In this study, we examined immuno-modulatory activities of crude polysaccharides from wild ginseng adventitious roots (WGAR). The crude polysaccharide (WGAR-CP) was isolated from WGAR by hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, and dialysis. The major constituents in WGAR-CP were neutral sugar (64.77%), and uronic acid (34.32%). WGAR-CP demonstrated anti-complementary activity dose-dependently. The immuno-modulatory effects of WGAR-CP were also analyzed by measuring nitric oxide and cytokines in the supernatants of mouse peritoneal macrophages. Mouse peritoneal macrophages stimulated with WGAR-CP produced nitric oxide and various cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12 in a dosedependent manner. In conclusion, WGAR-CP may have immuno-modulatory activities by activating a complementary system and macrophages, which produces cytokines.

본 연구는 mushroom complete medium(MCM) 액체배지에 수삼 추출물(GE, 65°Bx)을 첨가하여 면역활성이 증진된 노루궁뎅이버섯(Hericium erinaceum) 균사체를 배양하고, 균사체로부터 활성다당성분을 분획하고자 하였다. MCM에 대하여 GE를 5, 10과 15%(v/v) 첨가한 액체배지에서 균사체를 배양하고, 각각의 조다당획분(HE-GE-5-CP, HE-GE-10-CP와 HE-GE-15-CP)으로 분획하여 면역활성을 측정한 결과, HE-GE-10-CP는 HE-GE-5-CP와 HE-GE-15-CP보다 높은 활성을 나타내었으며, GE를 첨가하지 않은 MCM에서 배양된 균사체 조다당획분(HE-CP)보다 유의적으로 증진된 면역활성을 나타내었다. 또한, HE-GE-10-CP의 DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B 분획물 중 가장 높은 활성을 나타낸 HE-GE-10-CP-II획분은 대조군인 HE-CP의 어떠한 획분보다도 유의적으로 높은 면역활성과 암 전이 억제활성을 나타내었다. 한편, 활성획분인 HE-GE-10-CP-II는 arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose와 uronic acid(molar ratio; 0.34:0.26:0.99:1.00:0.39)로 구성되어 있으나, 대조군인 HE-CP의 동일용매 용출획분으로서 HE-GE-10-CP-II보다는 활성이 낮은 HE-CP-II는 fucose, mannose, galactose와 glucose(molar ratio; 0.32:0.55:1.00:0.96)를 함유하여 다른 구성당 분포를 나타내었다. 따라서 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체 액체배양에서 수삼 추출물 첨가는 균사체의 구성당 변화를 통한 면역활성 증진에 관여하는 것으로 사료되어 기능성 소재 개발에 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

벤질리덴아세톤(benzylinedeneacetone: BZA)은 두 곤충병원세균인 Xenorhabdus nematophila와 Photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata에서 유래된 대사산물의 일종이다. 이 물질은 곤충의 세포성 및 체액성 면역반응을 억제하며 또한 다양한 세균이나 곰팡이에 대해 항생효과를 갖고 있다. 그러나 이 물질이 갖는 비교적 높은 약해와 낮은 식물체 침투력은 효과적 농약으로 개발하는 데 어려움을 주고 있다. 본 연구에서는 다섯 개의 서로 다른 BZA 유사체를 스크리닝하여 면역억제 및 항균활성을 유지하면서 비교적 용해도가 높고 약해가 낮은 물질을 선발하였다. BZA의 벤젠 고리에 수산기가 붙은 유도체는 면역억제 및 항균활성이 뚜렷이 낮아졌다. 또한 BZA의 케톤기를 카르복실기로 변형하면 면역억제와 항균활성을 잃게 되었다. 그러나 BZA의 탄화수소 사슬을 짧게 하여 형성된 아세테이트 유도체인 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPA)는 면역억제와 항균활성을 잃지 않았다. 또한 HPA는 BZA 보다 고추(Capsicum annuum)에 대해 약해가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 낮은 약해를 유발하면서 높은 곤충면역억제와 식물병원균에 대해 높은 항균활성을 보이는 BZA 유도체를 선발하였다.

In this study the real situation of apartment house in seoul is reproduced with multi-zone modeling program contam2.4. This model include immune building system(disinfection system) which is consist of dilution, Filter Technology and UVGI(ultra violet germicidal irrdiation). In this study experiments design method used for estimating interaction of HRV air change rate, UVGI air change rate and UVGI grade. Result show that HRV air change rate and UVGI air change rate is most influence factor for remove rate. also Interaction of HRV air change rate and UVGI air change rate is ost influence factor for remove rate.

Multinucleated giant cells appear in a variety forms in different types of oral lesion. However, their nature is still not well understood. Thus, to address this issue, the immunohistochemical characteristics of inflammatory giant cells (Langhans’ giant cells in lesions of tuberculosis and foreign body giant cells in odontogenic keratocysts and squamous cell carcinomas) and tumor giant cells in central giant cell granulomas were compared with those of osteoclasts, the normal giant cell, using a panel of macrophage and osteoclast marker antibodies, such as calcitonin receptor (CT-R), c-Src, Cathepsin K (Cath-K), CD14, RANK, and c-fms. The foreign body giant cells around cholesterol clefts in inflamed odontogenic keratocysts revealed more macrophage-like characteristics than the foreign body giant cells resorbing keratin pearls in squamous cell carcinomas. As such, both cases of foreign body giant cell exhibited immunoreactivity for the macrophage markers, such as CD14, RANK, and c-fms, yet only the latter case exhibited immunoreactivity for the osteoclast markers, such as CT-R and c-Src. Moreover, both cases of foreign body giant cells were positive for TRAP activity, yet negative for Cathepsin K activity. In contrast, the other inflammatory giant cells, Langhans’ giant cells, exhibited immunoreactivity for both the macrophage and osteoclast markers, yet were negative for TRAP activity. Meanwhile, the giant cells in the central giant cell granulomas reacted positively to both the macrophage and osteoclast markers, and were also positive for TRAP activity. Accordingly, these findings suggest that the immunoprofiles of giant cells in oral lesions vary according to the nature of the lesion, despite shared osteoclast and macrophage characteristics. Furthermore, the giant cells in tumorous lesions closely associated with bony destruction revealed more osteoclastic characteristics and their enzyme components were different according to the nature of the lesion

This study was designed to evaluate a repeated oral dose toxicity and immunomodulating activity of Pulsatilla koreana and Artemisiae annuae in Sprague-Dawley rats. The female rats were treated with Pulsatilla koreana and Artemisiae annuae of control group, low group (0.5 ml/kg), medium group (1 ml/kg), high group (2 ml/ kg) for distilled water, intragastrically for 4 weeks, respectively. To ensure the safety of Pulsatilla koreana and Artemisiae annuae such as the following were observed and tested. We examined the body weight, the feed intake, the clinical signs, the ophthalmological test, the hematological and the serum biochemical analysis. We also observed the histopathological changes of liver and kidney in rats. Hematological results were the increase of neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes in the high dose group of Pulsatilla koreana. The increase immune cells in the high dose group of Pulsatilla koreana might immunomodulating activity. No significant differences in body weight, feed intake, serum biochemical analysis and histopathological between control and fed group were found. In conclusion, Pulsatilla koreana and Artemisiae annuae is physiologically safe and improve immunomodulating activity.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an atypically keratinized and ulcerative lesion, producing severe pain and discomforts in the involved patients. Nevertheless, the etiological factor or the pathogenetic mechanism has not been clearly elucidated. In the present study, the different gene expressions were screened in 21 cases of OLP by immunohistochemical (IHC) array method using 80 antibodies, and found that the pathway of E-cadherin/β-catenin was abnormally expressed compared to the other essential genetic pathways. Particularly, the expressions of eIF5A, DHS, and DOHH, which are the biomarkers of protein translation, were remarkably reduced, nevertheless the expression of β-catenin was strongly positive in the 7 cases among 21 cases of OLP. The other expressions of p53, BCL-2, MDM-2, PAKT, BAX, BAK, BAD, NFkB, HO-1, etc, were usually weak or sparse, while the expressions of PCNA, CDK4, and HSP-70 were markedly increased. Taken together, it is presumed that the overexpression of β-catenin indicates the derangement of E-cad/β-catenin/NFkB pathway, causing the transcription of cellular proliferating genes in downstream events, i.e., PCNA and CDK4, and that it may be eventually relevant to the malignant potential of OLP epithelial cells. It is also suggested that the activation of β-catenin/TCF/LEF1 pathway be closely relevant to the immunological reaction of OLP with the accumulation of T-cells underneath the mucosal epithelium.

Rice bran is byproducts of the hulling of rice, an important food resource in Korea. Various studies have been reported immune-enhancing effects of rice bran cultured with Lentinus edodes. In particular black rice bran contains anthocyanin, and the effects of antioxidant have been reported. The objective of the this study was to investigate the possible immuneenhancing effects of black rice bran substance extracted from a submerged culture of Lentinus edodes with black rice bran (crude fermentation-polysaccharide, CFP) and products(crude fermentation-polysaccharide-S. cerevisiae CFP-S, crude fermentationpolysaccharide- L. gasseri, CFP-L) which are of secondary fermentation of by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus gasseri in the Blab/c male mice. We found that supplementation of CFP, CFP-S and CFP-L enhanced macrophage and splenocyte proliferation compared to the control group(NC) in mice. Also, we measured the concentration of cytokines(IFN- γ, TNF-α, IL-6) secreted by activated macrophage and splenocyte. The results of the experiment are that supplementation of CFP and CFP-S increased the macrophage and splenocyte proliferation compared to the control group but supplementation of CFP-L decreased the splenoyte proliferation compared to the control group(without mitogen and treated with LPS). When macrophage and splenocyte were stimulated by CFP and CFP-S supplementation, it was increased IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6 concentration compared with the control group. These results suggest that the capacity of CFP and CFP-S seem to act as a potent immune modulator causing augmentation of immune cell activity, and enhance the immue function through regulating cytokine production capacity by activated macrophage and splenocyte in mice.

Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) 3 is well known as a developmental regulators, as well as candidate tumor suppressor gene in human breast cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, and so on. The present study was aimed to analyze the expression of RUNX3 protein in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) from Korean patients. The immunohistochemical stain was performed with 14 normal oral mucosa (NOM) and 25 OSCCs, and statistical analysis was carried out to find out the correlation between the expression of RUNX and clinicopathological parameters of OSCC patients. In OSCC, the expression of RUNX3 protein was found to increase more than in NOM. Moreover, in the univariate correlation analysis, the gender, regional lymph node metastasis, and histopathologic differentiation of OSCC patients were positively correlated with the expression of RUNX3 (p<0.05). These results indicate that RUNX3 can play a role as an oncogene in OSCC, in contrast to some reports on RUNX3 in other human cancers. In addition, RUNX3 may be considered as new malignant biomarker of OSCC.

The central granular cell odontogenic tumor is a rare benign odontogenic neoplasm of uncertain hisotogenesis characterized by varying amounts of eosinophilic granular cells and apparently inactive odontogenic epithelium with variable presence of calcified tissue. We present a case of central granular cell odontogenic tumor involving the maxilla of 35-year-old man with immunohistochemical characterization of granular cells. In microscopic view, the granular cells densely packed in sheets and lobules with abundant eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm and eccentric round-to-ovoid nuclei revealed immunoreactivity for vimentin, α1-antitrysin and CD68, and NSE but not for cytokeratin and S-100 protein while the interspersed odontogenic epithelial cells were positive for cytokeratin only. Granular cells also revealed strong PAS staining. Numerous concentric structured round to ovoid calcified aggregates were also noted. The lesion was treated with excision without recurrence for 8 years. Our immuohistochemical staining findings also suggest that the granular cells of central granular cell odontogenic tumor are mesenchymal in origin with possible histiocytic differentiation

Vanadium, a dietary micronutrient, has been reported to present interesting biological and pharmacological properties, including superoxide and nitric oxide scavenging effects. Low-dose ionizing radiation (LDR) is known to damage DNA and cause apoptosis of peripheral immunocytes by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to elucidate the capacity of immune activation of Jeju water containing vanadium on immunosuppression caused by LDR. We examined the ROS production, DNA damage, cell apoptosis and proliferation of peripheral immunocytes in irradiated mice drinking different concentrations for 90 days; V0 (vanadium 0㎍/L, control), V1 (vanadium 15～20㎍/ L) and V2 (vanadium 20∼25㎍/L). Compared to V0 control where level of ROS showed tendency to increase, the ROS production was attenuated in peripheral immunocytes of irradiated mice drinking V1 and V2. DNA damage of peripheral immunocytes triggered by LDR significantly increased in mice drinking V0 compared to non-irradiated control, whereas V1 and V2 dramatically induced remission of DNA damage. On the observation of apoptosis of peripheral immunocytes, V1 and V2 showed the potency to reduce the number of apoptotic cells. On the other hand irradiated mice drinking V0 exhibited raised number of apoptotic cells. From the results obtained, we speculated that Jeju water containing vanadium (V1 and V2) has a potential role in decreasing DNA damage and apoptosis of immune cell by inhibiting ROS production. Consistent with this, Jeju water containing vanadium (V1 and V2) exhibits a capacity to enhance cell proliferation of peripheral immunocytes, which is suppressed by LDR as shown in V0 control. Collectively, Jeju water containing vanadium reduced DNA damage and apoptosis and induced the stimulatory potential on immunocytes. These results suggest that Jeju water containing vanadium sustained immune activities under immunosuppression caused by LDR.

This study analyzed effects of different sound treatments in frequencies and intensities on digestion and immune physiological processes of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua larvae. Without effect on egg hatch, sound treatments with 100-5,000 ㎐ at 95 ㏈ suppressed feeding behavior and inhibited a digestive enzyme activity. In addition, two dimensional electrophoresis of midgut luminal proteins indicated a marked difference of the sound-treated larvae. In response to 5,000 ㎐ at 95 ㏈, larvae showed a significant decrease in hemocyte nodule formation against fungal challenge along with significant suppression in phospholipase A₂ activity in hemocyte and plasma. With increase of sound frequencies, the treated larvae showed an enhanced susceptibility to insecticides. Such sound frequency effect was significantly modulated with different sound intensities. These results suggest that sound treatment may give adverse stress to physiological processes of S. exigua larvae and may be applied to a nonchemical insect pest control.

An entomopathogenic bacterium, Photorhabdus temperata ssp. temperata (Ptt), suppresses insect immune responses and facilitates its symbiotic nematode development in target insects. The immunosuppressive activity of Ptt enhances pathogenicity of various microbial pesticides including Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). This study was performed to select a cheap and efficient bacterial culture medium for large scale culturing of the bacteria. Relatively cheap industrial bacterial culture media (MY and M2) were compared to two research media, Luria-Bertani (LB) and tryptic soy broth (TSB). In all tested media, a constant initial population of Ptt multiplied and reached a stationary phase at 48 h. However, more bacterial colony densities were detected in LB and TSB at the stationary phase compared to two industrial media. All bacterial culture broth gave significant synergism to Bt pathogenicity against third instars of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Production of bacterial metabolites extracted by either hexane or ethyl acetate did not show any significant difference in total mass among four culture media. Reverse phase HPLC separated the four bacterial metabolites, which were not much different in quantities among four bacterial culture broths. This study suggests that two industrial bacterial culture media can be used to economically culture Ptt in a large scale.

Cisplatin(ctr-diamminedichlorop1atium) is one of the most effective anti-cancer drugs being clinically used in the treatment of solid tumors. Despite its therapeutic benefits, its use in clinical practice is often limited because of dose related toxicity. It is known that yeast cell wall beta-glucans possess immuno-modulating properties, which allows for their application in antitumor therapy. 1S2 is a kind of beta-glucan derived from the cell wall of mutated Sacchammyces cerevisiae, which exhibits anti-cancer activity in vitro and in vivo. The present study explored the possibility of combination therapy of IS2 with cisplatin. In experimental metastasis of colon26M3.1 cells, prophylactic intravenous administration of IS-2 in combination with cisplatin effectively inhibited tumor metastasis compared with cisplatin alone or IS-2 treatment in vivo. IS-2 effectively enhanced Thl type cytokines including IFN-r, IL-2, ILf2 and GM-CSF. Simultaneously, this combined treatment inhibited production of Th2 type cytokines compared with control. These results suggested that IS-2 can be applied in combination therapy with anti-cancer drugs to minimize their side effects.

Acorns have been used as a traditional remed as well as food source. However, few studies on their immunomodulating effects have been reported. In this study, the combined immunomodulative effect。of a water extract of acorns was tested on seven to eight weeks old mice (baIb/c). The mice were fed ad libitum on a chow diet, and a water extract of the plant mixture was orally administered every other day for four weeks at two different concentrations (50 and 500mg/kg B. W.). The production of cytokine (lL-lβ, IL-6, IL-2, lL-10, IFN－r）, secreted by macrophages stimulated with LPS or not, detected by ELISA assay using cytokine kit. After 48 h of incubation with mitogen (ConA or LPS) ex vivo study showed that cytokine (IL-lβ, IL-6, IL-2, IL-10, IFN－r） was detected in both of the 50 and 500 mg/kg B. W. supplementation groups with LPS stimulation. The results of this study may suggest that supplementation with acom water extract increase immune function by regulating cytokine Production capacity by activated macrophages.

Elevated expression of survivin is strongly associated with tumorigenesis and even in human common cancers. The purpose of this study is to confirm whether survivin is associated with odontogenic tumor expecially in the development and growth in ameloblastomas. For the control group; 3 specimens obtained from normal oral mucosa without any inflammatory reaction were used. For the experimental group, specimens obtained from 17 subjects of ameloblastomas; follicular type, plexiform type, granular cell type, acantomatous type and unicystic ameloblastoma. All the specimens were embedded in paraffin, sectioned 5μm or more in thickness, and stained with hematoxylin- eosin stain method. For immunostain, the specimens were incubated with 1:200 diluted primary antibody, followed by the secondary antibody. The bound antibodies were visualized by addition of diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) for 30 minutes at room temperature. The specimens were counterstained with Gill’s Hematoxylin and mounted. Intensity of survivin immunoreactivity specimens was quantitatively scaled using under the light microscope with the following criteria; Intensive reaction; +++, Moderate reaction; ++, Minimal reaction; +. Using the image analyzer (Korea Optical System), immunoreactivity of the tumor cells in various fields was measured and statistically analyzed with SPSS 17.0 Program. In control group, moderate positive reaction was noted in the cytoplasm of cells in the basal and spinous layer, but negative reaction was revealed in the nucleus. Expression of survivin was significantly increased in the cytoplasm of ameloblastomas as compared to that of control group (p<0.05). Expression of survivin in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of the tumor cells between subtype of ameloblastoma was not significantly different. These results suggest that expression of survivin is closely associated with the development, and growth of the ameloblastomas. However it is unlikely that survivin can be used as a marker for cellular malignancy.