Whereas calcium deposition in soft tissues is not uncommon, highly-structured, identified as mature cancellous bone within soft tissues is not frequent. Here, we report an usual case of mature cancellous bone in cheek subcutaneous tissue in 15-year-old Korean male. Microscopically the cancellous bone was encompassed by epithelial cells, which was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining with cytokeratin AE1/3. The present mature cancellous bone in subcutaneous tissue could be originated from oral epithelium.

The objective of this paper is to propose a method of how to perform risk assessment in the early stage of defense research and development for the acquisition of weapon systems. An advanced method for risk assessment and its associated objective functions are developed first based on the concept of systems engineering. The developed method is then applied to carry out the analysis of alternatives in the trade-off environments. As a case study, the multi-purpose training ship is considered, where it is performed using the notions of technology readiness levels, degrees of difficulty, and technology need values to facilitate design space visualization and decision maker interaction. It is noted that decision makers can benefit from our approach as an improved risk assessment method in the context of multi-criteria decision making.

To adapt to a rapidly changing business environment, introduction of new management techniques and innovative activities are crucial. In the case of small and medium companies, the compensation for scarce management resources and sustainable development can be obtained from advantage of management consulting. In this study, we proposed the enterprise process evaluation model for small and medium business consulting, which can deploy the process improvement activities with considering the process maturity level within an organization. The process evaluation area of proposed Small and Medium Business, Staged Maturity Model (SMB-SMM) consists of four following parts: supply management, demand management, business management, and research and development(R&D) management. For each area, we set goals and also defined the practices to achieve their goals respectively. By applying the SMB-SMM model to the small and medium sized companies, the process maturity level can be defined. And then to overcome the gap between the goals and evaluation results the customized management consulting activities can be drawn from the predefined consulting approaches from the SMB-SMM.

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of thymidine treatment during in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine follicular oocytes on blastocyst development. Porcine oocytes were treated with thymidine (10 mM, 20 mM and 30 mM) for 2 or 6 hr in the preiods of IVM I and/or II. The survival rates of the blastocysts in the 6 hr treatment groups of 10 mM and 20 mM during IVM I period were significantly higher than those of control group (p<0.05). However, the survival rate of the blastocysts in the 2 hr treatment group of 20 mM during IVM II period was significantly higher than control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the survival rate of the blastocysts in the 6 hr treatment group of 30 mM during IVM II period was significantly lower than control group (p<0.05). Consistent with the previous result, blastocyst development of both IVM I and II treatment group was also showed as similar pattern. Total and apoptotic cell numbers of blastocysts derived from thymidine treated porcine oocytes were examined by using Tunel assay. The results showed that there was no significant differences in total cell number of blastocysts between thymidine treated and untreated groups. However, apoptosis-positive cells in the thymidine treated group (6 hr IVM I) were significantly lower than those of other groups (p<0.05). Taken together, these results indicate that high quality oocytes were selected by DNA synthesis mechanism according to high concentration thymidine treatment during porcine oocyte maturation. Therefore, we concluded that presumptive selected oocytes by thymidine treatment during maturation periods improved the further embryo development and embryonic quality of IVF embryos by decreasing the incidence of apoptosis in preimplantation porcine embryos.

2008년 4월부터 10월까지 임진강과 섬진강에서 쏘가리의 산란 생태를 조사하였다. 산란에 참여하는 쏘가리 개체군의 체장과 생식소성숙도지수(GSI)의 상관관계를 조사한 결과 암컷은 체장 200mm 이상의 개체에서 성적으로 성숙하였고, 수컷은 체장 180mm 이상이 성숙되었다. 섬진강산 암컷의 GSI는 4월에 가장 높은 값인 7.43%를 나타냈지만, 이후 점차 감소하여 5월에 5.55%, 6월에 3.58%로 점진적으로 감소하다가 8월에 급격히 감소하고, 9월에 연중 최저치인 0.44%로 낮아졌다. 임진강산 암컷은 섬진강산 암컷과 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 임진강산 수컷의 GSI 값은 암컷보다 높아서 4월 5.96%, 5월에는 8.03%까지 높아졌고, 6월 초부터 낮아졌으며, 6월말에 2.12%이었고, 9월에 0.2% 이하로 가장 낮게 나타난 후 점차 상승하여 10월에 0.54%이었다. 암컷의 생식소를 조직학적 관찰한 결과 섬진강과 임진강 집단에서 모두 GSI의 변화는 비슷하게 발달하였다. 쏘가리 위 내용물 중 어류가 차지하는 비율은 섬진강과 임진강에서 각각 92.0%, 90.0%로 나타나 쏘가리의 가장 중요한 먹이생물이었다. 쏘가리 위 내용물 중 소화가 많이 진행되어 종의 동정이 불가능한 어류의 비율이 각각 50.0%, 72.2%로 높게 나타났다. 쏘가리의 조사기간 중에 섭식율은 섬진강이 36개체로 38.3%, 임진강이 53개체로 21.8%로 매우 낮았다.

본 연구는 도축된 한우의 황체난소, 낭종난소, 정상난소를 이용하여 체외 수정란 생산 시, 각각의 난소별 수정란 생산율을 분석하기 위하여 각 난소별 미성숙 난자의 회수율을 조사하였다. 15 18℃로 운반된 도축 유래 난소로부터 18G 주사침이 장착된 10 ml 주사 기를 이용하여 적색체 또는 황체가 형성된 난소, 직경 15 mm 이상의 낭종성 난소 및 4 10 mm의 정상난소로부터 미성숙 난자를 회수하여, 체외수정을 통한 분할율을 확인하 였다. 총 회수된 미성숙 난자와 이용 가능한 미성숙 난자의 수를 조사한 결과, 황체난소, 낭종난소 및 정상난소에서 총 회수된 미성숙 난자는 18.94±1.11, 18.57±1.42 및 20.24± 2.28개로 관찰되었으며, 그 중 성숙 배양에 이용된 미성숙 난자는 7.92±0.77, 8.22±1.31 및 10.70±1.02개로 확인되었고, 모두 유의적인 차이는 관찰되지 않았다(p<0.05). 또한, 난 소에서 총 회수된 미성숙 난자에 대한 성숙 배양으로의 효율은 황체난소, 낭종난소 및 정상난소에서 각 42.39±5.01, 43.60±5.15 및 53.55±3.19%로 조사되었으며 유의적인 차 이는 나타나지 않았다(p<0.05). 한편, 황체난소, 낭종난소 및 정상난소로부터 회수된 미성 숙 난자의 분할율은 77.46±1.60, 74.91±2.03 및 77.39±2.39%로 관찰되었고 유의적인 차 이는 나타나지 않았다(p<0.05). 본 연구의 실험 결과 황체 및 낭종난소와 정상난소에서 회수된 미성숙 난자의 개수 및 분할율에는 차이가 없다는 것을 알 수 있으며 이와 같은 결과를 통해 황체 및 낭종난소에서도 정상적인 난소에서와 마찬가지로 미성숙 난자가 채 란되며 이용가능하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 하지만 보다 정확한 결과를 얻기 위해서는 추가적으로 성숙 및 발달율에 대한 조사가 이루어져 할 것이라고 생각된다.

국내 개발 재배품종인 코스피드 이탈리안 라이그라스의 최적 배양조건을 확립하기 위하여 성숙종자로부터 캘러스 유도조건 및 식물체 재분화 조건을 조사하였다. 캘러스 유도시 첨가되는 auxin으로는 2,4-D가 NAA 보다 효율적이었으며, 5 mg/L 2,4-D가 첨가된 N6 배지에서 캘러스가 가장 높은 빈도로 유도되었다. 캘러스로부터 식물체 재분화는 1 mg/L 2,4-D와 5mg/L BA가 첨가된 N6 배지에서 배양했을 때 67% 이상의 재분화율을 나타내었

Siberian wildrye grass는 몽골지역 방목 초지에 넓게 분포하는 대표적인 초종으로 사료가치가 높고 장기간 이용 할 수 있는 장점 등으로 그 중요성이 증대되고 있다. 그러나 최근 기후 변화로 인한 사막화로 초지의 면적이 점점 줄어들고 있는 추세이다. 따라서 환경에 대한 적응성이 우수한 신품종을 개발할 목적으로 우선 효율적인 기내배양 조건을 확립하고자 하였다. Siberian wildrye grass의 최적의 기내배양 조건을 확립하기 위하여

티모시의 4가지 품종을 이용하여 성숙종자로 부터 캘러스 유도 및 식물체 재분화 효율을 조사하였다. 4주 동안 배양한 종자로부터 캘러스 유도율은 Colt, Chair, Richmond, Hokuo 순으로 캘러스 유도율을 보였고, 식물체로의 재분화 또한 캘러스 유도율과 같은 Colt > Chair > Richmond > Hokuo 순으로 나타났다. 기본 배지의 종류에 따른 배양 효율의 차이는 품종별 차이는 있으나 MS 배지가, 식물체 재분화는 N6 배지와

본 연구는 효율적인 재래 산양의 난포란을 확보하기 위하여 미성숙 산양에 과배란 처리를 실시하여 체내 성숙 난자(배란된 난자) 및 난포란을 회수하여 공란산양의 성숙 여부가 난자의 회수율과 단위 발생란의 체외발달율에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 미성숙 산양의 과배란 처리에 의한 체내 성숙 난자의 회수율에 있어서 과배란 처리 후 두당 황체수는 13.16.5개로서 성숙 산양의 8.82.4개와 차이가 없었다(p<0.05). 산양의 두당 회수율은 마성숙 산양이 9.

The uncertainty of a project generates risks hindering the goal achievement of the project, and the risks affect the success or failure of the project significantly. Risk management, a part of the project management, includes various processes, and there

Transducin-like enhancer protein 1(TLE-1) is protein associated with cell proliferation. This study analyzed change of TLE-1 mRNA expression during in vivo and in vitro maturation in porcine oocytes. Oocytes and granulose cells were collected from follicles of <2 mm, 2～6 mm and >6 mm in diameter in slaughtered pig’s ovaries. Oocytes collected from follicles of 2～6 mm in diameter were used after in vitro maturation for 0, 10, 20 and 44 h. Cumulus cells and granulose cells were collected after treatment with hyaluronidase. In results, TLE-1 mRNA expression in oocytes collected from follicle >6 mm in diameter is increased, TLE-1 RNA expression in cumulus cells and granulosa cells from follicles <2 mm, 2 mm 6 mm and >6 mm in diameter. However, there is no significant difference. On the other hand, TLE-1 mRNA expression from oocytes cultured for 10 h and 44 h is increased, TLE-1 mRNA in cumulus cells cultured for 10 h is significant increased(p<0.05) than other culture periods. In conclusion, these results show that TLE-1 is expressed in all cell types of oocytes, cumulus cells and granulose cells, and associated with oocyte maturation.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of co-culture of bovine oocytes with cumulus cells on in vitro maturation and development following in vitro fertilization in bovine oocytes. Bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) and denuded oocytes (DO) were co-cultured with the cumulus cells in TCM199 for 20~22 hr, and evaluated the nuclear type of oocyte. After in vitro maturation, oocytes were coincubated for in vitro fertilization with frozen-thawed spermatozoa selected by 65% percoll in DM-Heparin and DM-Caffeine for 15~18 hr. Presumptive zygotes were cultured for 48 hr in CR1aa in vitro culture medium with 10% FBS, and evaluated the cleavage rates. The results confirmed that the highest percentage of metaphase II (M-II) stage was observed in COCs (30.1±3.5%, 24.2±1.8%) as compared to DO (7.1±1.3%, 17.4±13.9%) (p<0.05). In addition, the increased cleavage rates were obtained from COCs (69.6±2.1%, 75.6±2.9%) when compared to DO (21.6±7.5%, 29.5±12.6%) (p<0.05). In conclusion, this study suggested that cumulus cells secreted positive factors during in vitro maturation of oocytes and early embryonic development after in vitro fertilization of bovine oocytes.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) play important roles in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling during ovarian follicular development, oocytes development and ovulation. In an attempt to investigate the effect of MMP activation in development cumulus-oocytes complexes, we examined the localization and expression of MMP, and monitored MMP expression profile. Cumulus-oocytes complexes were collected and matured in vitro for 24 hr, 36 hr and 48 hr. A mRNA expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 was detected in all culture medium regardless of CC, OC and COCs. Activity of MMP-2 in the OC progressively was increased from 24 hr to 48 hr. But MMP-9 was not detected in all culture medium. The localization of MMP-2 was also measured by immunohistochemistry analysis. The MMP-2 and TIMP-2 was detected in cumulus cell and oocyte zone pellucida. Expression of MMP-2 protein in the COCs was progressively increased from 24 hr to 48 hr. However, MMP-9 protein was progressively decreased from 24 hr to 48 hr. And TIMP-2 protein was most highly expressed in the COCs 36 hr. Expression of TIMP-3 protein in the COCs was progressively increased from 24 hr to 48 hr. In conclusion, these results suggest that MMP-2 plays a role in maintaining normal maturation and development by controlling the ECM inhibitor concentration on cumulus cell and oocytes.