The objective of this study was to determine the CH4 oxidation factor (%) and the CH4 oxidation rate (g m−2 d−1) in landfill cover soil. To quantify in-situ rates of CH4 oxidation, CH4 and CO2 fluxes were measured on a landfill site using the static chamber technique. The CH4 oxidation factor obtained in this study through the mass balance method ranged between 41% and 61%, which is much higher than the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) default value of 10%. The higher CH4 oxidation factor derived in this study can be explained by the CH4 bottom flux in addition to the soil texture. The CH4 oxidation factors were observed to increase with decreases in CH4 bottom flux. Therefore, when CH4 bottom fluxes are high in a landfill, using a gas collection system can enhance CH4 oxidation factor. The CH4 oxidation rates were estimated to range from 16.6 g m−2 d−1 to 20.8 g m−2 d−1. In addition, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of vegetation on the CH4 oxidation factor. The results showed that the CH4 oxidation factors for bare soil, vegetated soil, and soil adjacent to a gas well were 57%, 70%, and 44%, respectively. The results indicate that vegetation on landfill covers can increase the CH4 oxidation factor because of increasing soil porosity.

현재 국내에서 대부분 매립 또는 소각처리하고 있는 생활폐기물 및 사업장 폐기물 중에는 발열량이 높은 플라스틱, 종이와 같은 가연성폐기물이 많이 포함되어 있음에도 불구하고 유효한 에너지자원으로 활용되지 못하는 경우가 많다. 화석연료의 대부분을 수입에 의존하고 있는 우리나라는 신재생에너지(대체에너지)의 확보가 필수적이며 여러 종류의 재생에너지 중에서 폐기물에너지가 많은 부분을 감당해야 한다. 이를 위해 환경부에서는 폐기물을 에너지로 자원화하기 위해 고형연료제품화하는 정책을 시행하고 있고 이에 따라 국내 고형연료제품 제조시설이 확대되고 있는 상황이다. 고형연료제품 제조시설은 폐기물중에서 불연물을 선별하고 적정 발열량이 나오도록 건조하여 일정 품질의 연료가 되도록 만드는 시설이다. 이러한 시설은 일본과 유럽에서 먼저 설치･가동 되어 왔으나 국내에서는 이제 도입하고 있는 상황이기 때문에 그 기술에 대한 신뢰성이 의문시되어 시범사업을 우선적으로 하였다. 그러나 설계대로 성능이 나오지 않아 기술차이, 폐기물 물성차이. 폐기물 물성 조사방법 문제, 선진외국과의 단위장치 성능차이, 설비에 대한 투자비 문제 등 그 원인에 대한 다양한 논란이 제기되어 왔다. 보통 시설을 설계하려면 물질수지를 세워야 하고 물질수지를 세우기 위해서는 설치하고자 하는 시설특성에 맞게 폐기물에 대한 물성을 파악해야 한다. 그렇기 때문에 가장 먼저 해야 할 것이 폐기물 물성을 파악하고 이를 근거로 물질수지를 세워 설계하여야 하고 이러한 과정이 적합하다면 설치 후 목표로 하는 성능이 나와야 되는 것이다. 그러나 그 성능에 많은 논란이 되고 있는 상황에서 향후 고형연료제품 제조시설에 대한 설계기술을 선진화하기 위해서는 현재 운영되고 있는 시설에 대한 설계상의 물질수지와 운영상에 파악된 물질수지를 비교･분석하여 그 차이에 대한 원인를 파악하고 필요시 설계인자를 적용할 수 있어야 한다. 따라서 본 연구는 현재 운영되고 있는 고형연료제품 제조시설에 대한 물질수지를 세우는 방법론을 제시하는 것이 목적이다. 물질수지가 세워지면 각 단위장치의 특성에 따라 폐기물의 흐름 특성과 효율을 평가할 수 있고 또한 초기설계와 다르게 나오는 원인을 파악할 수 있으면 폐기물 물성자료와 실제 설계시 고려해야 할 인자를 유추할 수 있을 것이다.

A mass balance of process was calculated by using the analysis of basic unit and environmental assessment of all the processes of Busan fashion color industry cooperative that operates a combined heat and power plant and a bio treatment plant. The mass balance for the combined heat and power plant was done, based on boiler and water treatment processes while each unit reactor was used for the bio treatment plant. From the results above, a resource recycle network, a treatment flowchart for food waste water/wastewater treatment and a carbon reduction program were established.

This paper presents the actual recycling rates and recycling processes of waste plastic recycling facilities using material flow analysis. Determination of actual recycling rates through the processes of waste plastics is a very important subject not only from the point of plastic recycling efficiency energy conversion but also from the perspective of the recycling technology level. In this study, the recycling processes and recycling rates of waste plastic recycling facilities were evaluated by the MFA analysis based on 14 site visits and 25 questionnaires. The MFA methodology based on mass balance approach applied to identify the inputs and outputs of recyclable plastic materials in the recycling processes at recycling facilities. It is necessary to determine the composition and flows of the input materials to be recycled in a recycling facility. A complete understanding of the waste flows in the processes along with the site visit and data surveys for the recycling facilities was required to develop a material flow for the processes and determine the actual recycling rate. The results show that the average actual recycling rates for the recycling facilities by the site visit and the questionnaire was found to be approximately 87.5 ± 7.1% and 84.3 ± 14.5%, respectively. The recycling rates depended upon several factors including the quality of incoming waste plastics, the type and operating conditions of recycling processes, and the type of final products. According to the national statistics, the recycling rate of waste plastics was about 53.7%, while the actual recycling rate at national level was estimated to be approximately 45.1% by considering the recycling performance evaluated as well as the type of recycling process applied. The results of MFA for the recycling processes served as a tool to evaluate the performance of recycling efficiency with regard to the composition of the products during recycling. They may also support the development of the strategy of improvement of recycling processes to maximize resource recovery out of the waste plastic materials.

The evaluation of potential submarine groundwater is an important research topic for exploring an alternative water resource. Two different approaches, water budget analysis and Rn mass balance method, were employed to investigate the annual variation of submarine groundwater discharge in 2010 at a marine watershed located at the south-eastern part of Korean Peninsula. In order to obtain reliable hydrological data during study period, temporal and spatial variations of rainfall and soil moisture had been collected and hydro-meterological data such as temperature, humidity and wind speed were collected The runoff response was simulated using SCS-CN method with spatial distributions of landuse and soil texture from GIS analysis. Six different methods were used to estimate the monthly variation of evapotranspiration and field measurements of soil moisture were used to account for the infiltration. Comparisons of infiltration and surface runoff between simulation and water balance with measurements showed coincidence. The water budget analysis and Rn mass balance method provide mean daily submarine groundwater as 5.35 and 4.07 m3/m/day in 2010, respectively.

Despite the wide distribution of air pollutants, the concentrations of indoor air pollutants may be the dominant risk factor in personal exposure due to the fact that most people spend an average of 80% of their time in enclosed buildings. Researches for improvement of indoor air quality have been developed such as installation of air cleaning device, ventilation system, titanium dioxide(TiO2) coating and so on. However, it is difficult to evaluate the magnitude of improvement of indoor air quality in field study because indoor air quality can be affected by source generation, outdoor air level, ventilation, decay by reaction, temperature, humidity, mixing condition and so on. In this study, evaluation of reduction of formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide emission rate in indoor environments by TiO2 coating material was carried out using mass balance model in indoor environment. we proposed the evaluation method of magnitude of improvement in indoor air quality, considering outdoor level and ventilation. Since simple indoor concentration measurements could not properly evaluate the indoor air quality, outdoor level and ventilation should be considered when evaluate the indoor air quality.

The study was carried out to investigate the water balance and losses of nutrients from paddy fields during cropping period. The size of paddy fields was 95 ha and the fields were irrigated from a pumping station. The runoff loading was the highest in June because of the high concentrations of nutrients due to applied fertilizer, When the runoff Bosses of nutrients were compared to applied chemical fertilizer, it was found that 39.1 % to 42.5 % of nitrogen lost via runoff while runoff losses of phosphorus account for 14.5 % to 17 % of the total applied amount during cropping period. When the ratio was calculated between nutrients losses by infiltration and the applied of chemical fertilizer, two year results showed 9.1% to 10.8% for nitrogen and 0.5% for phosphorus, respectively.

It is noted that the red tides and the oxygen-deficient water mass are extensively developed in Masan Bay during summer. The nutrients mass balance was calculated in Masan Bay, using the three-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic model and the material cycle model. The material cycle model was calibrated with the data obtained on the field of the study area in June 1993. The nutrients mass balance calculated by the combination of the residual currents and material cycle model results showed nutrients of surface and middle levels to be transported from the inner part to the outer part of Masan Bay, and nutrients of bottom level to be transported from outer part to inner part of Masan Bay. The uptake rate of DIN in the box A1(surface level of inner part) was found to be 337.5㎎/㎥ ·day, the largest value in all 9 boxes and that of DIP was found to be 18.6㎎/㎥·day in box A1, and the regeneration rate of DIN was found to be 78.2㎎/㎥· day in the box A3(bottom level of inner part), and that of DIP was found to be 18.6㎎/㎥· day in box A1. The regenerations of DIN and DIP in the water column of the entire Bay were found to be 7.66ton/day and 760㎏/day, respectively. And the releases of DIN and DIP from the sediments of the entire Bay were found to be 2.86ton/day and 634㎏/ day, respectively. The regeneration rate was 2.5 times as high as the release rate in DIN, and 1.2 times in DIP. The results of mass balance calculation showed not only the nutrients released from the sediments but the nutrients regenerated in water column to be important in the control and management of water quality in Masan Bay.

A global carbon cycle model (GCCM), that incorporates interaction among the terrestrial biosphere, ocean, and atmosphere, was developed to study the carbon cycling and global carbon budget, especially due to anthropogenic CO2 emission. The model that is based on C, ^13C and ^14C mass balance, was calibrated with the observed CO2 concentration, δ^13C and Δ^14C in the atmosphere, Δ^14C in the soil, and Δ^14C in the ocean. Also, GCCM was constrained by the literature values of oceanic carbon uptake and CO2 emissions from deforestation. Inputs (forcing functions in the model) were the C, ^13C and ^14C as CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use, and ^14C infection into the stratosphere by bomb-tests. The simulated annual carbon budget of 1980s due to anthropogenic CO2 shows that the global sources were 5.43 Gt-C/yr from fossil fuel use and 0.91 Gt-C/yr from deforestation, and the sinks were 3.29 Gt-C/yr in the atmosphere, 0.90 Gt-C/yr in the terrestrial biosphere and 2.15 Gt-C/yr in the ocean. The terrestrial biosphere is currently at zero net exchange with the atmosphere, but carbon is lost via organic carbon runoff to the ocean. The model could be utilized for a variety of studies in CO_2 policy and management, climate modeling, CO2 impacts, and crop models.