The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional knowledge and dietary behaviors of middle school students according to their mother’s employment status. Of all 453 subjects, 52.1% were boys, and 67.5% of the mothers were employed. The total score of nutritional knowledge was 8.0 out of 10 for students with a non-working mom and 7.7 for those with a working mom, showing no significant difference. Among the 20 nutritional knowledge questions, correct answer rates for “lots of fruits may be eaten because of not gaining weight” (72.6% vs. 81.6%, p<0.05) and “eating raw carrots is better than eating fried ones with oil” (34.6% vs. 44.9%, p<0.05) were significantly higher in students with a working mom. The regularity of meals showed a significant difference according to the mother’s employment, indicating that responses of “very regular” (62.4% vs. 72.1%) were high among students with a non-working mom and responses of “skipping breakfast” (31.4% vs. 19.7%) were higher in students with a working mom (p<0.05). The number of snacks a day was also significantly different according to the mother’s employment, showing that 12.8% of the students with a working mom and only 3.4% of them with a non-working mom did not eat snacks at all (p<0.05). These results reveal no significant difference in middle school students’ nutritional knowledge according to their mother’s employment status; however, the students whose mother had a job were more likely to have more undesirable dietary behaviors such as irregular meals and snacking.

우리나라 청소년들은 입시 위주의 교육과 과도한 교육열로 학업스트레스를 겪고 있으며 이는 심리‧정서에 부정적인 영향을 미치고 적응상의 문제를 일으킨다. 본 연구는 중학생의 학업스트레스 감소를 위해 게임놀이를 이용한 학업스트레스 감소 프로 그램을 개발하고 그 효과성을 검증하였다. 이를 위해, 첫 단계에서는 학업스트레스 감소와 관련된 선행연구를 고찰하여 구성요소와 내용을 추출하여 게임놀이를 이용한 학업스트레스 감소 프로그램을 개발하였다. 게임놀이를 이용한 학업스트레스 감소 프로그램은 총 12회기로 개 발되었으며, 구성요소는 자기효능감, 자기표현, 사회적지지로 구성되었다. 두 번째 단계에서는 개발된 프로그램의 효과성을 검증하기 위해 중학생 42명을 대상으로 학업스트레스 척도를 사전검사와 사후검사 도구로 사용하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 게임놀이를 이용한 학업스트레스 감소 프로그램 실시를 통해 실험집단의 학업스트레스의 학사적 요소 중 성적, 시험, 공부 스트레스가 줄었다. 또한 참여자들은 사회적지지, 자기효능감, 자기인식 및 표현 등에서 긍정적인 반응이 있었고 참여자들의 학업 및 학교생활에 대한 주관적인 만족도가 높아진 것을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같은 결과를 바탕으로 연구의 한계 및 향후 연구 방향을 제시하였다.

Functional foods for health are often consumed among adolescents. To investigate functional food usage, this study surveyed 326 students aged 14-16. 56.3% of the subjects answered that they were interested in health. More than 76% of the subjects thought themselves to be very healthy. Users of functional foods made up 56.7%, and among all types of functional food, probiotic supplements were taken most frequently, followed by nutritional supplements>red ginseng products>enzyme containing products. Most users of functional food got the information on functional food through family (71.3%). 50.3% of users experienced the effectiveness of the functional food when they supplemented. After use, repurchase intent was 58.1%. In order to investigate the relationship between academic stress and functional food usage, groups were classified as stressful (n=124), intermediate (n=122), and low stress (n=84) according to self-perception about stress. There was no significant difference in the intake of functional foods according to academic stress. However, in the intermediate stress group, academic stress index was improved in the users of functional foods. In conclusion, the results of this study can be used to develop functional foods in the future, possibly helping to prepare nutrition education materials, reducing academic stress among adolescents with middle stress.

The purpose of this study was to investigate self-esteem, body image, body cathexis and body attitude of female middle school students. A total of 298 subjects were included in this study. Subjects were classified into weight control group and a non weight control group. As a result of analyzing body shapes satisfaction was higher in the non weight control group 2.83 than in the weight control group 2.28 (p<0.001). The weight control group revealed lower body satisfaction than the non weight control group. The result of the reason for weight control was the ratio of ‘weight loss’ 84.6%, respectively (p<0.001). Factors impacting physical image of female middle school students were analyzed as friends (3.46), internet (3.22), and TV (3.13). Results suggest that educational program should be combined with a positive emphasis on physical image and self-esteem for female middle school students. Also, there was a high correlation between body weight and self-esteem. Results indicate that female middle school students are interested in weight loss with the wrong body image. Therefore, female middle school students should be provided with an educational approach to such issues so that they have a realistic perception of their body and form realistic values about self-esteem and body.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the intake of energy drinks and awareness of caffeine among middle school students. The subject was 313 middle school in Incheon area. The questionnaire respondents are consisted of 133 male students and 180 female students. The recognition result that allowed multiple responses to energy drink types was recognized by hot six at 28.9%, followed by red bull 24.3%, monster energy 13.8%, wolf energy 8.0% and taurine soda 6.9%, respectively. There was a significant difference in the experience of energy drink intake, intake reason, intake time and place (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in intake frequency and place (p>0.05). There were significant differences in experience and frequency of energy drink intake (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in intake reason, choice criteria, intake time and place (p>0.05). The result of the perception of energy drinks according to gender was 2.25 points for male students and 2.61 points for female students in the question 'caffeine is also present in tea, green tea, cola and chocolate'. There was a significant difference between male and female students (p<0.05). As a result of the recogniton of energy drinks, "the appropriate amount of caffeine is cleared and the concentration improves." When asked, "low body weight is 2.24 points, normal 2.27 points, overweight 1.89 points, obesity 2.46 points (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in body mass index (BMI) between the two groups (1.95 for low body weight, 2.10 for normal body weight, 1.62 for overweight and 2.43 for obesity). Regression analysis showed that R2=0.007 and F=2.798, respectively. Significant differences were found at the significance level of p<0.05. Energy drink consumption expenditure(β= 0.121, p<0.05), sleep time(β=0.130, p<0.05), and caffeine perception(β=－0.162, p<0.05) were significant determinants of energy drinks intake.

The objective of this study to investigate the satisfaction of elementary and middle school students in Chungnam province. We surveyed related to school food service, concerns about food ingredients and dietary life, perceptions of free school food service and satisfaction the quality and management of the school food service. Furthermore, this survey with the previous. Compared to year, frequency of education related to school food service and concerns about food ingredients and dietary life. Perception on free school food service increased 1.2%, not statistically significant. Satisfaction for the quality of the school food service statistically significant increase compared to 2015. ore individuals educated the foods’ countyof- origin and a higher concern the food materials and dietary life, subsequently higher satisfaction for the quality and management of school food service. The results of this study suggest that concern and concentration on software of school food service such as education and guide are important.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the correlation between obesity, threshold of salty taste, optimal saltiness and blood pressure in middle school students in a fishing village. The subjects were 115 boys and 103 girls in middle school in a fishing village. The BMI index and systolic and diastolic blood pressures of subjects were measured, and the subjects were divided into a normal and obese group according to their BMI. The threshold of salty taste and salt preference for a semisolid dish (steamed egg dish), liquid dish (bean sprout soup), and a solid dish (raw radish salad), were estimated by sensory evaluation. Calorie intake was measured using the weighing plate method. The boys in the obese group showed significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures than those in the normal, but girls did not. Furthermore, calorie intakes of the boys in the obese group were significantly higher than those in the normal group, but this was not shown in girls. On the threshold of salty taste, both boys and girls in the obese group needed higher concentration of salt than those in the normal group. The threshold of salty taste were significantly positively correlated with systolic pressure and diastolic pressure in boys. Regarding the salt preference in the steamed egg dish, bean-sprout soup, and raw radish salad, both boys and girls in the obese group preferred higher concentrations. The higher concentration they preferred, the higher the systolic and diastolic pressures were in boys, but only systolic blood pressure was higher in girls. From these results, it is evident that a nutritional education program is needed in school to help restricting middle school students salt consumption and decreasing obesity to prevent hypertension.

In this study, causes and consequences of bullying were explored, focusing on victim personality and appearance factors. The research model included the relationships among bullying, important causes of bullying (aggression, cleanliness, and obesity of victims) and consequences of bullying (self-esteem and depression) and was tested through survey data from 594 (194 male and 404 female) middle school students. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, and path analysis with SPSS and AMOS. In the results of the model tests, victims who are more aggressive, less clean, and more overweight are more likely to be bullied. In addition, adolescents bullied by others tend to have lower self-esteem and more depression. Furthermore, the model comparison was assessed by gender and a difference between the two gender models was found. In the check of critical ratio for difference, it was concluded that the cleanliness of the victim is a more important cause of bullying for male adolescents than for female adolescents. It is meaningful to confirm the effects of the victim’s appearance factors on bullying in the literature focusing on personality issues of victims. Educators and counselors may refer to the findings in developing counseling guidelines and manuals to prevent bullying in school.

This study aims to investigate the effect of DDL on English lexico-grammar learning by Korean middle school students with respect to the types of learning approach (deductive vs. inductive DDL), the student’s level of English (low vs. high level), and the complexity of lexico-grammar items (simple vs. complex). A total of five experimental lessons were given to 36 students divided into two groups: one group received the lessons through the deductive DDL approach and the other group through the inductive DDL approach. The study found that both inductive and deductive DDL were effective in the learning of English lexico-grammar by the Korean middle school students. However, deductive DDL was more effective for the high level students, while inductive DDL was more appropriate for low level students. In addition, both deductive and inductive DDL were effective for teaching simple lexico-grammar items, but deductive DDL was more effective for teaching complex ones. Most of the participants showed positive responses about DDL and expressed a view that they were able to learn the meanings as well as the forms of target lexico-grammar items.

연구의 목적은 여자 중학생의 대인관계문제가 섭식문제에 영향을 미치는 과정의 이면기 제를 밝히고자 대인관계문제와 섭식문제의 관계에서 긍정반응경향의 매개효과를 검증하는데 있다. 대전 및 충청권에 거주하는 여자 중학생 712명으로부터 자기보고식 질문지 자료를 수집 하고 구조방정식모형(structural equation modeling) 분석을 실행하였다. 긍정반응경향이 대인 관계문제와 섭식문제의 관계를 매개하는 관계모형의 적합도를 검증하고, Sobel 검증을 사용하 여 긍정반응경향의 매개효과를 검증하였다. 첫째, 연구모형(부분매개모형)에 비해 경합모형 (완전매개모형)의 적합도가 더 양호하였다. 둘째, 대인관계문제와 섭식문제의 관계에서 긍정 반응경향의 매개효과가 유의하였다. 긍정반응경향이 매개변인으로 설정되면, 대인관계문제가 섭식문제에 직접 영향을 주기보다는 긍정반응경향을 통해서 간접적으로 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 대인관계문제의 수준이 높을수록 긍정반응경향의 수준이 낮고, 긍정반응경향 의 수준이 낮을수록 섭식문제의 수준이 높았다. 이러한 결과는 여자 중학생의 대인관계문제가 긍정반응경향의 감소라는 매개과정을 통해 섭식문제를 증가시킬 가능성을 시사한다. 마지막으로, 이 연구가 이미 섭식문제를 겪고 있거나 섭식문제를 겪을 위험에 놓인 여자 중학생들을 위한 개입과 예방 및 코칭 프로그램 개발에 가지는 시사점, 연구의 제한점, 후속연구를 위한 제언을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate perception of the Food Allergy Labeling System (FALS) of school foodservice in female middle school students. The subjects were 148 female middle school students in the Incheon metropolitan area. In this cross-sectional study, data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Only 20.9% of subjects had experience of food allergy education. There was no significant difference in food allergy knowledge by grade. The scores of perception of food allergy labeling by school foodservice were significantly higher in lower grade students (p<0.001). In all grades, highest scores were observed for ‘food allergy labeling is necessary’, whereas the lowest scores were for ‘I check the food allergy labeling’. The percentages of subjects who wanted to participate in food allergy education were significantly different (p<0.01); 73.8% in 1st grade, 50.0% in 2nd grade, and 35.7% in 3rd grade. For desired education contents to enhance perception of FALS, 57.5% of subjects answered ‘emergency management’ and 23.0% said ‘information of food allergy causing food’. Therefore, it is necessary to increase food allergy education and educate female middle school students according to grade in order to enhance perception of FALS.

Since a free-learning semester has been introduced to middle school curriculum, interest in career experience programs has increased. To respond to this new demand, we developed a continuous agriculture-related career experience program linked with STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) education, and we examined the program’s effects on the job awareness of middle school students. The program was conducted from April 8, 2015 to June 24, 2015, and consisted of 12 classes. The direct experience subprogram was based on 13 different horticultural activities that reflect producing (nine programs), cooking (two programs), and sales (two programs) of horticultural produces. For the indirect experience subprogram, we preliminarily selected 10 representative agricultural jobs, and based on the keywords analyzed from 7 direct experience programs, we chose to introduce seven jobs to the students by videos and the three others by written material. We then investigated the effect of introductory videos on job interest, understanding, and preference by the students. We found that the student’s interest, understanding, and preference regarding each job were significantly improved when direct experience and video watching were combined. Career awareness was improved for gardener (47.0%), nursery grower (42.0%), rural extension official (31.1%), eco-friendly farm material developer (30.9%), agricultural research official (23.4%), plant doctor (19.8%), and agricultural wholesale distribution experts (9.3%). Conclusively, it is expected that career experience programs have the greatest effect on students when both interest in the job and participation on direct experiences are encouraged.

Animal-Assisted Intervention programs and interventions with students are becoming promising field in school and therapeutic settings. Following this trend, Animal-Assisted Intervention (AAI) program was designed to help students adopt more easily to school life and to encourage them to keep healthy relationships with others. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to identify the effects of animal-assisted intervention (AAI) on the middle school students' sociability and depression. The participants in this study, 8 middle school students residing in Seoul who were interested in animals and agreed to the research attended this program. This study was conducted two times a week for 6 weeks (a total of 12 times) with one main researcher and three research assistants. The major research tool was the test of sociability and depression and the statistical test being used for this study was Wilcoxon's signed ranks. The results were as follows. First, the study showed the significant effects of animal-assisted intervention on sociability for middle school students. There were significant differences in many aspects such as reliability, autonomy, sociability and compliance. Second, significant reductions in anxiety and depression were found after the introduction of animal-assisted intervention for students. Students who participated this program experienced a reduction in depression and stress to some degree. Also, they began to form much more positive friendships and followed school rules as well. Based on the above results, it can be seen that animal-assisted intervention program significantly has the positive effects on the social adaptability and depression of the middle school students. Therefore, this animal-assisted intervention should be considered as a positive program for emotional and psychological support for middle school students.

The objective of this study was to compare the differences between males and females in the mediating effects of academic failure tolerance on the impact of self-efficacy on game addiction among adolescents. The results are summarized as follows. First, in both men and women, self-regulation, one of sub-variables of self-efficacy, had negative effects on game addiction. Second, in men, both emotion and behavior had negative effects on game addiction, while, in women, only behaviour did so. Third, among sub-variables of self-efficacy, in males, self-regulation and task difficulty had positive effects on academic failure tolerance, while, in women, self-regulation, confidence, and task difficulty did so. Fourth, testing the mediating role of academic failure tolerance in the effect of self-efficacy on game addiction showed that there was a partial mediating effect among males, while there was a perfect mediating effect among females. All this implies that there is a need to develop programs that help students maintain positive emotions and behaviors even after they have experienced academic failure, considering the importance of academic failure tolerance for students.

본 연구의 목적은 공동생성적 대화가 인식론적 측면에서 학습자의 과학 모델에 관한 이해와, 실행 과정의 측면에서 모델 구성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보는 것이다. 서울 소재 여자중학교 1학년 49명의 학생들에게 총 5차시 모델 구성 수업을 실시한 후 공동생성적 대화에 참여한 2개 조(8명)의 학생들과 참여하지 않은 2개 조(9명)의 학생들의 모델에 관한 이해와 모델 구성을 비교하였다. 모델에 관한 이해는 Upmeier zu Belzen and Krüger (2010)의 분석틀을 사용하였고, 모델 구성 과정은 Baek et al. (2011)의 분석틀을 수정 및 보완하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 전반적으로 공동생성적 대화에 참여한 학생들은 그렇지 않은 학생보다 과학적 모델에 관한 이해와 모델 구성 수준이 높게 나타났다. 공동생성적 대화에 참여한 조의 학생들은 모델을 새로운 현상을 설명할 수 있는 가설로 인식하였지만, 참여하지 않은 조의 학생들 은 모델을 현상을 이해하는 수단으로 인식하였다. 본 연구는 학생들의 모델 구성 과정을 측정하는 분석틀을 마련하여 학교 현장에 유용하게 사용할 수 있게 하였다. 또한 새로운 학습 방법으로써 공동생성적 대화를 모델 구성 수업에 적용했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

The objective of this study is to investigate the perception and satisfaction of elementary and middle school students on free school food service. We surveyed education related to school food service, concerns about food ingredients, perceptions of free school food service and satisfaction for the quality of the school food service. The investigation is classified into two groups, schools that operate as a food service center or those that do not. Those who are provided food ingredients by school food service centers are educated about the agricultural products’ country-of-origin and their environmentfriendly food service. The more individuals are educated of the foods’ county-of-origin and environment-friendly food service the more they will have a higher concern of the food materials and subsequently a higher satisfaction for the quality of school food service. School food service centers managed directly by the local government would probably receive higher satisfaction than those consigned to a private sector. The results of this study will be meaningful to establish policies on school food service and school food service centers.

본 연구의 목적은 SOGA (Student Oriented Group Activity)수업을 통해 중학생이 갖추어야할 기본인 성 기르기이다. 인성함양은 모든 교과가 직면하고 있는 중요한 과제이다. 영어 수업시간에 이러한 기본인 성을 기르기 위하여 본 연구는 먼저 중학교 2학년 영어교과서의 읽기 자료를 분석하여 한 과당 한 개의 인성덕목을 추출하였다. 영어교과서의 읽기자료는 교과 융합적인 내용을 학생들에게 교훈을 줄 수 있는 방식으로 구성되어 있기에 이 덕목들을 추출하기에는 어렵지 않다. 이 기본 인성덕목들은 교육부가 중학 교에서의 성공적인 인성교육을 위하여 제시한 10가지의 인성덕목인 정직, 책임, 긍정, 자율, 존중, 예절, 공감, 소통, 시민의식, 공존을 그 준거로 하였다. 이 인성요소들은 영어 의사소통기능 학습과 자연스럽게 연결되어 학생중심모둠활동으로 진행되었다. 학생중심모둠활동 수업은 모둠내의 유대감 형성을 위한 모둠 세우기 활동을 그 전제로 한다. 이 수업을 통해 학생들은 주어진 과제를 해결하면서 영어의사소통능력과 기본인성덕목을 향상시킬 수 있었다.