Initial and convalescent treatment of acute pancreatitis (AP) is important in order to improve the prognosis and prevent the recurrence in the patients with AP. Initial intensive treatment includes fluid therapy, pain control, antimicrobial therapy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and nutritional support. Goal-directed therapy is recommended for fluid therapy, and the routine use of prophylactic antibiotics is not recommended. In acute gallstone pancreatitis, urgent ERCP should be performed only in patients with cholangitis or persistent cholestasis. Early oral feeding is advisable as tolerated and enteral feeding via nasogastric or nasojejunal tube appear comparable. In convalescent treatment, cholecystectomy during the initial admission is advisable for mild biliary pancreatitis with gallstone as possible, and treatment against alcohol dependence is considerable for recurrent acute alcoholic pancreatitis. In this review, we recommend practice guidelines for initial treatment, nutritional support, and convalescent treatment.

본 연구에서는 대추 열수추출물에 대한 유산균 발효를 통해 기능성 소재로서의 가능성을 알아보고자 하여 열수추출물에 L. plantarum 을 접종하여 유산균 발효물을 제조하였으며, 열수추출물과 유산균 발효물의 영양성분 및 항산화능을 비교 ․ 분석하였다. 대추 열수추 출물에 접종한 유산균은 초기 12시간 만에 증가하였으며, 이후 72 시간까지 큰 증감없이 그 수를 유지하여 대추 열수추출물은 유산균 의 생육에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다. 열수추출물과 유산균 발효물 의 당도, pH 및 총산도를 측정한 결과, 당도는 유산균 발효 여부와 관계없이 열수추출횟수가 증가할수록 높아졌으며, pH는 유산균 발 효 이후 현저히 감소하였고, 총산도는 2차 열수추출물의 발효물에 서만 유의적으로 증가하였다. 2차 열수추출물의 유산균 발효 여부 에 따른 일반영양성분 분석 결과, 모든 성분에서 유의적 차이를 보 이지 않았으며, DPPH 및 ABTS free radical 소거활성능은 유산 균 발효 여부에 관계없이 열수 추출횟수에 비례하여 증가하여 2차 열수추출물과 그의 발효물에서 가장 높은 결과를 나타내었다. 총폴 리페놀 함량 또한 유산균 발효여부에 관계없이 1차 열수추출물에 서 가장 높은 값이 관찰되었다. 본 연구를 통해 대추 열수추출물은 유산균 생육에 전혀 영향을 미치지 않아 유산균 발효물 제조 가능 성을 확인했으며, 또한 항산화능과 총폴리페놀 함량은 열수추출횟 수에 의해 영향을 받는다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 하지만, 열수추출 물과 유산균 발효물 사이에 일반영양성분 및 항산화능에 큰 차이 는 없었으며, 이는 L. plantarum 단일 균주로만 연구를 진행했기 때문으로 여겨진다. 따라서 추후에 다양한 유산균주를 사용하여 대추 열수추출물의 발효를 시도해 항산화능을 비롯한 다양한 기능 성을 증가시킬 수 있는 유산균주를 탐색할 필요가 있을 것으로 사 료된다.

Unhealthy dietary behavior such as insufficient calcium intake can be one of risk factors of osteoporosis and chronic diseases in older people. This study evaluated the recent trends in dietary calcium intake and the food source in Korean adults aged 50 years or older using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2015-2019) data. This study used 24-hour recall survey data to investigate the calcium intake, the major food groups and main dishes contributing to the calcium intake. The mean calcium intake was 479.55-506.81 mg/day. The major food groups that contribute to calcium intake were vegetables, milks and fishes. Dairy and frozen desserts and kimchi were the major dish groups that contributed to the calcium intake. Calcium intake from milk in dairy and frozen dessert group has been high in last 5 years (50-64 years old: 34.71-47.68 mg, 65-74 years old: 29.72-43.65 mg, over 75 years old: 22.91-42.93 mg). In addition, baechu-kimchi is the most contributed to the calcium intake in kimchi group (50-64 years old: 35.10-41.47 mg, 65-74 years old: 29.62-34.96 mg, over 75 years old: 23.79-29.13 mg). In conclusion, various source of calcium needs to be recommended to increase intake calcium in over 50 years, which may reduce chronic diseases and improve quality of life.

This study examined the nutrient intake of Korean adults by considering the lunch type, categorized as home meals (HM), eating out (EO), and institutional meals (IM). Data was obtained from the 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Totally, 3,786 adults (1,643 men, and 2,143 women) aged between 19-64 years were included in the study. Subjects with daily energy intake of less than 500 kcal or over 5,000 kcal, and those who skipped lunch, were excluded. The percentage of subjects in the HM, EO, and IM were 31.9, 53.6, and 14.4%, respectively. The daily energy intakes of the HM, EO, and IM groups were determined to be 2,185, 2,360, and 2,339 kcal, respectively, in men, and 1,622, 1,731, and 1,741 kcal, respectively, in women. Among the three groups, men in the EO group had more intake of fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, and riboflavin, and less dietary fiber, and whereas women consumed more fat and less dietary fiber and potassium. In the IM group, the men consumed more dietary fiber, potassium, and thiamine, whereas consumption of carbohydrate, unsaturated fatty acid, sodium, potassium, and thiamine was more in women. Energy contributions of carbohydrate, protein, and fat were all within the AMDR (acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges) for all lunch types, except for the percent of energy provided from saturated fat in EO (7.4% in men, and 8.2% in women). Our results indicate that the dietary habit of frequently eating out increases the fat intake, thereby resulting in increased health risks for adults. Thus, implementation of a nutritional education program to encourage balanced dietary habits is required to improve the nutritional status of individuals eating out.

This study investigates the relationship between vitamin C intake and obesity prevalence among Korean adults. Based on data of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2017), a total of 1,356 participants were included in this analysis. Increasing the dietary vitamin C intake resulted in a significantly decreased occurrence of BMI obesity prevalence (p for trend=0.0194) and WC obesity prevalence (p for trend=0.0452). Moreover, increasing the dietary vitamin C intake of Korean adults having a high frequency of eating breakfast resulted in significantly decreased BMI obesity prevalence (p for trend=0.0406) and WC obesity prevalence (p for trend=0.0432). Among the Korean adults who ate out frequently, decreased BMI obesity prevalence was determined with increased intakes of dietary vitamin C (p for trend=0.0193) and total vitamin C (food and dietary supplements) (p for trend=0.0429), whereas significant decrease in WC obesity prevalence was observed with increased dietary vitamin C intake (p for trend=0.0484). Our results provide conclusive evidence that consumption of dietary vitamin C is associated with obesity prevalence in Korean adults, according to their habits of eating breakfast and frequency of eating out.

목적 : 본 연구는 40세 이상 한국 성인의 수면시간과 안구건조의 관련성을 알아보기 위해 시행하였다. 방법 : 국민건강영양조사 제7기에 참가한 성인 16,119명 중 성인 2,506명을 대상으로 하였다. 수집된 자료는 복합표본설계방법으로 평균, 표준 편차, t-검정을 분석하였다. 수면시간과 안구건조의 연관성은 카이제곱으로 분석하였다. 일반적 특성이 안구건조에 영향을 분석하기 위해 로지스틱 회귀 분석하였다. 성별, 연령, 학력, 가구소득, 직업, 근무시간대, 체질량지수, 흡연, 음주 등의 변수를 통제하였다. 결과 : 분석 결과 전체 수면시간은 7시간이었다. 수면시간과 안구건조는 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 안구건조에 영향을 미치는 요인을 로지스틱 회귀분석 한 결과 안구건조는 7시간보다 5시간 이하에서 증가하였다(OR 1.93[95% CI: 1.38-2.71]). 안구건조는 남성보다 여성에서 증가하였다. 저체중보다 비만에서 증가하였으며(OR 1.89[95% CI: 1.11-3.19]), 음주에서 주 4회 이상이면 안구건조가 증가하였다(OR 2.43[95% CI: 1.42-4.16]). 결론 : 안구건조와 수면시간과의 연관성을 확인하였다. 그러므로 적절한 수면시간으로 안구건조를 예방해야 할 것이다.

The intake of processed foods containing high levels of sugar increases the incidence of chronic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Limiting sugar intake is important for a healthy life at all ages. Therefore, this study analyzed food sources and sugar intake by the different age groups based on the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). We used 24-hour recall survey data to investigate the daily sugar intake and the major food groups and main dishes contributing to sugar intake. The mean sugar intake was 58.9-66.8 g/day. The three major food groups contributing to sugar intake were fruits (15.2-19.9 g/day), beverages (10.7-12.4 g/day), and milk and milk products (7.6-7.8 g/day). Teas and other non-alcoholic beverages (14.7-17.3 g/day), fruits (12.5-16.2 g/day), and dairy products (7.0-7.6 g/day) were the major food groups that contributed to the sugar intake. Carbonated drinks, apples, and milk were the top sources of sugar intake in each group. In conclusion, the sugar intake of Koreans is mainly from carbonated drinks, fruits, and milk. These results provided the basic data for nutrition education and nutrition program development according to the different age groups of the Korean population.

Although fine dust pollution in Korea is increasing, there is no information regarding nutritional standards for fine dustrelated disease patients. This study analyzed the food and nutrient intake status in adult men with disease associated with fine dust in the area with the increased level of fine dust pollution using the sixth and seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2017). The daily intakes, and average nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) values of energy were significantly increased in the control group compared with patient groups. Compared with the control group, protein, fat and cholesterol intakes were significantly increased in the patient groups. Daily intakes of cereals and grain products in the control group were increased, whereas seasoning intake was decreased in the control group compared with patient groups. The patient groups had low daily water and vitamin B1 intakes, and the niacin intake of patient groups was significantly lower than that of the control group. Nutrition density and nutritional quality of vitamin C were significantly reduced in patient groups. This study can be used as basic data for nutrition education that emphasizes sufficient calorie, water and antioxidant vitamin intakes for patients related to fine dust pollution.

This study was conducted to examine the status of food consumption and nutrition intake of young adults according to food security using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) (2008~2018). A total of 10,655 young adults aged 19~34 years participated in the study. The subjects in the moderately/severely food insecure group consumed less fruits, vegetables, meat, nuts and seeds than those in food secure/mildly food insecure group after adjusting for confounding factors. The moderately/severely food insecure group significantly decreased mean adequacy ratio (MAR) and nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) for protein, vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus and iron compared to the food secure/ mildly food insecure group. The percentages of the participants consuming a daily diet with carbohydrate, protein, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, phosphorus and iron less than the estimated average requirement (EAR) increased in the moderately/severely food insecure group compared with the food secure group. This study suggested that the nutrition intake of young adults was related to food security status. These findings can be used as basic data for developing nutritional policies for young adults.

This study analyzed the nutritional composition (proximate composition, total dietary fiber, calories, minerals, fatty acids, and amino acids) of 10 noodle products (tteok ramyun, jjamppong ramyun, kimchi ramyun, instant udon, cup ramyun, jajangmyun, bibimmyun, cream spaghetti, ssalguksu, and milmyun), which account for 85% of the cumulative intake of one or more key nutrients, using data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The moisture contents of bibimmyun, jajangmyun, and cream spaghetti were lower than those of the other noodle products, whereas the crude fat, crude protein, carbohydrate, and calorie contents were the highest. Cream spaghetti had the highest mineral, fatty acid, and amino acid contents, followed by bibimmyun and jajangmyun. Ssalguksu had the lowest contents of most nutrients. These data could be used to populate a food composition database, which can provide consumers with the nutritional information about frequently consumed noodle products.

This study was conducted to investigate the intake status of beverages and water in Korean adults using data from the 8th National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The ‘total water’ intake was 2,250.6 g for men and 1,871.2 g for women. Men and women consumed an average of 314.9 g of ‘total beverages’, of which ‘coffee’ was the largest at 107.5 g, followed by ‘others’(65.4 g), ‘milk’ (44.8 g), ‘soda’ (44.1 g), ‘teas’ (20.9 g), and ‘fruits and vegetables’ (18.5 g). The intake of ’plain water’ was 1,059.9 g, and the intake of ’water from food’ consumed was 547.3 g. The ‘total water’ intake decreased with increasing age in males and females (p<0.001). Both men and women showed a tendency toward increased ‘total water’ intake as income levels increased. ‘Plain water’ intake accounted for 51.4% of the ‘total water’ intake in males and females. The intake of all nutrients significantly increased from the Q1 group to the Q4 group by quartile ranges of total water intake. The results of this study showed that the intake of healthy water should be considered, and care and educational programs are needed, especially for older people, to ensure adequate water intake.