The purpose of this study was to explore how consumer traits(technology anxiety and need for interaction) explain attitude toward self-service technologies in fashion retail stores. We examined if technology anxiety influences perceived productivity and attitude toward self-service technologies, and if so, how the need for interaction with employees moderates the impact of technology anxiety on perceived productivity and attitude. For the purpose of the study, a web-based survey with Korean consumers was conducted. The final sample size was 214. Structural Equation Modeling Analysis and PROCESS in SPSS were employed to test the proposed hypotheses. The findings indicated that technology anxiety negatively affected perceived productivity and attitude toward self-service technologies in which perceived productivity affected attitude positively. Need for interaction with employees was found to moderate the relationship between technology anxiety and perceived productivity. It also moderated the relationship between technology anxiety and attitude. This study contributes to the self-service technology literature by identifying two antecedents of consumer attitude toward selfservice technologies: technology anxiety and the need for interaction. The findings further provide valuable insights to retailers and marketers as to how technology anxiety, perceived productivity, and the need for interaction work in enhancing consumer attitude toward self-service technologies in the context of fashion retail.

This study was conducted to figure out the productivity of Italian ryegrass(IRG) and leaching water characteristics based on horse manure compost level in Jeju. This study was conducted for about six months. Six treatments were established : non-fertilizer(NF), chemical fertilizer 100%(CF), horse manure compost 50% and chemical fertilizer 50% combination(Combination), horse manure compost with 50% of nitrogen (50%), 100% of nitrogen(100%), 150% of nitrogen(150%). The highest amount of dry matter yield of IRG was revealed in CF(11,965± 564 kg/ha), and both 150% and Combination were second(p<0.05). Nitrate leaching tended to increase until the third analysis and then decreased. There were not significantly differences among mean nitrate concentrations. The findings of the study suggest that horse manure compost with 50% of nitrogen be applied for IRG as basal fertilization and then 50% of chemical fertilizer be applied as top fertilization.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate winter annual forage crops for yield, and horse palatability under horse grazing during the fall and spring in Jeju. The winter annual forage crops such as Italian ryegrass(IRG), rye, and oat were planted in randomized block design in October 30. The horse grazing was initiated on March 17 of the following year. At the first cutting, the dry matter yield of rye was the highest with 4,600 kg/ha compared to the IRG and oat (p<0.05). But there were no significantly different in the yield of winter annual forage crops after the second and third harvests. The total dry matter yield showed rye 12,593 kg/ha, IRG 10,941 kg/ha, and oat 9,424 kg/ha respectively. The horse intake duration of the IRG was significantly higher than the oat and rye (p<0.05). In the first grazing and the second grazing, the intake duration of the IRG was 853.2 seconds and 989.4 seconds, respectively, with oat at 147.6 seconds, and 73.0 seconds, and rye at 89.4 seconds, and 33.18 seconds. The intake duration of IRG was longer than that of oat and rye (p<0.05). The intake rate of the IRG was 60.0% in the first and 82.8% in the second, and the average intake rate was 71.4%. When considering the maintenance of pastures and the palatability of horses, the IRG is the most suitable forage crop in winter annual forage crops in Jeju.

This experiment was conducted to a comparison of the productivity according to variety and forage quality by plant parts of imported silage corn (Zea mays, L) in Pyeongchang. The corns evaluated in this experiment were 8 varieties (P1184, P1151, P1194, P1543, P1345, P1429, P1443, and P2105) introduced from the United States, Pioneer Hybrid Co. The harvested corn was divided into 5 plant parts (leaf, stem, cob, husk, and grain), and the ratio of each part was calculated using dry weight and the feed value was analyzed. The emergence rate of corn was generally good except for the P1151 and P2105 varieties. The average tasseling date was July 24th and the silking date was July 27th, but the P2105 variety was late to July 28th and August 1st, and the remaining varieties were similar. P1345 was the highest (289 and 123 cm), and P1151 varieties were the lowest (267 and 101 cm) in the plant and ear height. Disease resistance was low in P1184, P1443 and P1429, and P1197 and P1345 were high. In the case of stover, the dry matter (DM) content was the lowest at 19.6% in the P1151 and the highest at 24.9% in the P1429. DM content of ear was the highest in the P2105 (55.5%), and P1184 (54.2%) and P1345 (54.3%) were also significantly higher (p<0.05). The DM yield of stover of P2105, P1429 and P1194 varieties was significantly higher (p<0.05), and ear yield of P2105, P1345 and P1443 was higher. The proportions of each part of plants (leaf, stem, cob, husk, and grain) divided by 5 was high, with 50-60% of the ear(grain+cob) ratio. The ratio of husk and cob was roughly similar, and the leaf and stem part showed a ratio of about 20%. The crude protein (CP) content was highest in leaf, followed by grain. The CP content of the stem was the lowest, and the husk was not significantly different among the varieties (p>0.05). The acid detergent fiber (ADF) content was similar to the rest parts except grain, but the leaf part tended to be lower, and other parts except the stem and leaf showed no significant difference between varieties (p>0.05). There was no significant difference in NDF (neutral detergent fiber) content in husk, but there was a difference between varieties in other parts (p<0.05). In addition, there was a special difference by plant parts for each variety, P2015 on the stem, P1197 on the leaf, P1151 on the cob, P1197 on the husk, and P1197 on the grains with high NDF content. IVDMD (in vitro dry matter digestibility) was not significantly different between stems and grains, but there was a difference between varieties in cobs and husks. According to the results, DM yield of P2105 variety was the best in the experiment, and the ratio of grain was excellent in P1543 and P1345. In addition, it was found that the feed value was higher in the leaves and grains, and the leaf and stem had higher feed values than husk or cob.

This experiment was carried out to study the effects of different environmental conditions and cultivation techniques on productivity of grasslands in central and southern area of Korea on 2017 and 2018. Average dry matter yield of grasslands at 10 actual production sites was 7,496 kg/ha. that was ranged from 4,652 to 13,292 kg/ha with least significant difference(LSD) of 1,577kg/ha between grasslands (p<0.05) on 2017. Average dry matter yield of grasslands at 10 actual production sites was 7,914 kg/ha. that was ranged from 3,927 to 12,372 kg/ha with LSD of 1,577kg/ha between grasslands(p<0.05) on 2018. Dry matter(DM) yield of grasslands have positive correlation with soil fertility (p<0.01) but not correlated with rainfall and air temperature among cultivation environments. And also DM yield of grasslands have positive correlation with grassland management techniques(p<0.01). These results suggest that practices of grassland management techniques and improvement of soil fertility are more important than cultivation environments by climate change for increasing the DM yield of grassland in central and southern area of Korea.

본 연구에서 생력화가 가능하면서 친환경적인 재배법을 개발하고자 병, 상자를 이용하여 표고의 재배적 특성 및 자실체 생산성을 분석하였다. 재배용기별 배양기간은 병에서 배양된 처리구가 30일, 상자에서의 배양이 35일로 나타났고, 갈변기간은 병 재배가 25일, 상자 재배가 40일 이었으며, 병 배양 후 상자재배가 50일로 가장 길었다. 전체 재배기간은 병이 75일, 상자가 90일, 병 배양 후 상자 재배방식이 105일로 가장 길었다. 재배방식별 버섯 발이 수는 상자 17.8개, 병 배양후 상자재배 14.7개, 병 1개 순으로, 자실체 생산성에도 영향을 끼쳐 상자재배는 945 g, 병 배양 후 상자재배 638 g, 병재배가 70 g으로 나타났다. 건조 배지량별 신선버섯 수량(BE, %)은 상자재배가 32.7%, 병 재배가 24.3%, 병 배양 후 상자재배가 22.1% 순으로 상자재배의 자실체 수량성이 가장 우수하였다. 따라서 상자재배는 갈변기간의 단축과 버섯 수량성에서 병 재배, 병 배양후 상자재배 방식보다 유리한 장점이 있어 친환경 생력화 재배법 개발 가능성을 보여주었다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of sowing and harvesting dates on agronomic characteristics and feed values of rye and triticale at Sanchoeng, South Korea. The experimental design consisted of the different sowing and harvesting dates as follows; rye (Secale cereale L., cv. Gogu) of sowing (October 15, 25, and November 5) in 2015 and harvesting (April 20, May 1 and May 11) in 2016, and triticale (X Triticosecale, cv. Joseong) of sowing (October 15, 25, and November 5) in 2015 and harvesting (May 18, 28, and June 7) in 2016. In rye, fresh and dry matter (DM) yields increased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date. Crude protein (CP) content and relative feed value (RFV) decreased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date, but neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content increased (p<0.05). In triticale, fresh and dry matter (DM) yields increased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date. The CP content decreased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date, but NDF content and RFV increased (p<0.05). This study concluded that rye sown in the middle of October then harvested in early May, and the triticale sown at the end of October then harvested at the end May are recommended to increase dry matter yield and feed value.

This study was conducted to compare the agronomic characteristics and productivity according to the species and varieties of winter forage crops in reclaimed land. Winter forage crops used in this study were developed in National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. Oats (‘Samhan’, ‘Jopung’, ‘Taehan’, ‘Dakyung’ and ‘Hi-early’), forage barley (‘Yeongyang’, ‘Yuyeon’, ‘Yujin’, ‘Dacheng’ and ‘Yeonho’), rye (‘Gogu’, ‘Jogreen’ and ‘Daegokgreen’) and triticale (‘Shinyoung’, ‘Saeyoung’, ‘Choyoung’, ‘Sinseong’, ‘Minpung’ and ‘Gwangyoung’) were planted in the reclaimed land of Sihwa district in Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do in the autumn of 2018 and cultivated using each standard cultivation method, and harvested in May 2019(oat and rye: 8 May, barley and triticale: 20 May.) The emergency rate was the lowest in rye (84.4%), and forage barley, oat and triticale were in similar levels (92.8 to 98.8%). Triticale was the lowest (416 tiller/㎡) and oat was the highest (603 tiller/㎡) in tiller number. Rye was the earliest in the heading date (April 21), triticale was April 26, and oat and forage barley were in early May (May 2 and May 5). The plant height was the highest in rye (95.6 cm), and triticale and forage barley was similar (76.3 and 68.3cm) and oat was the lowest (54.2 cm). Dry matter(DM) content of rye was the highest in the average of 46.04% and the others were similar at 35.09∼37.54%. Productivity was different among species and varieties, with the highest dry matter yield of forage barley (4,344 kg/ha), oat was similar to barley, and rye and triticale were lowest. ‘Dakyoung’ and ‘Hi-early’ were higher in DM yield (4,283 and 5,490 kg/ha), and forage barley were higher in ‘Yeonho’, ‘Yujin’ and ‘Dacheng’ varieties (4,888, 5,433 and 5,582 kg/ha). Crude protein content of oat (6.58%) tended to be the highest, and TDN(total digectible nutrient) content (63.61%) was higher than other varieties. In the RFV(relative feed value), oats averaged 119, while the other three species averaged 92∼ 105. The weight of 1,000 grain was the highest in triticale (43.03 g) and the lowest in rye (31.61 g). In the evaluation of germination rate according to the salt concentration (salinity), the germination rate was maintained at about 80% from 0.2 to 0.4% salinity. The correlation coefficient between germination and salt concentration was high in oat and barley (-0.91 and -0.92) and lowest in rye (-0.66). In conclusion, forage barley and oats showed good productivity in reclaimed land. Adaptability is also different among varieties of forage crops. When growing forage crops in reclaimed land, the selection of highly adaptable species and varieties was recommended.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the productivity of the costal fisheries in Jeonnam Province. In this study, the operational characteristics and Cobb-Douglas production function of coastal fisheries were examined based on a research on the actual condition of costal fisheries (RACF). The statistical analysis of RACF data reveals that Cobb-Douglas production function consists of the three variables: fishing quantity per ton-age, the number of fisherman per ton-age and fishing equipment cost per ton-age. The results of this study show us that the relation and productivity between labor and capital of the operational equipment in the coastal fisheries. If extensive comparable biological and market data become available, analysis model can be widely applied to yield more accurate results.

This study was conducted to find out the effects of seed mixture using new domestic grass varieties orchardgrass ‘Onnuri’ and tall fescue ‘Greenmaster’ on botanical composition and dry matter productivity from 2015 to 2018 in oversown hilly pasture, the central northern area of Korea. This experiment was consisted of 4 mixed grasses (Treatment 1 : tall fescue oriented mixture with imported varieties; Treatment 2 : orchardgrass oriented mixture with imported varieties; Treatment 3 : orchardgrass oriented mixture with domestic varieties, Treatment 4 : tall fescue oriented mixture with domestic varieties). Evaluation of seasonal changes in botanical composition of pasture showed that orchardgrass was the highest in all treatments, ranging from 46 to 89% and Kentucky bluegrass was the second highest in all treatments. Treatment 3 (7,633 kg ha-1) and Treatment 4 (7,570 kg ha-1), mixed grasses using domestic varieties, were showed the highest dry matter yield than Treatment 1(6,950 kg ha-1) and Treatment 2 (6,934 kg ha-1), which were mixed grasses using introduced varieties. Therefore, these results showed that the orchard grass oriented grasses mixture with domestic varieties was good for grassland vegetation and productivity in oversown hilly pasture, the central northern area of Korea.

This experiment was carried out to study the effects of different environmental conditions and cultivation techniques on productivity of forage corn in central and southern area of Korea on 2017 and 2018. Average dry matter yield of forage corn at 34 cultivation regions was 13,510kg/ha. Forage productivity of forage corn cultivated at actual production sites have positive correlation with cultivation techniques(p<0.01) but not correlated with cultivation environments. Forage productivity of forage corn have positive correlation with seeding techniques(p<0.01) but not correlated with fertilization techniques. These results suggest that practices of cultivation techniques are more important than cultivation environments for increasing the forage productivity of forage corn. Therefore, yield prediction techniques of forage corn in Korea have to be considered the practices of cultivation techniques along with soil and climate conditions.

브로일러의 생산성과 닭고기의 품질에 미치는 Bacillus. subtillus, Streptomyces galilaeus 및 Sphingobacteriaceae로 구성된 사료용 복합생균제(PFM, probiotic feed mixture)의 효과를 조사하였다. 병아리 (Ross 308) 240마리를 4개의 처리구로 나누어 35일간 사육하였다. 처리구는 사료용 복합 생균제를 함유하지 않은 대조구(CON, control), 일반생균제(CP3, commercial probiotics 0.3%), 사료용 복합 생균제 3(PFM3, 사료용 복합 생균제 0.3%), 사료용 복합 생균제 5(PFM5, 사료용 복합 생균제 0.5%)로 구분하였다. 체중은 CON과 비교할 때 CP3, PFM3, PFM5가 높았고 PFM3, PFM5는 CP3에 비해 우수하였다(p<0.05). F낭, 흉선, 비장의 무게 및 IgG 수준은 CON과 비교할 때 PFM3, PFM5 및 CP3에서 증가하였으며 PFM3, PFM5는 CP3에 비해 높았다(p<0.05). 맹장의 Lactobacillus 균수는 PFM3, PFM5 및 CP3를 섭취한 브로일러가 CON에 비해서 높았으나 E.coli, Salmonella, coliforms, 총 호기성 균수는 감소하였다(p<0.05). PFM3 및 PFM5를 섭취한 닭가슴살의 보수력은 CON 및 CP3와 비교할 때 증가하였다(p<0.05). 결론적으로 Bacillus subtillus, Streptomyces galilaeus 및 Sphingobacteriaceae를 포함하는 사료용 복합생균제 0.3%가 브로일러의 생산성과 닭고기 품질향상에 기여할 수 있음을 나타낸다.

본 연구는 계란 생산성, 계란품질 및 악취저감에 관한 Bacillus subtillus, Streptomyces galilaeus 및 Sphingobacteriaceae로 구성된 복합생균제(PM, probiotic mixture)의 효과를 조사하였다. 산란계 Hy-Line Brown 240수를 4처리구로 구분하여 6주 동안 사육하였다. 처리구는 복합생균제를 함유하지 않은 대조구(CON, control), 일반생균제(CP3, commercial probiotics 0.3%), 복합생균제 3(PM3, 복합생균제 0.3%), 복합생균제 5(PM5, 복합생균제 0.5%)로 구분하였다. 산란율, 계란 호우유니트, 난각두께, 난각강도, 난황색 및 농후난백 높이는 PM3, PM5가 CON 및 CP3에 비해서 높았다. 계분으로부터 암모니아, E. coli, 총호기성균, Coliform, Salmonella 균수는 CON>CP3>PM3>PM5 순서로 증가하였다. 본 결과는 B. subtillus, S. galilaeus 및 Sphingobacteriaceae로 구성된 복합생균제 0.3%가 산란율, 계란품질 개선 및 분에서 암모니아 발생을 낮추어 양계장 악취저감 효과를 갖는다는 점을 보여 준다.

본 연구에서 생력화가 가능하면서 친환경적인 재배법을 개발하고자 병, 상자를 이용하여 표고의 배양특성 및 버섯 생산성을 확인하기 위해 수행되었다. 병과 봉지는 각 각 1.2 kg의 혼합배지를, 상자는 7 kg의 혼합배지를 넣어 표고 종균을 접종하여 배양한 결과, 20±1oC의 배양실에서 모든 처리구의 배지온도는 배양 14일째 최대치에 도달하다 그 이후 낮아지며 유지되는 경향이었다. 재배용기별 배양기간은 봉지와 병이 30일, 상자는 39일로 나타났고, 갈변기간은 상자가 42일로 병과 봉지가 각각 51일, 60일 보다 짧았다. 1주기 재배기간은 병이 89일, 상자가 90-97 일, 봉지가 99일로 나타났다. 재배용기별 버섯 발이수는 상자 27개, 봉지 7.7개, 병 2.3개 순으로 생산성에도 영향을 끼쳐 상자가 1,253kg, 봉지 199.7, 병 144.0g으로 나타 났다. 건조 배지중량 대비 신선버섯 발생비율은 상자가 39.4%, 봉지 35.8%, 병 26.4% 순으로 상자의 생물학적 효율이 가장 우수하였다. 따라서 상자재배는 갈변기간의 단축과 버섯 수량성에서 봉지재배에 비해 유리한 장점이 있어 친환경 생력화 재배법 개발 가능성을 보여주었다.

This research was conducted to figure out the optimal size of the plug cell and seedling raising period in ‘Nongwoo’ and ‘Nonghyeop’ cultivars. In the first experiment on effect of plug cell size on growth of squash, seedlings were transplanted into hydroponic cultivation beds at different growing stages: Those in 32-cell trays with 3-4 true leaves at 25 days after sowing, those in 50-cell trays with 2 true leaves at 15 days after sowing, those in 105-cell trays just before a true leaf development, and those in 162-cell trays with only cotyledons at 8 days after sowing. In the second experiment on effect of seedling raising period on growth of squash, it was conducted to have different sowing dates. But the same transplanting date, based on the results of Experiment 1, and compared the differences in growth and fruit productivity as affected by plug cell size in the same way with experiment 1 including the cultivars and environmental conditions. After setting the transplanting date in advance, the number of days for sowing were calculated back for each treatment. In the first experiment, plant height was the greatest in 105-cell trays followed by 162, 50 and 32-cell trays in both cultivars. The best fruit quality was found in different treatments depending on the cultivars, although it was the lowest in 32-cell trays in both cultivars. The fruit quality was not significantly different among those from cell sizes. Therefore, when raising seedlings in 105-cell trays, the period of raising seedlings can be shortened as compared with the conventional 32-cell trays, and this change could reduce the workforce required for growing and transplanting seedlings. In the second experiment, after transplanting, shoot height and leaf width in the first measurement in both cultivars were greater in the 32-cell treatment. However, the last measurement after four weeks showed no significant difference in plant height, but significantly greatest leaf width in the smallest cell treatment, even as compared with that in 32-cell treatment. In case of ‘Nongwoo’, length and weight of the first harvested fruit showed the highest values in the treatment of 105-cell trays. In case of ‘Nonghyeop’ the 162-cell treatment along with the 105-cell treatment showed greatest length and weight of the first fruits. From these results, zucchini plug seedlings can be raised in plug trays with reduced cell sizes than the conventional 32-cell trays with improved fruit productivity.

A two-year study was conducted from 2017 to 2018 by the establishment of a test field at Chungju-si and Cheongyang-gun. Plant height, number of leaves, insects and diseases, and fresh and dry matter yields for corn hybrid(‘Kwangpyeongok’) were investigated. Daily average, maximum, and minimum temperature, monthly average temperature, daily precipitation, and sunshine duration during the growing season were investigated. We selected climate-critical factors to corn productivity and conducted an evaluation of vulnerability to climate change from 1999 to 2018 for both regions. In 2018, the dry matter yield of forage corn was 6,475 and 7,511 kg/ha in Chungju and Cheongyang, respectively, which was half of that in 2017. The high temperature and drought phenomenon in the 2018 summer caused the corn yield to be low. As well as temperature, precipitation is an important climatic factor in corn production. As a result of climate impact vulnerability assessment, the vulnerability has increased recently compared to the past. It is anticipated that if the high temperature phenomenon and drought caused by climate change continues, a damage in corn production will occur.

본 연구는 국내의 고온다습한 하절기에 산란계에 음용수 온도가 생산성, 호르몬 농도 및 혈액성상에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실행하였다. 52주령 하이라인 갈색종 산란계 432수를 3개 처리구와 8반복으로 반복당 18수씩 케이지 사육장(550 cm2/수)에 배치하였고, 처리구별로 14.5, 24.0 및 32.5℃의 음용 수를 4주간 급수하였다. 산란계의 생산성은 산란율과 난중을 매일 조사하여 계산하였고, 호르몬, 혈액 성상 및 계란품질은 사양실험 종료 후 채집하여 분석하였다. 본 연구결과 산란율과 1일 산란양은 14.5℃ 의 급수구에서 유의적으로 개선되었고(p<0.05), 사료섭취량과 난중은 14.5와 24.0℃ 급수구에서 32.5℃ 에 비하여 현저히 증가하였다(p<0.05). 계란의 난백높이와 호우유닛은 음용수 온도에 따른 처리구간 통계적 차이가 없었다. 난각강도는 14.5℃ 급수 처리구에서 증가하였고(p<0.05) 난각두께도 개선되는 경향을 보였지만 처리구간에 통계적 차이는 없었다. 또한 혈청과 간의 GH와 IGF-I 농도는 32.5, 24.0 및 14.5℃ 급여구 순서로 증가하였고(p<0.05), 코티코스테론은 감소되었는데 14.5℃에서 가장 개선되었다(p<0.05). 이외에도 혈중 AST와 콜레스테롤은 14.5℃의 음용수 처리구에서 24.0과 32.5℃에 비하여 유의적으로 감소하였고(p<0.05), HDL콜레스테롤, 단백질 및 글루코오스는 처리구간에 통계적 차이가 없 었지만, 혈중 중성지방은 14.5℃처리구에서 현저하게 감소되었다(p<0.05). 그러므로 여름철 14.5℃의 음용수를 급여하면 산란계에서 고온스트레스를 저감하므로서 생산성, 계란품질 및 혈액성상을 개선하였다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementary feeding levels on livestck and forage productivity and grazing intensity in Elk stags (Cervus canadensis). A fifteen 2-year-old Elk stags about 195 kg were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments (five animals per treatment). The dietary treatments consisted of a feeding concentrate of 1.0% of body weight (T1), 1.5% of body weight (T2) and 2.0% of body weight. Total dry matter intake (TDMI) was increased with increased with an increasing supplementary feeding levels. Average daily gain (ADG) were significantly increased with an increasing supplementary feeding levels (p<0.05) and reached a maximum on July and was lower in spring than autumn. The velvet antler production was no differences among treatment groups. Forage productivity of pasture and crude protein content were highest on May and decreased thereafter, however, crude fiber content was the reversed. The grazing intensity of Elk stags was increased in spring (38 to 59 head per ha) than summer and autumn (13 to 32 head per ha). The average grazing intensity of Elk stags ranged from 21 to 34 head per ha, which is affected by supplementary feeding levels. This result suggests that feeding supplementary diet at 1.5 % of body weight was needed to maintain the stable wight gain in antler growing periods and control the proper grazing intensity of Elk deer stags.