In this research traditional Buddhist dietary life style was studied as an alternative for both saving water and decreasing water pollution from household. A traditional dietary life style for the Buddhist monks, called Balwoo Gongyang, and its modernized one for citizens, called Dish Gongyang were examined with water use amount, wastewater quality and pollutant loading rate, and were compared with the kitchen wastewater from household. And several types of natural detergent were also examined to compare their effect on the wastewater quality and pollutant loading rate. This research was carried out using the wastewater from Balwoo and Dish Gongyang in J building located in Seoul. Wastewater generation from Balwoo Gongyang that was about 1.0 ℓ/capita/day was very low compare to that from dish washing in normal household(32.6 ℓ/capita/day). In case of Dish Gongyang, water generation was 1.8 times higher than that from Balwoo Gongyang, but it was just 1/19.2 of normal household. When the wastewater quality of Balwoo Gongyang was compared with the kitchen wastewater of normal household, SS was 1/16(15 mg/ℓ), COD was 1/7(22.1 mg/ℓ), BOD was 1/9(24.1 mg/ℓ) and T-N was 1/16(1.7 mg/ℓ). Pollutant loading rate from Balwoo Gongyang was very low, COD 18.0 mg/capita/day, SS 12.3 mg/capita/day and it was 1/290, 1/639 of that from dish washing wastewater from normal household, respectively. Pollutant loading rate from Dish Gongyang was also low 1/13(SS)∼1/144(TN) compared to dish washing wastewater from normal household. As a natural detergent, used water from washing rice showed very low pollutant loading rate. It was concluded that Dish Gongyang that was a modernized and simplified dietary life style of Balwoo Gongyang, was very eco-friendly. Especially when it was combined with natural detergents using by-product from cooking process, its effect on the water pollution was very low.

The objectives of this study were to analyze reservoir trophic state, based on Trophic State Index (TSI), spatial variation patterns of three zones (riverine, transition, and lacustrine zone), and empirical models through 20-years long-term data analysis. Trophic variables of TP and CHL-a were highest during the summer monsoon, and decreased along the main axis from the riverine to lacustrine zone. In the mean time, TN did not show the trend. Ratios of N:P and Secchi disc transparency (SD) increased from the riverine to lacustrine zone. The analysis of trophic state index (TSI) showed that mean TSI (TP) and TSI (CHL-a) were 62 and 57, respectively, and these values were highest in the transition zone during the summer. This zone should be managed well due to highest lake water pollution. The analysis of Trophic State Index Deviation (TSID) showed that algal growth was primarily limited by light penetration, and this was most pronounced in the monsoon season. The analysis of empirical models showed that the value of R2, based on CHL-SD model, was 0.30 (p < 0.0001) in the transition zone and the R2, based on TP-SD model, was 0.41 (p < 0.0001) in the transition zone.

The Ministry of Environment (MOE) has made more effort in managing point source pollution rather than in nonpoint source pollution in order to improve water quality of the four major rivers. However, it would be difficult to meet water quality targets solely by managing the point source pollution. As a result of the comprehensive measures established in 2004 under the leadership of the Prime Minister’s Office, a variety of policies such as the designation of control areas to manage nonpoint source pollution are now in place. Various action plans to manage nonpoint source pollution have been implemented in the Soyang-dam watershed as one of the control areas designed in 2007. However, there are no tools to comprehensively assess the effectiveness of the action plans. Therefore, this study would assess the action plans (especially, BMPs) designed to manage Soyang-dam watershed with the WinHSPF and the CE-QUAL-W2. To this end, we simulated the rainfall-runoff and the water quality (SS) of the watershed and the reservoir after conducting model calibration and the model validation. As the results of the calibration for the WinHSPF, the determination coefficient (R2) for the flow (Q, m3/s) was 0.87 and the R2 for the SS was 0.78. As the results of the validation, the former was 0.78 and the latter was 0.67. The results seem to be acceptable. Similarly, the calibration results of the CE-QUAL-W2 showed that the RMSE for the water level was 1.08 and the RMSE for the SS was 1.11. The validation results(RMSE) of the water level was 1.86 and the SS was 1.86. Based on the daily simulation results, the water quality target (turbidity 50 NTU) was not exceeded for 2009∼2011, as results of maximum turbidity in '09, '10, and '11 were 3.1, 2.5, 5.6 NTU, respectively. The maximum turbidity in the years with the maximum, the minimum, and the average of yearly precipitation (1982∼2011) were 15.5, 7.8, and 9.0, respectively, and therefore the water quality target was satisfied. It was discharged high turbidity at Inbuk, Gaa, Naerin, Gwidun, Woogak, Jeongja watershed resulting of the maximum turbidity by sub-basins in 3years(2009∼2011). The results indicated that the water quality target for the nonpoint source pollution management should be changed and management area should be adjusted and reduced.

하천이나 호수에 퇴적된 퇴적물은 유역에서 배수된 토양, 유기물질 및 광물질이 침전된 것으로 환경뿐만 아니라 인간의 건강에 악영향을 끼치는 다양한 오염물질을 포함하고 있다. 퇴적물은 분자확산 및 생물기작 등을 통하여 오염물질을 공급 할 뿐만 아니라 침전된 유기물이 분해되어 무산소 환경이 되면 영양염류가 다시 무기이온 상태로 수중에 용출된다. 용출된 영양염류는 수층의 혼합에 의해 표층으로 재공급 및 새로운 유기물을 형성하는 순환을 거치게 되는 등 수질 및 수생태계에 영향을 미친다. 따라서 본 연구는 다양한 토지이용에서 발생하는 퇴적물의 화학적 성상과 수질의 오염성상을 비교 분석하여 퇴적물이 수질에 미치는 영향과 퇴적물 관리 대책 수립의 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다. 본 연구를 위한 기초자료를 확보하기 위하여 포장지역, 축산지역 및 하천지역을 모니터링 지점으로 선정하였다. 퇴적물의 시료채취 경우 지름 5cm, 길이 50cm인 아크릴 코어를 이용하여 채취하였으며, 포장지역의 경우 총 4회, 축산지역은 17회, 하천지역은 28회 수행하였다. 채취한 퇴적물은 토양오염공정시험법에 준하여 유기물 및 영양염류 등의 화학적 특성을 분석하였다. 또한 물환경정보시스템에서 인근하천인 금강, 동진강 및 만경강의 10년간의 수질 측정 자료를 이용하여 수질과 퇴적물의 농도를 상호 비교하였다. 토지이용별 퇴적물의 화학적 분석 결과, 평균 COD의 값은 난분해성 물질로 인하여 포장지역에서 43.88 ± 26.4 5 g/kg으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 영양염류의 경우 축산지역에서 TN이 7.79 ± 8.32 g/kg, TP가 1.47 ± 0.81 5 g/kg로 높은 농도를 보였다. 하천별 수질 농도 분석 결과 TN과 TP의 농도는 각각 4~6 mg/L, 0.2~0.4 mg/L의 범위를 보이고 있으며 2009년 후반부터 감소하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 또한, TN과 TP중에서 NH4-N와 PO4-P의 비율이 2009년 후반부터 증가하는데, 이는 조류성장의 원인이 될 수 있는 물질의 증가를 의미하기에 유역에서의 NH4-N와 PO4-P의 관리가 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 퇴적물 및 하천수질의 오염물질별 비를 산정한 결과, 모든 토지이용에서 하천 수질에 비해 퇴적물에서 인의 함량이 높은 것으로 나타나 퇴적물 내 인의 관리가 필요한 것으로 분석되었다.

본 연구에서는 하천의 수질개선을 위해 유역관리 수단으로 도입된 수질오염총량제의 취지와 의미를 파악하고, 수질오염총량제에 따른 개발계획 시행시 개발계획에 따른 개발부하량 산정방법에 대한 문제점을 파악하여 보다 효율적인 시행을 위한 개선방안을 연구하고자 하였다. 본 연구결과에서 제시된 사업의 종류는 중금속 등의 원료 및 오염물질을 배출하는 사업장이 분포할 수 있는 산업단지의 사업특성을 고려하면 강우로 인한 비점오염원이 다른 타 사업장과 다를 것이지만 일괄적으로 토지계 원단위법을 적용한다는 것에 문제가 있다고 판단된다. 따라서, 토지계 부하량 산정은 토지이용도, 경사도, 강우량 등을 포함하여 산정하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단되나, 토지이용도 및 경사도 등에 대한 연구기간이 장기화되거나 각 개별 사업마다 적용하기에 어려움이 따르므로 현재 적용하고 있는 지목별 토지계발생부하원단위와 같이 측량·수로조사 및 지적에 관한 법률에 제시된 지목을 토지계 발생부하원단위에 적용해야 된다고 생각된다. 다만, 용도지역 구분, 각각의 건축물 이용형태, 현재보다 다양한 토지계 발생부하원단위 등을 연구하여 현장에 보다 쉽게 과학적으로 접근하여 비점오염물질을 관리할 필요성이 있다고 판단된다.

Milyanggang mid-watershed is located in downstream of Nakdong river basin. The pollutants from that watershed have an direct effect on Nakdong river water quality and it's control is important to manage a water quality of Nakdong river. A target year of Milyanggang mid-watershed water environment management plan is 2013. To predict a water quality at downstream of Milyang river, we have investigated and forecasted the pollutant source and it's loading. There are some plan to construction the sewage treatment plants to improve the water quality of Milyang river. Those are considered on predicting water quality. As results, it is shown that the population of Milyanggang mid-watershed is 131,857 and sewerage supply rate is 62.2% and the livestock is 1,775.300 in 2006. It is estimated that the population is 123,921, the sewerage supply rate is 75.5% in 2013. The generated loading of BOD and TP is 40,735 kg/day and 2,872 kg/day in 2006 and discharged loading is 11,818 kg/day and 722 kg/day in 2006 respectively. Discharged loadings were forecasted upward 1.0% of BOD and downward 2.7% of TP by 2013. The results of water quality prediction of Milyanggang 3 site were 1.6 mg/L of BOD and 0.120 mg/L of TP in 2013. It is over the target water quality at that site in 2015 about 6.7% and 20.0% respectively. Consequently, there need another counterplan to reduce the pollutants in that mid-watershed by 2015.

This study presented seasonal changes of the phytoplankton community in Junam reservoir by pollution and water quality of the lake. The water storage of the reservoir is 5.3 million ton, most of which are being utilized for agricultural, industrial and residential purposes. The annual precipitation during the investigation period was 1,868.9 ㎜, increasing by 20% from the average annual level of 1,506.7 ㎜ in 2009. The annual average water storage was 57.3%. It decreased during agricultural season and then increased again after monsoon rainfall. The loads of BOD were 3,799 ㎏day -1 , and 81% of them came from livestock and household. The TN and TP loads were 1,164 ㎏day -1 and 170 ㎏day -1 , respectively, and 76% of them came from livestock. We assessed water quality of the Junam reservoir using 17 variables. According to the result, the reservoir met the fourth grade, meaning slightly bad, because of high concentration of COD, SS and chlorophyll-a. Eutrophication assessment was conducted by revised Carlson's Index (TSIm, Aizaki), and it was found that the entire lake was eutrophicated with high chlorophyll-a concentration all through the year, except during February to April and in July. A total of 76 phytoplankton species were identified from the samples. Among them, the largest number of species were Chlorophyceae with 33 species(43.4%), followed by Bacilliophyceae with 27 species(35.5%), Cyanophyceae with 8 species(10.5%), and Cryptophyceae with species(10.5%). The total cell number of phytoplankton was the highest in October(7,884 cells mL -1 ) among Cyanophyceae and Bacilliophyceae. The seasonal succession of Chlorophyceae (Chlamydomonas spp.), Cyanophyceae(Microcystis aeruginosa) and Cryptophyceae(Rhodomonas spp.) was observed during January to May, July to September and October to December respectively.

The influence of the point source inflow on the water quality variation in the downstream of Hyeongsan River was investigated. As the results of seasonal variation, the pollutant concentrations of dry season were 1.5~4 times higher than those of wet season. The increase rate of BOD5, CODMn, T-N, T-P due to point source were ranged to 8.1~42.6%, 7.3~41.9% and 17.1~207% as the inflow of P1, P2 and P3, respectively. After P1, P2 and P3 inflow, the accumulated increase rate were 64.3%, 32.6%, 93.1% and 258.9% in BOD5, CODMn, T-N, T-P, respectively. It was found that the influence of point source inflow on the water quality in the downstream of Hyeongsan River is severe.

A comprehensive quality survey for heavy metals, organophosphorous and organochlorine residual pesticides, and coplanar PCBs in samples such as water, sediments and soils as well as spiders has been implemented. The samples were undertaken at nine stream sites and their vicinity in August 2006, representing different surrounding environments. The levels of PCBs were expressed as concentrations and WHO-TEFs. Among 12 coplanar PCBs as target compounds in this study, 2,3',4,4',5-PentaCB (IUPAC # 118) was the congener with the highest concentration. The total concentrations and TEF values of coplanar PCBs in Siheung stream sediment (heavy industrial complex site located in Ansan city) were 3915.50 pg/g and 0.8366 pg-TEQ/g on a dry weight basis, respectively. Such levels were around 40 times higher compared to sediment from Gapyung stream (green site located in the upper of Myunggi mountain). It is probably due to the direct input of PCBs from PCBs treatment materials. Organophosphorous (EPN, dementon-s-methyl, diazinon, parathion, and phenthoate) and organochlorine (alpha-BHC, aldrin, 4,4'-DDT, 4,4'-DDE, endosulfan alpha and etc.) pesticides were not detected above 5 ppb of detection limits. The concentrations of Cu and Cd in water and sediment samples from Siheung stream were 44.11 and 0.17 ug/㎖ and 713.42 ㎍/g and 3.73 ㎍/g, respectively, which contained 20～40 times higher concentrations than those from Gapyung stream. In addition to the water and sediment samples, the levels of heavy metals in spider from designated sampling sites were also determined. Heavy metals in spider collected near Siheung stream was appeared to be equivalent and/or a little higher levels with respect to other spiders. Furthermore, the ratio of relative heavy metals (Cu, Cd, and Pb) in spider from each stream site showed a correlation as similar as that of heavy metals in soil samples.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the water pollution degree in the Mid-Nakdong River watershed regarding to landcover types using GIS method. As a result of landcover classification, rate of urban appeared highly on Daegu Metropolitan city. Also, rate of agriculture showed highly in the riparian zones of the Nakdong and Guemho River and rate of forest appeared highly in the borders of the study area. To identify the groups of watershed with similar landcover patterns using the Cluster Analysis. According to the cluster analysis, the fifty sub-watersheds were grouped in three clusters, "Urban watershed", "Agriculture watershed", "Forest watershed". The proportion of urban area in each cluster had a positive correlation with water pollution degree. Otherwise, the proportion of agriculture in the Agriculture watershed had a high positive correlation with water pollution degree. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate environmental capacity of water quality considering ecological and environmental characteristics of watershed ecosystem and expand water quality monitoring systems to small stream.

하천을 따라 분포된 비점 오염원을 하천 수질모형의 매개변수들과 동시에 추정하는 체계적인 방법을 제안하였다. 수립된 방법을 QUAL2E 모형과 함께 충주댐 하류의 남한강 구간에 적용하여 모형의 반응계수와 비점 오염 부하량에 대한 최적 추정을 수행하였다. 민감도 분석 결과로부터 선정된 반응계수들에 대한 초기 추정 결과에 따르면 하천 시스템에 대한 질량수지가 만족되기 위해서는 질소와 인의 비점 오염 부하량의 입력이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라 총질소와

In this study, the material cycle model was applied to suggest alternative management of water quality for Jeju Harbor. The distribution of COD, DIN (dissolved inorganic nitrogen) and DIP (dissolved inorganic phosphorus) concentrations was reasonably reproduced by simulations on the model area of the Jeju Harbor using a material cycle model. The simulations of COD, DIN and DIP concentrations were performed under the conditions of 20～100% pollution loadings reductions from pollution sources. In case of the 100% reduction of the input loads from Sanzi river, concentrations of COD, DIN and DIP were reduced to 39%, 78% and 52%, respectively at Jeju harbor. In contrast, in case of the pollutant loadings reductions from sediment, the effect of DIN and DIP reduction relatively seemed to increase around the center of study area. The 95% reduction of the pollutant loadings from river and sediment is required to meet the COD and nutrients concentration of second grade of ocean water quality criteria.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of water quality in Jeju harbor and to estimate pollutant loadings discharged into Jeju Harbor. To know characteristics of water quality in Jeju harbor and pollutant loadings of Sanzi river, we have investigated from August, 2000 to May, 2001. The results showed that the concentrations of COD, DIN and DIP were in the range of 1.00～4.85㎎/L (mean 2.15㎎/L), 2.14～74.0㎍-at/L(mean 12.20㎍-at/L) and 0.52～4.00㎍-at/L(mean 1.18㎍-at/L), respectively. These values were under Ⅲ class of seawater quality criteria. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus was lower than 16 except for Station 1 in Jeju harbor. Therefore, nitrogen was playing an important role in phytoplankton growth as limiting factor in Jeju harbor. The mean values of eutrophication index were exceeding 1, which was the eutrophication criteria. The results of estimating pollutant loadings at Sanzi river are 0.30 ton/day for COD, 300㎏/day for DIN and 18.0㎏/day for DIP, respectively.

To investigate water quality and pollution states of rivers in Gwangju city, total of 30 water samples were taken from the main stream of Yeongsan river, Hwangryong river and Gwangju stream in dry and flood seasons. Physico-chemical characteristics of above streams according to pH-Eh and Piper’s diagrams are, typically, assigned to natural river water. In the streams, BOD, COD, T-N and T-P indicating water quality mostly increase toward downstream. Notably, water qualities in area near connection between the Gwangju stream and the main stream of Yeongsan river are polluted over V level in rivers and lakes water quality standard. The pollutions are influenced by life and agricultural foul waters from Gwangju City and farming areas around upstream branches of the Yeongsan river, reasonably. Besides, heavy metals are below the standard in those streams. So, it is considered that the streams are polluted by not industrial but life/agricultural foul waters.

In order to provide the basic information on the environmental pollution of Kyungsan province, the contents of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn in soil, stream water, aquatic sediment and groundwater were investigated, and also the values of pH, COD, KMnO4-C, NH3-N, NO2-N, NO3-N and Cl- of stream water and groundwater were determined. The results were as follows. The values of COD, NH3-N, NO2-N and NO3-N of the stream waters were very low. The contents of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn in the stream waters were respectively at range of 0.014～0.063 ㎎/ℓ, 0.004～0.007 ㎎/ℓ, 0～0.045 ㎎/ℓ, 0～0.008 ㎎/ℓ and 0.001～0.175 ㎎/ℓ, and these values were much lower than those of contaminated stream water in Korea. The contents of Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn in the soils were respectively at range of 0.12～0.71 ppm, 0.88～2.65 ppm, 2.86～22.33 ppm and 3.89～26.39 ppm, and these values were much lower than those of ordinary polluted areas in Korea. The contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, As, Zn and Mn in the aquatic sediments were respectively at range of 3.05～3.81 ppm, 14.6～70.6 ppm, 13.74～61.59 ppm, 76.8～465.5 ppm, 12.56～190.83 ppm and 333.3～1188.3 ppm. The values of pH, KMnO4-C, NH3-N and NO3-N of the groundwaters were respectively at range of 7.6～8.4, 0～3.95 ㎖, 0.05～0.15 ㎎/ℓ and 0.05～0.42 ㎎/ℓ. The contents of Pb, Cd and Cr in the groundwaters were respectively at range of 0.015～0.061 ㎎/ℓ, 0.006～0.009 ㎎/ℓ and 0.005～0.045 ㎎/ℓ.

The Keum river has been utilized for drinking water supply of several city including Kunsan city and is deepening pollution state due to numerous municipal and industrial discharges. The concentration BOD in river is affected by the organic loading from a tributary and the algae biomass that largely happen to under eutrophication state. In the eutrophic water mass such as the Keum river, the autochthonous BOD was very important part for making a decision of water quality management, because it was accounted for majority of the total BOD. The predict of water quality has important meaning for management of water quality pollution of the Keum river. The purpose of this study will manage and predict water quality of the Keum river using QUAL-2E model considering the autochthonous BOD. The estimation of autochthonous BOD represented that the relationship between BOD and chlorophyll a. The regression equation was shown to be autochthonous BOD=β5×chlorophyll a. The results of this study may be summarized as followed; The QUAL-2E model was calibrated with the data surveyed in the field of the study area in June, 1998. The calculated value by QUAL-2E model are in good agree to measured value within relative error of 7.80∼20.33%. Especially, in the case of the considering autochthonous BOD, the calculated value of BOD were fairly good coincided with the observed values within relative error of 15%. But the case of not considering autochthonous BOD, relative error of BOD was shown to be 43.2%. In order to attain Ⅱ grade of water quality standard in Puyo station which has a intake facility of water supply, we reduced to the pollutants loading of tributaries. In the case of removed 100% BOD of tributaries, the BOD of Puyo station was 4.07㎎/ℓ, belong to Ⅲ grade of water quality standard. But in the case of removed 88% nutrient of tributaries, it was satisfied to Ⅱ grade of water quality standard as below 3㎎/ℓof BOD. For estimation of autochthonous BOD in Keum river, we are performed simulating in accordance with reduction of nutrient load(50∼100%) under conditions removal 90% organic load. Occupancy of autochthonous BOD according to nutrient loading reductions were varied from 25.97∼79.51%. Occupancy of autochthonous BOD was shown to be a tendency to increasing in accordance with reduction of nutrient loading. Showing the above results, the nutrient that one of the growing factor of algae was important role in decision of BOD in the Keum river. For the water quality management of the Keum river, therefore, it is necessary to considering autochthonous BOD and to construction of advanced sewage treatment plant for nutrient removal.