The purposes of this study were to determine the effects of rehabilitation programs on functional performance of the lower extremities and whether additional therapeutic exercise with routine rehabilitative therapy improves functional performance more than just routine rehabilitative therapy by it self for inpatients who have suffered a stroke with below moderate severity within 3 to 6 months after the onset of the stroke. Fifty-eight subjects were divided into two groups. Group I was given routine rehabilitative therapy and group II was given additional therapeutic exercise along with the routine rehabilitative therapy. Each group received 6 weeks of rehabilitation. The timed get-up and go test (TUG), the Fugl-Meyer score (FMS), functional independence measure (FIM), functional reach (FR), gait velocity (GV), and the strength of knee extensor and flexor were selected to measure effect of rehabilitation programs. The main results were measured and analysed at baseline, 3 weeks, and 6 weeks after the start of the rehabilitation programs. The results revealed that all of functional performance of the lower extremities in 3 weeks after the start of the rehabilitation programs were significantly improved compared with before the rehabilitation programs in both groups. In 6 weeks, TUG, FIM, FR, GV, and the strength of knee extensor in group I, TUG, FMS, FIM, FR, GV, and the strength of knee extensor and flexor in group II were significantly improved compared with the results after 3 weeks. At 3 weeks after rehabilitation programs, group II made significantly greater gains in TUG, FR, GV, and the strength of the knee flexor compared to the group I. At 6 weeks, group II made significantly greater gains in TUG, FR, GV, and the strength of the knee extensor and flexor compared to the group I. In conclusion, rehabilitation programs for stroke patients within 3 to 6 months after stroke onset significantly contributed to improve functional performance of the lower extremities. It is desirable for improvement of functional performance of the lower extremities to perform additional exercise with routine rehabilitative therapy.

We assessed whether the use of a symmetrical upper limb motion trainer in daily repetitive training for a 6-week period reduced spasticity and improved motor function in three chronic hemiparetic patients. Upper limb motor impairment and disability were measured by the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and Manual Muscle Test (MMT), respectively. The electromyography (EMG) of the affected hand was recorded during isometric wrist flexion and extension. In all patients, FMA and MMT scores were significantly improved after the 6-week training. However, MAS scores of the affected wrist spasticity did not change considerably. Onset and Offset delays in muscle contraction significantly decreased in the affected wrist. The co-contraction ratio of flexor and extensor muscles significantly increased after the 6-week training. Onset and offset delays of the muscle contraction and co-contraction ratio correlated significantly with the patients' FMA. This study showed that repetitive, symmetric movement training can improve upper limb motor functions and abilities in chronic hemiparetic patients. Also, the EMG assessment of motor response is likely to provide insights into mechanisms and treatment strategies for motor recovery in chronic hemiparetic patients.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of rehabilitation exercise and neuromuscular electrical stimulation on a visual analysis scale and functional visual analysis scale regarding functional capacity. A total of 7 consecutive patients with the complaint of patellofemoral pain syndrome who received this diagnosis from a sports medicine physician were recruited to assess the effect of rehabilitation exercise and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Functional Visual Analog Scale (FVAS), functional capacity patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. The exercise rehabilitation consisted of a complex training program requiring five treatments a week for eight weeks. The training program consisted of four phases, and each lasted for two weeks. Statistical analyses were one-way ANOVA with repeated measures. The results were as follows: (1) There were significant differences in the VAS and FVAS during 8-weeks of rehabilitation exercise and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (p<.01). (2) There were no significant differences in the functional capacity during 8-weeks of rehabilitation exercise and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (p<.05). In conclusion, at the end of the eight weeks of this rehabilitation program and neuromuscular electrical stimulation, a significant reduction was found in VAS and FVAS, but there was no significant difference in functional capacity at the end of the treatment.

The use of a gym ball is becoming more popular for dynamic balance exercises. However, little is known about the effects of the dynamic ball exercises in the elderly. The purpose of this study was to compare balance and functional mobility after dynamic balance exercises using a gym ball to reduce the risk factorfor falls. All of the 15 subjects were women between the ages of 68 and 91 (mean age=79.9 yrs, SD=5.87) at anursing home in Wonju. Seven of fifteen subjects were placed in the experimental group and the others in the control group. Three clinical tests were used to determine the degree of balance and functional mobility before beginning the exercise program, after 4 weeks of gym ball exercise, and after 8 weeks of gym ball exercise. These three tests included Timed Up & Go (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Dynamic ball exercises training for 8 weeks (5 days per week) included side stretching, prone walking, bridging, marching and opposite arm and leg lifting. There were significant differences found before the gym ball exercise program began and after 4 weeks and then 8 weeks in the experimental group (p<.05). Significant differences between the groups were shown for TUG and BBS (p<.05). No significant difference was noted between the groups for FIM. Therefore, gym ball exercises can improve dynamic balance and may be recommended to include in a therapeutic program to help the elderly reduce their risk of a fall.

중추신경계는 일단 손상이 되면 손상된 세포의 재생, 손상된 수초의 회복, 신경계의 정상적인 연결 등의 제한성 때문에 그 회복이 매우 힘들다. 이러한 중추신경계의 중요한 손상으로는 다발성 경화증, 뇌졸중, 척수손상, 외상, 축삭의 탈수초화 등이 있다. 이전 연구들은 많은 발생빈도를 보이고 있는 척수손상에서 실질적인 척수의 기능적인 회복을 위해 손상된 척수신경의 재생과 축삭의 재수초화가 중요한 요인이라고 전하고 있다. 최근에는 이러한 척수손상에 대한 치료적 접근으로서 세포이식 기술이 하나의 해결책을 열어주고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 척수손상의 특성을 살펴보고, 척수손상에 의한 기능장애에 대해 세포이식이 기능의 회복을 증진시킬 수 있다는 증거를 논의하고자 한다.

Objective : The purpose of this paper was to study the effect of involved upper extremity’s motor function recovery on Activities of Daily Living in subject with hemiplegia by using Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) as a motor recovery test and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) as a functional test.Method : The subjects of the study were 20 stroke patients who were admitted in KeiMyung University Dongsan Medical Center from November, 2002 to April, 2003. Data were analyzed for wilcoxon signed-rank test, mann-Whitney U test, spearman’s rho using SPSS/PC+ program. Result : The results of the study was as follow;1. Involved upper extremity’s motor function and independence of ADL is significantly differ-ence after occupational therapy(p<.05).2. Involved upper extremity’s motor function recovery is not significantly correlated in-dependence of ADL. but, motor FIM and FMA is significantly correlated after occupational therapy(r=.461).3. Involved upper extremity’s motor function recovery is significantly difference in lesion site and not significant difference in sex, involved side (p<.05).4. Independence of ADL is not significant difference in lesion site, sex, involved side(p>.05).Conclusion : The results suggest that lesion site maybe a factor to predict involved upper extremity’s motor recovery and require various occupational therapy program according to lesion site.

근위축성 측색 경화증 (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: ALS) 환자에게 있어 호흡기능장애는 죽음에 이르게 하는 주요 원인 중 하나이다. 본 연구는 근위축성 측색 경화증이 있으며 호흡기능이 약화되어 있는 51세의 여성 환자를 대상으로 호흡운동 치료를 시행한 후 폐기능(pulmonary function)이 증진되었는지를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 연구 대상자는 6주간의 호흡운동 치료 프로그램에 참여하였다. 호흡운동 치료 프로그램은 횡경

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of transfer of training approach on cognitive function and functional recovery and the difference in the stroke patterns of adult stroke patients with affected cognitive function. Twenty stroke patients were participated ; 8 males and 12 females, the age ranged from 34 to 73. By the classification of diagnosis, 10 subjects were cerebral infarction and 10 subjects were cerebral hemorrhage, by the classification of affected side, 11 Rt hemiplegic patients, 9 Lt hemiplegic patients who were above at least post onset 2 month to a year. It was evaluated and analyzed pre and post treatment with MMSE and FIM, and the method of transfer of training approach was practiced every 30 min a day for a month. The data were analyzed by t-test and one way ANOVA. The results of this study were as follows: 1. There was significant in the effect of transfer of training approach on cognitive function of stroke patinets. 2. There was significant in the effect of transfer of training approach on functional recovery of stroke patients. 3. There was a significant difference in the effect of treatment in the group of cerebral infarction.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of functional strengthening exercise on static and dynamic standing balance in a child with cerebral palsy. The subject was a 7 year old boy with diplegia whose Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) score was 80% along with G1 of the lower extremities in Modified Ashworth Scale. The subject was ambulatory with some degree of limitation and demonstrated muscle weakness and strength asymmetry in the lower extremities. A changing criterion design for a single-subject research was used for this study. The functional strengthening exercise consisted of lower extremity ergometer exercise and knee exercise with grading movement in standing position, each for 20 minutes, which lasted 18 sessions for 6 weeks. A knee extensor strength test on both extremities and standing balance test were conducted after each functional strengthening exercise. Two types of standing balance were tested: one leg stance test and functional reach test. One leg stance test was to evaluate static standing balance, and functional reach test was to evaluate dynamic standing balance. The results showed that the functional strengthening exercise had some positive effects on improvement of both static and dynamic standing balance, and there was a positive correlation between the knee strength and standing balance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resting periods between exercise sets during isokinetic contraction on recovery from muscle fatigue, strength, heart rate, blood pressure, and lactate level. Sixteen women performed 10 repetitions of isokinetic exercise for three sets in three different conditions. During the sets, they rested 50, 100, and 150 seconds in each condition. And the results were: 1) In this population, the peak torque of extensor during the isokinetic exercise in 100 second resting condition was significantly higher than that in 50 and 150 second resting conditions (p<.01). The total work of extensor was significant in the second and third sets in 50 and 100 second resting conditions (p<.01). 2) During the isokinetic exercise, the heart rate was progressively increased as the sets were advanced in all resting conditions (p<.01). And the increase was significant during the second and third sets than the first in 50 second resting condition (p<.01), while it was significantly greater after the third set than the first in 100 and 150 second resting conditions (p<.01). 4) No difference was found between the resting periods in blood lactate level and blood pressure during the isokinetic exercise. However, differences were found between the sets in these variables (p<.01).

The purpose of this study is to determine whether movement strategies affect functional forward reach distance in a standing position. Forty-seven healthy subjects were selected for this study: 23 men and 24 women, with an average age of 22.3. Functional forward reach distances were measured as hip strategy and squat strategy (included knee and ankle movement strategy) in a standing position, respectively. The mean values of functional forward reach distance in hip strategy, squat strategy were 33.57 cm, 29.48 cm, respectively. There was significantly difference in functional forward reach distance between hip strategy and squat strategy(p<.001). There was no difference of functional forward reach distance between male and female in hip strategy, but there was significant difference in other strategy(p<.05). These results suggest that movement strategies should be considered during functional forward reach test in standing. Further study is required to determine whether movement strategies affect functional reach distance in elderly and disabled groups.

The purposes of this study were to assess the effect of therapeutic exercise and to offer an approach to the physical therapy and rehabilitation procedure of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) following surgery. In this research, 42 patients with TMJ surgery were assigned one of two groups. The experimental group included 21 patients who performed therapeutic exercise, and the control group included 21 patients who did not perform therapeutic exercise. Conservative therapy such as an ice pack, a hot pack, and pulsed ultrasound was applied to both groups. Treatment was applied twice a day during the admission period and, after discharge, everyday for six weeks. Visual analogue scale (VAS), incisal biting force, and joint ROM were measured before surgery and at 30 days after surgery. The results were as follows: VAS (p<0.05), mouth opening (p<0.01), lateral excursion to unaffected side (p<0.05), and protrusion (p<0.05) between experimental group and control group showed statistically significant differences. Incisal biting force and lateral excursion to affected side between experimental group and control group showed no statistically significant difference.

The purpose of this study was to identify the differences in pulmonary functioning after respiratory exercise with IPPB (Intermittent Positive Pressure Breather) in patients with progressive muscular dystrophy (PMD). The subjects were 46 patients with PMD who were admitted to the Rehabilitation Medicine Department of Youngdong Severance Hospital. The subjects were assigned into one of 2 groups. The control group received comprehensive treatments such as ROM exercise, deep breathing exercise, moist hot packs, and ultrasound twice a day while admitted at the Rehabilitation Medicine Department. Unlike the control group, the subjects at the experimental group received respiratory exercise treatment with IPPB. The subjects were admitted for 10~19 days, and the average length of hospital stay was 12.2 days. Pulmonary functioning was evaluated at admission and discharge by SENSOR MEDICS. The data were analyzed by a paired t-test and a independent t-test. The results were as follows: 1) The change of each parameter of pulmonary function tests were significantly improved in all groups after respiratory exercise treatment during admission (p<0.05). 2) By comparing the change of each parameter of pulmonary function tests between the experimental group and control group, the parameters of vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity, forced vital capacity predicted (FVCP) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) were significantly improved in the experimental group which had received the pulmonary exercise treatment with IPPB (p<0.05). In conclusion, this study suggests that the pulmonary exercise treatments with IPPB facilitated improvement in the pulmonary functioning for the PMD patients during their hospital stay.

The purposes of this study were to investigate biomechanical variables of the lumbar spine for women who enjoy recreational exercises regularly, and to determine the factors that influence these variables. These variables were determined by the X-ray pictures of the lumbar area of 80 housewives who visited the department of rehabilitation at the Y Hospital from October 1997 to March 1998. The sacral inclination angle, the sacrohorizontal angle, the lumbosacral joint angle, and the lumbar lordotic angle were analysed. The t-test, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were used to determine the significant differences and relationships among variables. The result were as follows: 1) There was a significant difference in the sacral inclination angle (p<0.01), the sacrohorizontal angle (p<0.05) and the lumbar lordotic angle (p<0.05) between the bilateral and the unilateral exercise group. 2) With the sacral inclination angle, the sacrohorizontal angle, the lumbosacral joint angle and the lumbar lordotic angle, correlation was found between the sacral inclination angle and the sacrohorizontal angle (p<0.01), the sacral inclination angle and the lumbosacral joint angle (p<0.05), the sacral inclination angle and the lumbar lordotic angle (p<0.05), and the sacrohorizontal angle and the lumbosacral joint angle (p<0.01). 3) In the bilateral exercise group, the sacral inclination angle correlated with age (p<0.01). The sacrohorizontal angle correlated with age (p<0.01) and exercise time (p<0.01). The lumbar lordotic angle correlated with age (p<0.05) and exercise duration (p<0.05). In the unilateral exercise group, the sacral inclination angle correlated with age (p<0.01), while the sacrohorizontal angle correlated with age (p<0.01) and exercise duration (p<0.05). The lumbar lordotic angle correlated with age (p<0.05).

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between motor and mental status and functional status, and to determine appropriate test times. Using the Modified Motor Assessment Scale(motor status) and the Modified Barthel Index(functiona1 status), the Glasgow Coma Scale(menta1 status), we tested 9 stroke patients. 1 week. 1 month after their stroke. Three measures are reliable and valid. We used the Sperman correlation coefficient(r) and Wilcoxon signed rank test to analyze the data. MMAS scores at 1 month correlated significantly with MBI scores at 1 month(r=0.89). But GCS scores at 1 month did not correlate significantly with MBI scores at 1 month. All data of MMAS at 1 month correlated significantly with MBI scores at 1 month. But only verbal response score among GCS scores at 1 month correlated significantly with MBI scores at 1 month(r=0.86). The difference of MMAS, GCS. MBI scores between 1 week and 1 month after stroke onset were statistically significant(p(0.05). This study suggested that the mental status had more impact on functional recovery than motor status at 1 week after their stroke. Also, the motor status had more impact on functional recovery than mental status at 1 month after their stroke. But the mental and motor status should be considered together in predicting the functional recovery status of stroke patients.

Feeding is the most basic activity of daily living(ADL) necessary for survival from birth and throughout the life span. Handicapped children who have feeding problem may have abnormal feeding behavior like tongue thrust, swallowing difficulty, lack of jaw stability, lack of chewing, and drooling etc. The occupational therapist designing oral motor treatment must have both complete understanding and experience of oral motor problem which handicapped children may have had .and treatment technique. Thus, this paper has the purpose to pro-vide an overview of evaluation and treatment of oral motor function.