This study was conducted to analyze the characteristics of odorous components that have been generated from the downtown sewer system based on twenty-three survey items for complex odor and designated offensive odor. As a result of the research, the contribution rates for the causative materials of the odor indicated 73.5% of hydrogen sulfide, 26.0% of methyl mercaptan, 0.4% of dimethyl sulfide, and 0.1% of dimethyl disulfide. The occurrence for the odorous materials according to sampling site revealed data of which contribution rates showed 56.9% of hydrogen sulfide and 36.8% of methyl mercaptan from the combined sewer system in the business district; whereas the combined sewer system in the residential area showed 16.4% of dimethyl sulfide and 4.3% of dimethyl disulfide. The seasonal occurrence rate of the odor materials was observed higher in summer and lower in winter And, the combined sewer system in the business district recorded the highest concentration of 4.61 ppm of hydrogen sulfide among the sampling site. An hourly occurrence rate for the odor materials consistently showed the greatest increase between 11:00 and 14:00 at each location and showed a decreasing tendency afterward.

The number of complaints of odor in urban area has been increased due to mixed industrial areas of odor-related factories and municipal waste treatment odor-producing facilities located in adjacent residential regions. In this study, the characteristics of odor were reviewed according to two types of complaint from regions in Incheon area. In this study, the characteristics of odor were reviewed in two patterns of odor complaints in Incheon area such as the complaints are maintained high continuously and are increased in recent period. International city with largescale residential areas with the environmental facilities and redevelopment of residential regions with the adjacent industrial complexes and other odor emission sources were analyzed. Based on these characteristics, the odor management measures of major odor generating sources in order to improve urban environment were discussed with reducing odor complaints effectively.

Sludge incineration facilities are socially recognized as a hate facility. Therefore, a careful deodorization plan must be established. Therefore, the incineration facility must conduct research on odor ventilation. In this study, a odor diffusion simulation in an incineration facility was conducted and analyzed. In particular, research was carried out on carry-in rooms, pre-treatment rooms, and storage facilities for crops, which are expected to rapidly spread odor. As a result, ammonia 1.62, hydrogen sulfide 0.63, and acetaldehyde 0.73 were found in the transfer room. In addition, pretreatment rooms and stencil storage facilities were found to be lower than regulatory standards.

In this study, the main odorous substances were selected for each swine facility by investigating the concentration and occurrence characteristics of odorous substances according to farm facilities. The objective was to find a solution to manage odor effectively in swine farms. Samples collected from the boundary site, manure storage, fan, and indoor the swine building were analyzed for concentration, odor activity value (OAV), and odor contribution. As a result, there was a difference in the concentration of odorous substances as well as the tendency of OAV in each swine facility. Also, the main substances of odor in the farms were similar, but odor contribution differed from facility to facility. Therefore, it is considered that the odor management efficiency will be improved only if the proper odor reduction method is applied according to the types of main odorous substances in swine facilities.

Most of the odorous substances generated in public environment facilities are treated using a local exhaust ventilation system. This study assessed the leakage of odorous substances by measuring design criteria, collected air volume, and complex odor in the unit process of sewage treatment facilities. The closer the guideline/design operation airflow ratio of each odor source is to 1.0, the more identical the guideline:design:operation airflow. The average air volume ratio of the facilities under the study was 0.95~0.99 for the MBR process and 0.29~0.68 for the BNR process. As a result of comparing the types of wastewater treatment processes, the leakage of odorous substances was about 9.7 times higher in the BNR process (192,732 m3/min) than in the MBR process (19,838 m3/ min). In this study, it was found that the following two means are important for the proper collection and prevention of odorous substances. The first is the estimation of collection air volume with consideration to the characteristics of the odor source (temperature, odor generation condition, etc.). The second is the design and operation of the local exhaust ventilation system.

The concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odor-inducing substances were measured using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometers (SIFT-MS) and a drone equipped with an air quality monitoring system. SIFT-MS can continuously measure the concentration of VOCs and odor-inducing substances in realtime without any pre-treating steps for the sample. The vehicle with SIFT-MS was used for real-time measurement of VOC concentration at the site boundaries of pollution sources. It is possible to directly analyze VOCs concentration generated at the outlets by capturing air from the pollution sources with a drone. VOCs concentrations of nine spots from Banwol National Industrial Complex were measured by a vehicle equipped with SIFT-MS and were compared with the background concentration measured inside the Metropolitan Air Quality Management Office. In three out of the nine spots, the concentration of toluene, xylene, hydrogen sulfide, and methyl ethyl ketone was shown to be much higher than the background concentration. The VOCs concentrations obtained using drones for high-concentration suspected areas showed similar tendencies as those measured using the vehicle with SIFTMS at the site boundary. We showed that if both the drone and real-time air quality monitoring equipment are used to measure VOCs concentration, it is possible to identify the pollutant sources at the industrial complex quickly and efficiently check sites with high concentrations of VOCs.

n-Butanol is used to assess how odor intensity correction affects judges’ evaluation of the odor intensity based on the concentration. The odor intensity correction effect is verified by using three types of test solutions which are used for the selection of judges based on their concentration levels. The correction effect is statistically analyzed according to gender, odorant type, and concentration on the group and individual level. The result shows that n- Butanol correction affects the odor intensity evaluation for three odorants in different ways. In most cases, n- Butanol correction increases the panelists' sensitivity to the odor intensity change, and results to be close to the theoretical value. The female panelists can more accurately evaluate the sourness intensity of acetic acid after n- Butanol correction. All panelists regardless of gender can more accurately evaluate the fishiness intensity of trimethylamine after n-Butanol correction. For evaluating the caramel smell intensity of methylcyclopentenolone, a full panel without n-Butanol correction is recommended. Therefore, n-Butanol correction should be included in the process of judge selection and the odor intensity assessment.

In this study, real-time monitoring of air quality using a real-time mobile monitoring system was conducted to identify the emission characteristics and current status of air pollutants and odorous substances that are mainly generated in domestic dyeing industrial areas and to trace the pollutant sources. The concentration of toluene in the industrial area was detected up to 926.4 ppb, which was 3 to 4 times higher than that of other industrial areas. The concentration of methylethylketone was 124.7 ppb and the concentration of dichloromethane was 129.5 ppb. Acrolein concentration was highest at E point at 521.6 ppb, methanol concentration was highest at D point at 208.8 ppb, and acetone concentration was highest at M and N points at 549.3 ppb. The most frequently detected concentration of pollutants in the air quality monitoring results in the industrial area was, in descending order, toluene > methanol > acrolein > dichloromethane > acetone, which was similar to the chemical emissions used in the industrial area by the Pollutant Release and Transfer Register data. The concentration of odorous substances measured in real time was compared with the concentration of minimum detection, and the concentration of hydrogen sulfide was about 10 times higher than the concentration of minimum detection at A point, which was judged to be the main odorous cause of A point. In the future, if the real-time mobile measurement system is constructed to automatically connect wind direction/wind speed, PRTR (Pollutant Release and Transfer Register) data and SEMS (Stack Emission Management System) data, etc., it was judged that more accurate monitoring could be performed.

In this study, the grid field olfactory odor method was supplemented to the domestic situation in the surrounding areas of a domestic science industrial complex. The actual condition of the occurrence of odor frequency in the field was then investigated over the first period of late spring to summer and the second period of autumn in 2017. The frequency of odor occurrence in the area around the science industrial complex was increased as odor discharge facilities in the nearby area were concentrated. The odor occurrence frequency of the total period was 0.09~0.28, that of the first period was 0.08~0.32, and that of the second period was 0.05~0.25. The odor occurrence frequency in summer was higher than in autumn. The frequency by which the measurement of odor occurrence by smell type was most dominant was mainly smell of chemicals, plastics, and livestock houses during the first period, and the smell of chemicals, burning gases, and plastics during the second period. And the frequency of each smell type was judged to be different according to season. The odor occurrence frequency was measured as higher than 0.15, which is the standard of Germany's odor frequency in an industrial area, and it was judged that measures for odor management in the region were necessary. Since most of the odor discharge facilities are non-continuous systems and the odor generation frequency is more important than the concentration of the minimum detection concentration, it was judged that the German grid method can reflect the odor occurrence characteristics of the odor complaints or receptors for a certain period of time compared to the domestic measurement method. In the future, it was judged that the field olfactory odor method would be able to replace the evaluation method of odor assessment in Korea with the survey method of odor assessment under actual conditions in areas where it is difficult to access the odor discharge source or the receptor where odor complaints occur.

The emission of odor, characterized by the combustion conditions and biomass types resulting from the use of a biomass incinerator, was analyzed. The following biomass types were considered: bark, board waste, sawdust, wood flour, wood fiver, wastewater sludge, and timber wastewater. As a study method, the physico-chemical characteristics of each biomass type were analyzed to predict the potential substances that might be emited under incomplete combustion conditions. And, the emission components of odor emission by biomass were analyzed at the laboratory level using a combustion device. In addition, the characteristics of the contaminant (odor) emission per mixture ratio of biomass were analyzed in a stoker incinerator that is in operation in an actual establishment at a scale of 300 ton/day. In the biomass emission experiment using the combustion device at the laboratory level, the major substances such as Acetic acid, Styrene, Toluene, Benzene, Dichloromethane, etc. were analyzed, and these components were determined to increase odor index. VOCs measurement in the outlet of the stoker incinerator indicated that Acetaldehyde, Ethanol, Acetonitrile, Ethyl acetate, Toluene, etc. were detected as the major substances. These were similar to the emission substances presented by the experiment that had investigated emissions by biomass type. A study on the Effect of Operational Conditions in biomass stocker incinerator on the concentration of odorous materials emitted from stack showed a close relationship between the input by biomass type and urea, temperature in the incinerator, and the tendency to emit/produce odor.

This study was performed to evaluate the odor occurrence of offensive leather odor in a district in Gyeonggi-do, where Jeil industrial complex is located, and its residential district, by using olfactory field frequency measurement (Gird Method). In addition, we measured the composite odor. The target points were 9 spots in Jeil industrial complex and 12 spots in the residential district, and we conducted the measurements 13 times each spot. As a result, odor occurrence in descending order was investigated as follows, leather industry > drug industry > food industry. Moreover, odor exposure of the industrial complex exceeded the industrial zone standard of 0.15 (=German odor standard) in all 9 spots (average 0.78). In addition, odor exposure of the residential district exceeded the residential zone standard of 0.10 (=German odor standard) in 12 spots (average 0.78). All the composite odors were below 20 (industrial zone standard). However, as the odor intensity of the sampling site and the lab analysis data showed a large deviation, we found that much supplementation is needed of the odor analysis techniques in the equipment measurement methods.

본 연구의 목적은 악취 발생 저감을 위해 국내에서 최근 권고되는 밀폐(무창)형 돈사와 기존 개방형 돈 사의 비용 편익을 분석하여 이러한 추진 방향의 객관적 타당성을 확보하는 데 있다. 두 돈사 유형의 비용은 설치비와 운용비로 구분한 후 관련 문헌 자료와 현장 조사 결과를 근거로 추정하였고, 편익은 축산 환경 전문가들을 대상으로 한 델파이 설문 조사 기법 적용을 통해 추정하였다. 비용 편익 분석 결과, 양돈 규모에 상관없이 개방형과 밀폐형 돈사 모두 편익/비용 비율이 1 초과로 추정되어 돼지 생산에 따른 경제적 이익이 창출되는 것으로 분석되었다. 하지만 소규모, 중규모, 대규모 양돈 농가 모두 밀폐(무창)형 돈사의 편익/비용 비율(B/C ratio)이 개방형 돈사보다 상대적으로 모두 높은 것으로 추정되었다. 결론적으로 기존 양돈 농가들의 인·허가 시 경제성 우위 측면뿐만 아니라 축산 악취의 효율적 관리를 위해서도 개방형 돈사를 밀폐(무창)형 돈사로 변경하도록 권고해야 하며, 특히 편익/비용 비율이 상대적으로 가장 높은 수치를 보인 대규모 농가인 경우 이를 이행 조치하는 것이 합리적이라 판단된다.

Recently, a number of researchers have produced research and reports in order to forecast more exactly air quality such as particulate matter and odor. However, such research mainly focuses on the atmospheric diffusion models that have been used for the air quality prediction in environmental engineering area. Even though it has various merits, it has some limitation in that it uses very limited spatial attributes such as geographical attributes. Thus, we propose the new approach to forecast an air quality using a deep learning based ensemble model combining temporal and spatial predictor. The temporal predictor employs the RNN LSTM and the spatial predictor is based on the geographically weighted regression model. The ensemble model also uses the RNN LSTM that combines two models with stacking structure. The ensemble model is capable of inferring the air quality of the areas without air quality monitoring station, and even forecasting future air quality. We installed the IoT sensors measuring PM2.5, PM10, H2S, NH3, VOC at the 8 stations in Jeonju in order to gather air quality data. The numerical results showed that our new model has very exact prediction capability with comparison to the real measured data. It implies that the spatial attributes should be considered to more exact air quality prediction.

본 연구는 계란 생산성, 계란품질 및 악취저감에 관한 Bacillus subtillus, Streptomyces galilaeus 및 Sphingobacteriaceae로 구성된 복합생균제(PM, probiotic mixture)의 효과를 조사하였다. 산란계 Hy-Line Brown 240수를 4처리구로 구분하여 6주 동안 사육하였다. 처리구는 복합생균제를 함유하지 않은 대조구(CON, control), 일반생균제(CP3, commercial probiotics 0.3%), 복합생균제 3(PM3, 복합생균제 0.3%), 복합생균제 5(PM5, 복합생균제 0.5%)로 구분하였다. 산란율, 계란 호우유니트, 난각두께, 난각강도, 난황색 및 농후난백 높이는 PM3, PM5가 CON 및 CP3에 비해서 높았다. 계분으로부터 암모니아, E. coli, 총호기성균, Coliform, Salmonella 균수는 CON>CP3>PM3>PM5 순서로 증가하였다. 본 결과는 B. subtillus, S. galilaeus 및 Sphingobacteriaceae로 구성된 복합생균제 0.3%가 산란율, 계란품질 개선 및 분에서 암모니아 발생을 낮추어 양계장 악취저감 효과를 갖는다는 점을 보여 준다.

We used three gas sensors to monitor hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which were frequently emitted from environmental facilities, such as municipal wastewater treatment, livestock manure treatment, and food waste composting facilities. Two electrochemical (EC) sensors for detecting hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, and a photoionization detector (PID) sensor for detecting VOCs were characterized in this study. The performance of their linearity by concentration levels, lower detection limit (LDL), repeatability, reproducibility, precision, and response time were tested under the laboratory condition. The linearity according to concentration levels were favorable for all three sensors with high correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.98). The ammonia sensor showed the highest LDL (18.6 ppb) and the hydrogen sulfide and VOC sensors showed 22.3 ppb and 26.7 ppb of LDL, respectively. The reproducibility and precision were favorable for all three sensors, indicating a lower relative standard deviation (RSD) than 0.9% in the reproducibility test and 7.2% in the precision test. The response times to reach target concentration were varied from 1 to 12 minutes. The ammonia sensor needed 12 minutes of response time at 1 ppm target the NH3 concentration and the hydrogen sulfide and VOC sensors needed less than 2 minutes of response time.

Odor emitted from food waste is commonly known as a severe problem, and needs to be controlled to minimize public complaints against food waste collection systems. In this study, ozone oxidation with manganese oxide catalyst, which is known to effectively treat odorous substances at room temperature, was applied to remove acetaldehyde and hydrogen sulfide, the model odorous compounds from food waste. In addition, the effect of relative humidity (RH) on the ozone/catalyst oxidation was tested at 40%, 60%, and 80%. When the catalyst was not applied, the removal of acetaldehyde was not observed with the ozone oxidation alone. In addition, hydrogen sulfide was slowly oxidized without a clear relationship under RH conditions. Meanwhile, the ozone oxidation rates for acetaldehyde and hydrogen sulfide substantially increased in the presence of the catalyst, but the removal efficiencies for both compounds decreased with increasing RH. Under the high RH conditions, active oxygen radicals, which were generated by ozone decomposition on the surface of the catalyst, were presumably absorbed and reacted with moisture, and the decomposition rate of the odorous compounds might be limited. Consequently, when the ozone oxidation device with a catalyst was applied to control odor from food waste, RH must be taken into account to determine the removal rates of target compounds. Moreover, its effect on the system performance must be carefully evaluated.

Since the implementation of the Odor Prevention Act in 2005, the number of odor complaints has continuously increased due to the increased interest in the living environment. The current odor control means is a concentrationbased method for the source of odor. That is why there is a difference between the odor sensitivity and the result of the odor measurement in the odor damage area. The government is considering the introduction of the grid method, which is the odor management method of Germany, as the method of odor investigation in the odor damage area in the second comprehensive Odor Prevention Policy (2019-2028). The grid method is receptor-based odor measurement method that investigators use to judge odors in the field, task that expensive and requires substantial manpower and time. To study an odor measurement method that is suitable for domestic conditions, this study compared the correlation between results based on the odor frequency concept grid method around the livestock facilities and the result of ammonia concentration measured by passive air sampler. The correlation coefficient (R) that is between the frequency of odor per spot for the entire odor and the ammonia concentration that was measured by passive air sampler was 0.65 which is relatively good. Among the entire odor detected by the grid method, the correlation coefficient (R) between the odor frequency selected only for livestock odor and the ammonia concentration was significantly increased to 0.80. In addition, the correlation between odor exposure (ECPexist) and the ammonia concentration for the overall odor was 0.81 (linear) and 0.86 (index). If only the livestock odors were selected, the correlation between odor exposure and the ammonia concentration was very high at 0.96 (linear) and 0.95 (index).

We analyzed volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of petroleum-based laundry solvents in closed systems by static headspace analysis and investigated the emission characteristics of odorous compounds emitted from organic solvents in the small-scale dry cleaning process. The compounds containing eight to eleven carbon atoms were analyzed to account for 96.92% of the total peak area in a GC-MS chromatogram. It was found that the compounds with ten carbon atoms showed the largest proportion. In the small-scale dry cleaning process (3 kg of laundry and 40 min of drying time), a total of 36 VOCs was quantified, and the odor contribution of these compounds was evaluated. The sum of the odor quotient (SOQ) was analyzed up to 151±163 in the first 12 min of operation. The main odor-causing compounds were acrolein, ethylbenzene, hexane, acetone, and decane, and their odor contributions were 32.28%, 13.47%, 10.52%, 10.20%, and 8.08%, respectively.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the odor reduction in swine farms by the application of probiotics. A total of five farms were selected from the preliminary survey based on the management scale, odor gas concentration level, and production efficiency. The application of probiotics consisted of feeding swine high concentrations of probiotics, addition of odor-reducing agents in the slurry pit, and the spraying of swine houses. The concentration of probiotics given per pig per day was above 107 cfu/g. The odor was measured before and after probiotics application for 77 days in the swine farms. With the exception of E farm, the odor concentration decreased in four farms with probiotics application. Ammonia and amine concentrations were reduced by 48.24% and 45.37% on average, respectively. The main causes of odor were hydrogen sulfide, p-cresol, and butyric acid. The total odor activity value was the lowest in D farm, followed by B, A, E, and C farms, respectively in increasing order. In the case of C farm, hydrogen sulfide accounted for 92% of the total odor activity value. In order to verify the reliability and effectiveness of probiotics at the farm site, appropriate application and monitoring should be performed continuously on the basis of the product quality evaluation system.

본 연구는 돈사 내 저장된 돼지분뇨 슬러리에 액상 일라이트와 일라이트 분말을 첨가하여 악취에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 공시 돼지는 3원교잡종(Yorkshire×Land race×Duroc) 4개월령 암컷 비육돈 (65~68 kg) 360두를 이용하였다. 시험구 배치는 무처리한 대조구와 돼지분뇨 슬러리에 일라이트 액상 33%와 분말 5%를 첨가한 처리구로 3반복(40두) 120두에 적용하여 완전 임의배치법의 3주간 사양 시험 하였다. 악취 저감제 처리는 슬러리 피트(slurry pit ; 3.75 m×9 m×1.2 m, 20 ton 저장 규모)아래에 저장된 슬러리양을 계산하여 일정한 비율에 맞추고, 매주 액상 일라이트는 분무하거나 또는 일라이트 분말은 뿌려주었다. 악취 측정은 슬러리 피트 위 10 cm 위치에서 암모니아, 황화수소, 메틸 메르캅탄 및 디메틸 설파이드를 측정하였다. 사양기간 동안 암모니아 발생량은 일라이트 처리 형태에 의해 크게 영향을 주었다(p<0.05). 특히 암모니아 발생량은 액상 일라이트 33% 처리구는 30~46%, 일라이트 분말 5% 처리구에서는 30~54% 감소되었다. 황화수소 발생량은 2018년 12월 24일에 측정된 결과를 제외 하고 사양기간 동안 일라이트 처리 형태에 따라 유의적으로 영향을 주었다(p<0.05). 처리구의 황화수 소 발생 감소량은 대조구와 비교할 때, 액상 일라이트 33% 처리구에서는 16~60%, 일라이트 분말 5% 처리구는 7~59%였다. 측정기간 동안 평균 메틸 메르캅탄과 디메틸 설파이드 농도는 모든 시험구에서 발생되지 않았다. 3주간 사양 시험에서 평균 암모니아 농도의 경우, 액상 일라이트 33% 처리구는 38.6%, 일라이트 분말 5% 처리구는 39.7% 감소되었다(p<0.05). 평균 황화수소 농도는 액상 일라이트 33% 처리구와 일라이트 분말 5% 처리구는 비슷한 수준인 42.5% 감소되는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 결론적으로 본 사양시험의 결과 액상 또는 분말 일라이트 처리는 돈사 내 발생되는 암모니아와 황화수소에 대한 유의미한 저감효과를 나타내었다.