LC-MS/MS를 이용하여 폴리펩타이드계 동물용의약품인 콜리스틴에 대한 시험법을 확립하여 정량성 및 정밀성을 확보하였으며, 확립된 시험법의 적용성 검증을 위해 국제식품규격위원회 기준에 따라 특이성, 정확성, 직선성, 정밀성, 검출한계, 정량한계 등을 검증하였다. 콜리스틴 표준용액을 잔류허용기준의 농도에 따라 검량선을 작성한 결과 0.99 이상의 직선성을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 본 실험에서의 평균 회수율은 85.9~107%이었다. 또한, 분석오차는 11.8% 이하로 정확성 및 재현성이 우수하였으며, 검출한계는 0.02 mg/kg, 정량한계는 0.05 mg/kg이었다. 또한, 실험실간 교차검증을 통하여 신뢰성을 확보하였다. 확립된 분석법은 양식 수산물 중 잔류할 수 있는 동물용의약품인콜리스틴에 대한 안전관리에 활용 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

금(Au)나노물질은 광학 및 바이오 분야에서 다양하게 응용될 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 식품 농작물 재배에 무기비료제 로 사용 시 기능성 및 품질 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있는 것으로 알려지면서 금 나노입자를 이용한 건강기능식 품 또는 기능성 농작물 재배에 대한 연구개발이 진행되고 있다. 따라서 식품 농작물 잔류와 체내 흡수 가능성에 따른 식품 및 생체 내에서의 정확하고 정밀한 분석법 확립과 안전성검증이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 유도결합플라즈마 질 량분석기(ICP-MS)를 이용한 금 나노입자의 정량 분석을 확립하고자 전처리 방법을 최적화하고, 회수율, 정확성 및 정 밀성을 분석하여Au의 분석법을 확립하였다. 확립된 Au 정량 분석법을 이용하여 생체시료 내에서 금 나노입자의 정량 분석을 수행하여 생체 매트릭스의 영향을 확인하였다. 이러한 분석법을 바탕으로 장내 micro fold (M) 세포를 모사한 follicle associated epithelium (FAE) 모델과 일반 장관 상피세포 조건을 모사한 Caco-2 monolayer 모델을 이용하여 금 나노입자의 유입량을 비교 연구하였다. 그 결과, 생체 매트릭스 존재에 따른 금 나노입자 정량분석에 미치는 영향은 없는 것으로 나타났으며, 금 나노입자는 장관 상피세포 내 M 세포에 의해 에너지 의존적 endocytosis 기작에 의해 체 내 유입될 수 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 식품 농작물 무기비료로서 금 나노입자의 식품 및 체내 분석법 확립연 구 및 체내 흡수기작 규명은 추후 안전성 평가에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal mixing ratio of olive oil, parmesan cheese, and nuts for preparation of pesto with spinach. Based on a surface response methodology (RSM), the independent variables were olive oil (100~300 g), parmesan cheese (25~75 g) and nuts (12~36 g). The dependent variables were physico-chemical properties as pH, color values (L, a, and b values), viscosity and sensory evaluation. pH decreased with increasing parmesan cheese levels. The L value decreased and the a and b values increased with increasing olive oil levels. Viscosity was negatively correlated with olive oil levels but positively correlated with the amounts of parmesan cheese and nuts. The addition of oil exerted a positive effect on gloss, and oily taste. In the sensory evaluation, the values of appearance, color, flavor, taste and overall acceptance were in the range of 4.4~7.2, 3.7~7.4, 4.4~7.1, 3.9~7.3 and 3.5~7.6, respectively. The sensory evaluation results showed significant values in appearance (p<0.01), flavor (p<0.01), taste (p<0.01) and overall acceptance (p<0.05). The optimal amounts of spinach pesto with olive oil, parmesan cheese, and nuts were determined by numerical optimization of a canonical model and graphical optimization. The optimal amounts were 175.29 g of olive oil, 49.51 g parmesan cheese, and 27.37 g of nuts per 100 g of spinach.

Various kinds of processes are used in the Public Sewage Treatment Works(PSTWs) in order to achieve water quality criteria and TMDL in the watershed. The performance of the existing processes at PSTWs depends on influent characteristics, effluent quality target, amount of sludge production, power cost and other factors. In present, the Selection Guideline for the Available Treatment Process of PSTWs is used for a process decision in the country. But there are some problems regarding redundancy of assessment factors and complexity of assessment procedure in the guideline. In this study, we did a test application of AHP for process selection of PSTWs, which propose is to simplify assessment factors such as pollutant removal amount, sludge generation, electricity consumption, stability of operation, convenience of maintenance, easiness of existing process application, installation cost, and operating cost concerning of environmental factors, technical factors and economical factors. According to the study, the PSTWs selection procedure guideline can be improved using application of AHP method.

돼지고기 중 5종의 곰팡이독소(아플라톡신 B1, B2, G1, G2 및 오크라톡신 A)를 분석하기 위해 0.1% 개미산을 함유한 50% 아세토니트릴용액으로 추출한 후 고체상추출칼럼을 이용하여 정제하고, LC-MS/MS로 동시 정량할 수 있는 시험법을 마련하였다. 분석조건으로 측정한 5종의 곰팡이독소 matrix-matched 표준곡선식에서 모두 상관계수 0.998이상의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 5종의 곰팡이독소 2배의 정량한계에서 10배의 정량한계로 첨가한 시료에서 평균 회수율은 72.1~109.9%로 실험 결과들이 EU 가이드라인에서 제시하는 유효성 확인을 위한 기준을 만족함으로써 시험법의 신뢰성을 확보할 수 있었다. 충청지역 유통되고 있은 돼지고기 20건에 대한 총아플라톡신 및 오크라톡신A에 대한 오염도 조사결과 정량한계 미만으로 조사되었다.

Oxathiapiprolin은 병원균의 포자형성과 효모성장을 저해하여 노균병을 방제하는 piperidinyl thiazole isoxazoline 계열 살균제로 2015년 국내 사용등록이 요청된 신규약제이다. 본 연구에서는 oxathiapiprolin의 신규등록과 관련해 안전관리를 위한 공정시험법 마련이 요구되어 농산물 중 잔류분석법을 개발하였다. 농산물 중 oxathiapiprolin은 acetonitrile로 추출한 뒤 분배효율 향상을 위해 1 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH)를 이용해 염기성으로 조절하여 비해리상태로 만든 뒤 dichloromethane으로 액액분배하였으며 분배추출액은 silica SPE 카트리지로 정제한 뒤 HPLC-UVD로 분석하였다. 개발된 분석법의 검출한계(LOD) 및 정량한계(LOQ)는 각각 0.003, 0.01 mg/kg이었고, 대표농산물 5종(고추, 감귤, 감자, 대두, 현미) 중 oxathiapiprolin의 평균 회수율은 86.7-112.7%(상대표준편차, RSD ≤ 10%)으로 나타났다. 이는 잔류물 분석에 관한 CODEX 가이드라인 (CAC/GL 40)을 만족하는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 개발된 분석법은 국내외 유통 농산물 중 oxathiapiprolin의 안전평가를 위한 잔류량 적부 판정에 있어 공정시험법으로 사용되기에 적합할 것으로 판단된다.

This study measured the particulate matter (PM) in a subway tunnel using a dust spectrometer and estimated the PM10 and PM2.5 using a Kriging method. For the hourly measurement, a probe was attached inside the cabin and put through the window to collect data from the outside. The Kriging method is a spatial analysis method, and time and spatial data were applied in the subway tunnel along with a PM concentration map. The result of the measurement shows that PM10 is 31.9~271.3 μg/m3 and PM2.5 is 30.9~209.5 μg/m3. In addition, The pollutant map shows that some sections have a higher concentration than other sections because of the depth and curvature of tunnel and traffic volume on the section and local construction. Also, the results show that differences concentration at different times of sampling could be distinguished. The highest concentration was found at 3 pm while the lowest was at 12 pm. We expect to use the pollutant map in planning air quality improvements for the tunnel.

The aim of this study was to investigate the method validation for the determination of loganin content in Cornus officinalis (CO). This medicinal plant reportedly mainly included loganin. The specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), and quantification (LOQ) were measured by HPLC/DAD. Our results showed that high linearity in the coefficient of calibration correlation (R2) for loganin standard was 1. LOD and LOQ for loganin were 0.007 and 0.026 mg/mL, respectively. The recovery rate of loganin was revealed to be in the high range of 95.14-105.45%. The relative standard deviation of intra- and inter-day precision of loganin in CO was 1.8% and 2.3%, respectively. The loganin content of CO from Gurye, Uiseng, Ichoen, and China were 7.81, 3.41, 7.42, and 6.52 mg/g, respectively. In conclusion, these methods were validated for the detection of loganin in CO.

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum conditions of solvent extraction type and solvent concentration (60, 70, 80%, v/v), extraction time (30, 80, 130 mins) and extraction temperature (10, 15, 20℃) in order to increase the antioxidant activity of the chia seed. The total polyphenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity was measured by using response surface methodology (RSM) to establish the optimal conditions. Using ethanol and methanol extractions at extraction concentrations of 60%, and time and temperature of 130 mins and 20℃, the maximum total polyphenol content was 871.00 mg% (R2=0.9507) and 557.70 mg% (R2=0.9784) for ethanol and methanol extraction respectively. Using the same extraction conditions, the maximum level of DPPH radical scavenging activity was 72.14% (R2=0.9675) and 52.79% (R2=0.9524) for ethanol and methanol extraction respectively. The results indicate that ethanol extracts showed a higher antioxidant activity than methanol extracts. The ethanol extraction conditions of response surface analysis (RSA) were affected more by ethanol concentration than by extraction time or temperature. In contrast, the methanol extraction conditions of response surface analysis (RSA) were affected more by extraction time. Based on the RSM, the optimum ethanol extraction conditions were the following: extraction concentration, 63%: time, 100 mins: and temperature, 18℃. The optimum methanol extraction conditions were the following: extraction concentration, 65%; time, 120 mins; and temperature, 16℃.

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal composite recipe of rice muffins with 3 concentrations of Spergularia marina L. Griseb, sugar and grape seed oil, using central composite design. In addition, the mixing condition of rice muffins was optimized by subjecting it to sensory evaluation and mechanical and physicochemical analysis using response surface methodology (RSM). In regard to its antioxidant effects, Spergularia marina L. Griseb had a total phenol and flavonoid contents and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of 17.03 mg/g, 5.13 mg/g and 17.21%, respectively. The results of mechanical and physicochemical analysis showed significant values for lightness, redness, yellowness, hardness, springiness, chewiness, gumminess, cohesiveness, height, volume, weight, specific volume, loss rate, pH, moisture, sweetness and saltiness (p<0.05), and the results of sensory evaluation showed significant values for color, flavor, taste, softness, appearance and overall quality (p<0.05). As results, optimal sensory ratio was found to be 6.69 g of Spergularia marina L. Griseb, 41.89 g of sugar and 30.48 g of grape seed oil.

농산물 중 hexaconazole 분석을 위해, GC-NPD를 이용하여 다종농약 다성분 분석법을 적용하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. Hexaconazole의 다종농약 다성분 분석법 유효성 검증은 직선성, 정확성, 정밀성, 검출한계 및 정량한계로 하였다. 0.025~5.0 mg/L의 농도에서 검량선의 상관계수(R2)는 0.999이상의 우수한 직선성을 보였다. 상추에 0.04~4.0 mg/kg을 첨가한 농약의 회수율은 89.42~94.15%였고, RSD는 7.78%이하의 재현성을 나타냈다. 검출한계는 0.04mg/kg였고, 정량한계는 0.11 mg/kg였다. 일간 및 일내 정밀도는 각각 2.42~3.49%와 4.90~7.78%였다. 본 연구결과에서 다종농약 다성분 분석법을 이용한 hexaconazole분석은 매우 정확하고, 높은 재현성을 보여, 농산물 중 hexaconazole 분석에 적용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The optimization of brown rice replacement ratio and superheated steam (SHS) treatment conditions in production of extruded rice snack for infants were conducted using a response surface methodology. Experiments were designed using a Box-Behnken design with three independent variables (brown rice replacement ratio, SHS temperature, and SHS time) and two response variables (hardness and water uptake). The second order polynomial model showed a satisfactory description of the experimental results. Optimal conditions for extruded snack with the lowest predicted hardness (2.84 kg/cm2) were 15.81% of brown rice replacement with SHS treatment at 279.59oC for 197.40 sec. Meanwhile, optimal conditions for extruded snack with the highest predicted water uptake (384.79%) were 17.18% of brown rice replacement ratio with SHS treatment at 274.52oC for 196.22 sec.

이 연구는 축산물 중 포레이트 및 대사산물 5종의 안전관리를 위한 공정분석법을 확립하기 위하여 수행하였으며 분석법의 선택성, 검출한계 및 정량한계, 회수율에 대한 검증을 통하여 포레이트 및 대사산물 5종의 공정시험법으로의 유효성을 확인하였다. 포레이트 및 대사산물 5종을 신속하고 효과적으로 동시에 분석하기 위하여 LC-MS/MS를 사용하였고, 1% 아세트산 포함 아세토니트릴 추출 후PSA, C18을 이용해 정제하였다. 개발된 분석법의 평균 회수율은 79.2-113.9%였으며, 분석오차는 19.2% 이하로 정확성 및 재현성이 우수함을 확인할 수 있었다. 개발된 분석법은 국제적 잔류농약 분석 가이드라인에 적합한 수준이었으며 축산물 중 포레이트 및 대사산물 5종의 잔류검사를 위한 공정분석법으로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

건강기능식품 등 중 수용성 비타민 B군 (비타민 B1, 비타민 B2, 나이아신, 비타민 B6)의 동시분석 방법을 확립하기 위하여 본 연구를 실시하였다. HPLC에 의한 수용성 비타민 B군의 분석 방법은 기기분석조건을 확립하고, 국내외 시험법 및 논문을 참고하여 시험 데이터를 분석하였다. 수용성 비타민 B군의 HPLC 분석은 270 nm에서 Capcell Pak C18 UG 120 컬럼을 사용하여 진행되었다. 분석법 검증은 수용성 비타민 B군의 직선성, 정확성, 정량한계, 정밀성에 대해 수행되었다. 직선성은 비타민 B1, 비타민 B2,나이아신(nicotinic acid, nicotinamide), 비타민 B6 모두0.1~2 μm/mL의 농도범위에서 R2= 0.999 이상의 우수한 직선성을 확인할 수 있었다. 회수율을 검토한 결과, 비타민 B1 100~103%, 비타민 B2 104~112%, nicotinic acid 82~85%, nicotinamide 121~124%, 비타민 B6 95~104%의 양호한 회수율을 확인할 수 있었다. LOQ는 비타민 B1 0.04μm/mL, 비타민 B2 0.05 μm/mL, nicotinic acid 0.15 μm/ mL, nicotinamide 0.08 μm/mL, 비타민 B6 0.63 μm/mL 이었다. 정밀성을 검토한 결과, B1 0.4%, 비타민 B2 0.4%, nicotinic acid 0.5%, nicotinamide 0.7%, 비타민 B6 0.4% 로 1% 이내로 양호한 재현성을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 동시 분석법의 정확성을 검증하기 위하여 어린이 기호식품 및 건강기능식품의 표시함량 모니터링을 수행한 결과, 모두 표시기준에 적합함을 확인할 수 있었다.

The determining the appropriate dosage of coagulant is very important, because dosage of coagulant in the coagulation process for wastewater affects removing the amount of pollutants, cost, and producing sludge amount. Accordingly, in this study, in order to determine the optimal PAC dosage in the coagulation process, CCD (Central composite design) was used to proceed experimental design, and the quadratic regression models were constructed between independent variables (pH, influent turbidity, PAC dosage) and each response variable (Total coliform, E.coli, PSD (Particle size distribution) (‹10 μm), TP, PO4-P, and CODcr) by the RSM (Response surface methodology). Also, Considering the various response variables, the optimum PAC dosage and range were derived. As a result, in order to maximize the removal rate of total coliform and E.coli, the values of independent variables are the pH 6-7, the influent turbidity 100-200 NTU, and the PAC dosage 0.07-0.09 ml/L. For maximizing the removal rate of TP, PO4-P, CODcr, and PSD(‹10 μm), it is required for the pH 9, the influent turbidity 200-250 NTU, and the PAC dosage 0.05-0.065 ml/L. In the case of multiple independent variables, when the desirable removal rate for total coliform, E.coli, TP, and PO4-P is 90-100 % and that for CODcr and PSD(‹10 μm) is 50-100 %, the required PAC dosage is 0.05-0.07 ml/L in the pH 9 and influent turbidity 200-250 NTU. Thus, if the influent turbidity is high, adjusting pH is more effective way in terms of cost since a small amount of PAC dosage is required.

Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was applied to optimize the thermal-alkaline pre-treatment operating conditions for anaerobic digestion of flotation scum in food waste leachate. Three independent variables such as thermal temperature, NaOH concentration and reaction time were evaluated. The maximum methane production of 369.2 mL CH4/g VS was estimated under the optimum conditions at 62.0°C, 10.1% NaOH and 35.4 min reaction time. A confirmation test of the predicted optimum conditions verified the validity of the BBD with RSM. The analysis of variance indicated that methane production was more sensitive to both NaOH concentration and thermal temperature than reaction time. Thermal-alkaline pretreatment enhanced the improvement of 40% in methane production compared to the control experiment due to the effective hydrolysis and/or solubilization of organic matters. The fractions with molecular weight cut-off of scum in food waste leachate were conducted before and after pre-treatment to estimate the behaviors of organic matters. The experiment results found that thermal-alkaline pre-treatment could reduce the organic matters more than 10kD with increase the organic matters less than 1kD.

PURPOSES : In this study, an image analysis method is used to evaluate the pore structure characteristics and permeability of hybrid concrete. METHODS: The binder weight of hybrid concrete is set to 400 kg/m3, 370kg/m3, and 350 kg/m3, and for each value of binder weight, the pore structure and permeability of concrete mixture is evaluated. The permeability of hybrid concrete is evaluated using a rapid chloride penetration test(RCPT). RESULTS : The concrete pore structure characteristics of hybrid concrete reveals that as the binder weight is reduced, the entrained air is reduced and the entrapped air is increased. The permeability of the hybrid concrete for all values was measured to be below 1000 C, which indicates a "Very Low" level of permeability relative to the evaluation standard of KS F 2711. Additionally, as the binder weight is decreased, there is a significant increase in the permeability of chloride ions. CONCLUSIONS : In this study, the pore structure characteristics of hybrid concrete at different binder weights shows that as the binder weight is reduced, the entrained air is reduced and the entrapped air is increased. Consequently, chloride ion penetration resistance of the hybrid concrete is diminished. As a result, it is expected that this will reduce the concrete’s durability.

In this paper, the 5 joint toggle link of an injection molding machine is optimized. A model considering toggle link kinematics, frictions at the pin joints, and stiffness is verified by a finite element analysis(FEA) and a measured result. The FEA was carried out by the commercial FEA software ANSYS and the clamping force was calculated by measuring the tie-bar deformation of the molding machine. The influence on the maximum clamping force and stroke ratio are analyzed for the length variations of links. Based on the mathematical model and design parameter, the clamping force, the stroke ratio, and the maximum stroke of moving plate are optimized by using the response surface method(RSM) for the length of the toggle link, where the lager-the-better, the norminal-is-best, and the smaller-the-better characteristics are applied for the clamping force, the stroke ratio, and the maximum stroke of moving plate.