory activities were evaluated. Cytotoxicity tests based on MTT assay revealed that all vegetable soups had strong inhibitory effects against CT26 mouse colon cancer cells, with soups including Solomon’s seal being most effective based on comparison of IC50 values. Apoptosis in response to vegetable soup was occurred by 3-5 fold on cancer cells compared to normal cells. Mouse splenocytes increased by 266-541% in response to addition of vegetable soup in an in vitro proliferation experiment. In co-culture with splenocytes and CT26 cancer cells, splenocytes increased by more than 280% in every vegetable soup treatment, while cancer cells decreased by about 60% and cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-12 were secreted from splenocytes in high levels only in response to vegetable soup including Solomon’s seal. In conclusion, all vegetable soups developed in this study had anti-cancer effects, and vegetable soup including Solomon’s seal showed the strongest anti-cancer and immuno-stimulatory effects. These results suggest that functionality of vegetable soup could be increased by changes in manufacturing processes and raw materials composition.

This study analyzed the effect on weight and average daily gain, carcass grade, and blood characteristics and immunity in case of dietary addition of pegmatite to Hanwoo steers. Relative to Hanwoo steers, initial body weight was 257.3±11.74 kg (8-months old after birth). Forty-eight Hanwoo steers were fed for 24 months using random arrangement (4 treatment plots×4 heads×3 repeat). The treatment plot (498.75~500.82 kg) had higher weight during the early fattening stage compared with that of the control plot (474.37 kg) (p<0.05). Regarding total cholesterol of the blood, the value was similar to one during initiation of testing, but the value increased gradually based on the progress of fattening. In addition, the triglyceride was considerably low in T2~T3 plots with high addition of pegmatite during the late fattening stage compared with other treatment plots (p<0.05). This study revealed a tendency in the IgG content that represented immunity as the addition of pegmatite became higher (p>0.05). This study found that the treatment plot (441.55~452.10 kg) had higher carcass weight compared with the control plot (436.30 kg). However, this study revealed that the treatment plot (2.30~2.55 points) had higher carcass quantity grade compared with the control plot (2.11 points). This study found that the control plot (3.55 points) had higher carcass quality grade compared with the treatment plot (2.67~3.09 points) (p>0.05). With studies combined, it was determined that dietary addition of pegmatite to the feed as clay minerals in fattening Hanwoo steers would improve feed intake, body weight gain and carcass quantity grade.

자가면역성 췌장염은 만성 췌장염의 드문 유형으로 다른 원인으로 인한 만성 췌장염과 달리 약물치료에 대한 반응이 극적이다. 자가면역성 췌장염에서 사용할 수 있는 약물로는 부신 겉질스테로이드와 면역조절제가 있다. 이 중 부신 겉질스테로이드가 일차 선택 약제으로 관해유도율이 90% 이상이다. 하지만 30% 내외의 높은 재발률로 인하여 이를 극복하고자 하는 많은 노력이 있었다. 우리나라와 일본에서는 저용량의 부신 겉질스테로이드 유지요법을 시행하고 있고 미국과 유럽 에서는 면역조절제를 이용하고 있다. 추후 자가 면역성췌장염 의 재발률을 좀 더 낮출 수 있는 방법과 좀 더 효과적인 면역조 절제의 종류 및 투여 방법에 대한 연구가 필요하다.

Coffee (Coffea spp.) is one of the most important agricultural commodities, being widely consumed in the world. Various beneficial health effects of coffee have been extensively investigated, but data on habitual coffee consumption and its bio-physiological effect have not been clearly explained as well as it is not proved the cause and effect between drinking coffee and its bio-physiological reactions. We made the dialyzed coffee extract (DCE), which is absorbable through gastrointestinal tract, in order to elucidate the cellular effect of whole small coffee molecules. RAW 264.7 cells, a murine macrophage lineage, were directly treated with DCE, i.e., DCE-2.5 (equivalent to 2.5 cups of coffee a day), DCE-5, and DCE-10, for 12 hours, and their protein extracts were examined by immunoprecipitation high performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC). RAW 264.7 cells differently expressed the inflammation-related proteins depending on the doses of DCE. RAW 264.7 cells treated with DCE showed marked increase of cathepsin C, cathepsin G, CD20, CD28, CD31, CD68, indicating the activation of innate immunity. Particularly, the macrophage biomarkers, cathepsin G, cathepsin C, CD31, and CD68 were markedly increased after DCE-5 and DCE-10 treatments, and the lymphocyte biomarkers, CD20 and CD28 were consistently increased and became marked after DCE-10 treatment. On the other hand, RAW 264.7 cells treated with DCE showed consistent increase of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory factor, but gradual decreases of different pro-inflammatory proteins including TNFα, COX-2, lysozyme, MMP-2, and MMP-3. In particular, the cellular signaling of inflammation was gradually mitigated by the reduction of TNFα, COX-2, IL-12, and M-CSF, and also the matrix inflammatory reaction was reduced by marked deceases of MMP-2, MMP-3, and lysozyme. These anti-inflammatory expressions were consistently found until DCE-10 treatment. Therefore, it is presumed that DCE may have dynamic effects of innate immunity activation and pro-inflammation suppression on RAW264.7 cells simultaneously. These effects were consistently found in the highest dose of coffee, DCE-10 (equivalent to 10 cups of coffee a day in man), that might imply the small coffee molecules were accumulated in RAW 264.7 cells after DCE-10 treatment and produce synergistic cytokine effects for innate immunity activation and anti-inflammatory reaction concurrently.

콩명나방(Maruca vitrata)은 팥과 동부를 포함하는 Vigna 속 작물을 가해하는 해충이다. 다양한 화학 살충제가 이 해충의 유충을 방제하는 데 효과적이다. 특히 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) 미생물농약이 이 해충을 방제하는 데 가능성을 제시하였다. 그러나 화학농약에 비해서 비교적 느린 살충 효과는 현장 적용에 어려움을 주었다. 본 연구는 Bt의 살충효과를 증가시키기 위해 면역억제제를 첨가하는 방안을 강구하였다. 콩명나방의 면역반응은 혈구세포의 소낭형성으로 분석하였다. 소낭형성 반응은 아이코사노이드 생합성 억제자인 dexamethasone 처리에 의해 현격하게 낮아졌다. 아이코사노이드 생합성 억제자를 합성하여 분비하는 Xenorhabdus nematophila 세균 배양액을 Bt와 함께 처리한 결과 Bt 단독에 비해 살충효과가 크게 증가하였다. 본 연구는 비티플러스 살충제가 콩명나방 방제에 효과적이라 는 것을 제시하였다.

This study was a report on 60 heads of Hanwoo steers(5 treatments⨯4 heads⨯3 repeats). Their start weights were 361.2±14.39 kg to 380.5±27.33 kg; 12.7 to 13.6 months of age. The aim was to investigate the effect of herbal probiotic supplementation on the weight, blood composition, meat quality and immunity in beef. In case of body weight gain, con. 1 plot(183.8 kg) in the early fattening stage, T3 plot(115.1 kg) in the middle fattening stage, and T2 plot(163.3 kg) in the late fattening stage significantly increased(p<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the blood content of T-Cho and IgG: con. 1 plot and T1 plot in the early fattening stage, T3 plot and T2 plots in the middle fattening stage, and con. 2 plot and T1~T3 plots in the late fattening stage had higher blood content than that of other treatment plots (p<0.05). In addition, the carcass weight was highest in the T1 plot and T2 plot among the total treatment plots(p<0.05). However, no statistical significant difference was observed in the different treatments; all individual treatment plots(T1~T3 plots) were somewhat higher than the control plots(con. 1~con. 2 plots) with respect to the carcass quantity and carcass quality. Combining and analyzing all results revealed that the dietary addition of herbal probiotics for Hanwoo steers had a positive effect on the improvement of weight, amount of meat, meat quality and immunity

A nineteen years old male patient showed a cystic lesion in left maxillary canine to premolar area (#23-#25). This lesion was asymptomatic, and found during his routine radiological check in local clinic. In the radiological observation the cystic lesion showed round radiolucent image containing many calcified bodies which were usually small but irregular in shape, expanding tumorously and resulted in the displacement of canine and second premolar in the absence of first premolar. The lesion was surgically enucleated, and a cystic fibrous tissue containing abnormal teeth was removed and examined pathologically. With the histological observation of tumorous odontogenic epithelium including many ghost cells, which were closely associated with abortive teeth, the lesion was finally diagnosed as CCOT associated with complex odontoma. The ghost cells of CCOT was strongly positive for β-catenin, GADD45, and LC3, and slightly positive for MMP-9, while they were rarely positive for BCL2, Wnt1, HSP-70, and p38. Therefore, it was presumed that the ghost cells of CCOT might undergo dormant cell state through altered cytodifferentiation stimulated by severe growth arrest, DNA damage signaling, and abundant autophage formation.

Macrophages play a pivotal role in the innate and adaptive immune systems. This study investigated the immuno-modulatory activities of polysaccharides separated from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (CZPS) in macrophages. Polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum were extracted by the ethanol precipitation method. RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cell line was treated with CZPS (4 to 128 μg/mL), and there was no cytotoxicity at a dose below 32 μg/mL. The levels of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β) production in the CZPS treated group (32 μg/mL) were 6.5±0.12 μM (NO), 1252.8±79.85 (TNF-α), 305.4±29.41 (IL-6), and 683.3±59.71 (IL-1β), respectively, and they were significantly increased when compared to the control group; 2.2±0.03 μM (NO), 452.3±38.34 (TNF-α), 31.7±5.75 (IL-6), and 184.1±11.52 (IL-1β). Additionally, protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and phosphorylation of MAPKs and NF-κB expression were significantly increased upon CZPS treatment. Therefore, these results indicated that polysaccharides separated from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (CZPS) may have a potential immunomodulatory activity in macrophages through MAPKs and NF-κB signaling, and this information is useful for the development of immune enhancing adjuvant materials using a natural ingredient.

프로바이오틱스는 인체 내에서 정상 균총의 역할을 하며 건강에 도움을 주는 미생물을 의미하며, 식품이나 미생물총에서 유래한 비교적 안전한 균주이다. 프로바이오틱스로 많이 사용되는 젖산균은 소화를 돕고 장내환경을 보호해줄 뿐 아니라 면역조절기능 또한 가지고 있다. 대표적으로 Th1 반응을 유도하여 Th1/Th2 균형을 이루게 하는 것을 중심으로, 알레르겐에 반응하는 IgE 및 침윤된 비만세포와 호산구를 감소시키고 면역 억제 기능이 있는 Treg을 유도함으로 알레르기 반응을 완화시킨다고 알려져 있다. 하지만 프로바이오틱스를 이용한 알레르기 질환에 대한 치료 및 예방 효과는 질병 별로 다르게 나타났다. 아토피 피부염에 대해서는 예방 및 치료 효과가 검증되고 있고 알레르기 비염과 음식물 알레르기에서는 예방 효과는 미미했지만 치료효과에서 긍정적이었다. 기관지 천식의 경우 프로바이오틱스의 예방 및 치료 효과를 거의 볼 수 없었지만, 최근에는 특정 균주가 기관지 천식 환자에서 임상 증상을 향상시킨다는 보고가 있다. 균주의 장내생존율을 높이고 재조합 유산균을 만드는 백신 기술과 함께 프로바이오틱스는 미래의 안전한 알레르기 예방 및 치료제로서 기대할 수 있을 것이며 지속적인 시장의 확대를 통해 차세대 건강기능식품으로 떠오를 것이다.

본 연구에서는 소양인, 태음인 그리고 소음인 지원자의 혈액으로부터 분리한 면역세포에서 한국, 일본 및 미국에서 재배한 생마늘(RG)과 증숙마늘(SG) 70% 에탄올추출물에 대한 면역활성과 항산화능을 탐색하였다. 70% 생마늘추출물(RGE)은 세포 증식율, NO와 TNF-α 생성능이 소음인에 가장 높았고, 태음인과 소양인 순으로 나타났다. 반면에, 증숙마늘 추출물(SGE)은 각 개인별 체질에 영향을 미치지 않으면서 생마늘 추출물보다 면역활성이 더 높았다. 뿐만 아니라 국가별로 재배한 생마늘 및 증숙마늘의 면역효능은 나라별로 차이가 있었으며 한국산이 가장 높은 면역활성을 나타내었고 일본산, 미국산 순으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 항산화 효능에서도 유사한 경향을 나타내었다.