In order to experimentally investigate the operation characteristics of the multi-heat pump with 3 indoor units, the dynamic characteristics of the cooling cycle is studied using the psychrometric multi-calorimeter. The compressor of the heat pump is the scroll inverter type, and since 3 indoor units operate cooling at the same time, it is operated at 100% full load. In particular, 3 types of indoor unit temperatures (20, 24, 26°C) are selected to understand the operation process of the multi-heat pump by the setting temperature. From this experiment, the compressor controls the EEV opening for each indoor unit while varying the frequency according to the initial start, transient, and steady operation. In addition, as the setting temperature increases in the steady range, the frequency of the compressor and the average opening degree of the EEV decrease.

In the present study, it is conducted to understand the heating performance and compressor operation characteristics according to 7 indoor unit combinations and 3 setting temperatures of the inverter multi-heat pump under heating standard temperature conditions. Heating capacity, COP and compressor frequency are investigated using the multi-calorimeter. The indoor unit combinations are simultaneous operation(A+B+C), partial operation(A+C, A+B, B+C) and independent operation(A, B, C), and the setting temperature is 20, 21, and 30°C. Since the increase in the setting temperature increases the compress frequency, the heating capacity increases, but COP decreases due to the increase in power consumption. The frequency increases as the indoor unit combination capacity increases, and decreases as the setting temperature decreases in the steady state.

This study aims to design a new sizing system for hygienic masks to protect against COVID-19-related respiratory disorders. The product sizes were collected from 70 commercially available hygienic masks, and 18 head measurements were obtained from the three-dimensional (3D) scan data of 2,048 men and women aged 20 to 69 years from the 6th Size Korea Survey. The statistical analysis was performed using the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 28.0 program. The “bitragion-subnasale arc” and “menton-sellion length” were chosen as the key body dimensions for the hygienic mask sizing system. The linear regressions with 18 3D head measurements were analyzed, and it was determined that the key body dimensions were useful for statistically predicting other 3D head measurements related to hygienic masks. A new sizing system was proposed for two types of masks, “masks with a tight fit” and “masks with a loose fit,” taking into account the existing Korean Industrial Standards (KS) and the shortcomings of the sizes of hygienic masks on the market. The sizing system for tight-fitting masks consisted of the key body dimensions, with their sizes indicated by a pair of numbers. The sizing system for loose-fitting masks consisted solely of the bitragion-subnasale arc, with their sizes denoted by letters such as S, M, and L (denoting small, medium, and large, respectively). Future studies should consider this mask sizing system for different age groups, such as children and adolescents.

In korea, 500MW standard coal fired power plants were designed and operated for the initial base load, so facility stability was prioritized from facility problem to treatment, but now we needed to research for minimizing greehouse gas emissions at the operation of coal fired power plants. research on various facilities and technologies was actively conducted to reduce environment pollutants was drastically reduced, but research and attempts on coping measures in the event of a reduction facility problem were in sufficient. this study considered investigated ways to minimized pollutants by quickly responding to logic development and application of the load runback concept in case of serious problems with environmental pollutant reduction facilities such as NOx reduction selective catalytic reduction facilities, SOx reduction wet flue gas desulpherisation facilities, and TSP(Total Suspended Particles) collection low temperature electric precipitator.

Background: Push-up are effective exercises for shoulder stability. Previous studies have documented the effects of support plane and hand position and width on muscle activities during a push-up. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the changes in muscle activities in the upper extremity when performing the standard and the knee-flexed push-up with different hand shapes. Methods: A total of twenty-six healthy males participated in this study. Three different hand shapes (finger abduction, finger adduction, and fists) and two types of push-up posture (standard and knee-flexed push-up) were set as the independent variables. Electrograms were used to measure the muscle activity of the upper trapezius (UT), triceps brachii (TB), pectoralis major (PM), and serratus anterior (SA). Each participant performed the randomly assigned push-up to the sound of the metronome. The mixed-effect linear regression model was used to detect the changes in muscle activities after changing the hand shape and push-up posture. Statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. Results: The UT muscle activity was statistically significantly higher when performing push-up with fists than finger abduction (p = 0.035) or finger adduction (p = 0.044). During the standard push-up, the muscle activity in all muscles was that the push-up with fists showed the highest muscle activity compared to the finger abduction (p < 0.01) and finger adduction (p < 0.01). Regardless of the shape of the hand, UT had the lowest muscle activity compared to other muscles (p < 0.001). In contrast, the SA muscle had the highest muscle activity among four muscles during the standard push-up. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, we suggest hand shape is related to the difficulty level of push-up either in the standard or the knee-flexed push-up, especially in the push-up with fists. In addition, knee push-up can be recommended as shoulder musclestrengthening exercises for individuals with low shoulder muscle strength.

Rare earth elements, which are important components of motors, are in high demand and thus constantly get more expensive. This tendency is driven by the growth of the electric vehicle market, as well as environmental issues associated with rare-earth metal manufacturing. TC 298 of the ISO manages standardization in the areas of rare-earth recycling, measurement, and sustainability. Korea, a resource-poor country, is working on international standardization projects that focus on recycling and encouraging the domestic adoption of international standards. ITU-T has previously issued recommendations regarding the recycling of rare-earth metals from e-waste. ISO TC 298 expands on the previous recommendations and standards for promoting the recycling industry. Recycling-related rare earth standards and drafts covered by ISO TC 298, as well as Korea’s strategies, are reviewed and discussed in this article.

Fishery sea anchor is widely used for many fishing vessels. However, standardization of the dimension and terminology of the fishery sea anchor has not been achieved, reducing the reliability of the performance and safety of the fishery sea anchor. Therefore, this study researches the reality of usage of fishery sea anchor and then attempts to suggest the development direction of the standard draft as basic data. As a result of the survey on the reality of usage show that various terms were used for each part of the fishery sea anchor (including the incorrect form of non-standard words derived from Japanese) and that the production of this product in the fishery sea anchor market was concentrated on one specific manufacturer. In addition, the main specifications of the fishery sea anchor are set and manufactured based on conventional experience without standards. In the field, there was no standardized drawing for fishery sea anchor and users had low awareness of the main specifications of fishery sea anchor. Therefore, this study suggested the following regarding the fishery sea anchor: standard terms for each part including Korean and English names and standard drawing of sea anchor. It is hoped that this study will contribute to research for the standardization of fishery sea anchor, which will increase in reliability and lead to increased interest in standardization in the fishery field.

본 연구는 유소년의 골연령에 따른 체력을 평가하는 데 있으며, 골연령에 따른 체력 표준지표 를 통해 유소년들의 균형적인 발달을 위한 기초자료를 제공하는 데 있다. 연구 대상은 골연령 11세∼13세 및 역연령 11세∼13세에 해당하는 730명을 대상으로 하였으며 골연령 산출을 위해 X-ray 필름을 촬영한 후 TW3 방법으로 평가하였다. 체격은 신장, 체중을 신장계(Hanebio, Korea, 2021), Inbody 270(Biospace, Korea, 2019)를 사용하여 총 2개의 체격 요소를 측정하였으며, 체력은 근력(악력), 평형성 (외발서기), 민첩성(플랫테핑), 순발력(제자리멀리뛰기), 유연성(좌전굴), 근지구력(윗몸일으키기), 심폐지구 력(셔틀런)으로 총 7개 체력 요소의 종목을 측정하였다. 자료처리 방법은 SPSS PC/Program(Version 26.0) 을 이용하여 기술통계, 독립표본 t-test 검정을 실시하였으며, p< .05수준에서 유의한 것으로 간주하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 11세∼13세 골연령과 역연령을 비교한 결과, 체력에서 남자는 근력, 순발력, 근지구력, 심폐지구력에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 여자는 근력, 평형성, 민첩성, 순발력, 유연성, 근지구력, 심폐지구력에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 둘째, 골연령에 따른 유소년의 성별과 연령(11∼13세) 별로 체력평가의 기초 자료인 골연령 체력 표준지표를 개발하였다.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a web-based video program related to abnormal mental disorder behaviors in standardized patients and verify its effectiveness for nursing students. Methods: This study consisted of pre-test and post-test for a non-equivalent control group design. The participants were 46 nursing students(experimental group: 23, control group: 23). The experimental group was trained in a video program that applied standardized patients, while the control group received traditional training. Data collected from March to June, 2020, were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 25.0, chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, and independent t-test. Results: The difference between the experimental and control groups was statistically significant in terms of learning satisfaction (Z=2.08, p=.038), learning self-efficacy(t=2.80, p=.009), motivation for transfer(t=3.45, p=.001), and clinical reasoning competence(t=2.28, p=.028). Conclusion: This study showed that a video program on abnormal mental disorder behaviors in standardized patients is an effective tool for mental health nursing education.

목적 : 본 연구는 한국표준산업분류에 따라 산재환자의 작업능력평가 세부항목 실시 데이터를 분석하여 업종별 직장복귀프로그램의 기초자료를 제시하는데 있다. 연구방법 : 후향적 코호트 조사 연구로 근로복지공단 소속병원의 전자의무기록을 활용하여 2018년 1월부터 2020년 12월까지 작업능력평가를 실시한 2,145명의 산재환자의 기초분석과 한국표준산업분류에 따라 건설업, 제조업, 전문ㆍ기술업, 시설 관리 및 서비스업, 운송업, 보건업 및 사회복지 서비스업으로 분류한 후 대상자들에게 시행된 작업능력평가 세부항목의 수행 빈도 차이를 분석하였다. 결과 : 작업능력평가에 참여한 대상자는 남성 1,798명(83.8%), 여성 347명(16.2%)이었으며, 연령대는 50-59세가 790명(36.8%)으로 가장 많았다. 산재 요양시작 이후 평균8.83 ± 5.32개월 시점에 평가가 이루어졌다. 제조업 692명(32.3%), 건설업 642명(29.9%), 전문ㆍ기술업 308명(14.4%)이 대부분이었고 손상 부위는 하지 손상이 736명(34.3%)으로 가장 많았다. 작업능력평가 시 포함된 세부 평가항목 중 어깨높이에서 밀기ㆍ당기기, 작업장 이동에서 걷기, 기어가기, 자세유지평가에서 무릎 꿇기 작업을 제외한 모든 항목에서 직업에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었다. 특히, 건설업에서 들기와 옮기기의 수행 빈도가 높았고, 가장 무거운 무게까지 평가를 했으며, 제조업에서는 자세유지평가 빈도가 높았다. 결론 : 본 연구에서 작업능력평가에 참여한 산재환자의 동향과 한국표준산업분류에 따라 실시되는 작업능력평가 세부항목 차이를 확인하여 임상에서 참고할 수 있는 기초자료를 제시하였다.

대한민국 기상청에서 사용하고 있는 UM (Unified Model, UM) 모델의 국지예측시스템(Local Data Assimilation and Prediction System, LDAPS)은 수치모델 모의 시 대기경계층 유형에 따라 물리과정을 다르게 계산하기 때문에 이 과정을 검증하는 것은 모델의 정확도 향상에 중요하다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 수치모델의 대기경계층 유형을 관측자료 를 기반으로 검증하였다. 관측자료를 기반으로 대기경계층 유형을 분류하기 위해서 보성 표준기상관측소에서 수행한 여름철 집중관측자료(라디오존데, 플럭스관측장비, 도플러 라이다, 운고계)를 활용하였으며, 2019년 6월 18일 부터 8월 17일 까지 61일 동안에 총 201회의 관측자료를 분석하였다. 또한 관측자료와 수치모델 결과가 다른 경우를 보면, 관측자료를 기반으로 한 대기경계층 유형 분류 결과에서 2유형으로 분류되는 사례가 수치모델에서는 1유형으로 분류된 사례가 53회로 가장 많이 나타났다. 그 다음으로는 관측자료를 기반으로 한 대기경계층 유형 분류 결과에서 5유형과 6유형 으로 분류되는 사례가 수치모델에서는 3유형으로 분류된 사례가 많이 나타났다(각각 24회, 15회). 관측결과와 수치모델 모의 결과가 일치하지 않은 사례는 모두 층적운 접합 여부 및 적운 모의 등 수치모델의 구름물리 부분의 모의 성능에 기인하여 발생한 것이라고 분석된다. 따라서, 대기경계층 유형 분류의 구름물리과정의 모의 정확도를 개선하면 수치모델 성능이 향상 될 것으로 판단된다.

1. 이 연구는 목재합법성 제도의 핵심이라 할 수 있는 실사 체계의 요건을 ISO 위험 관리 표준과 국외 우수 사례분석을 통해 탐색·분석함. 2. 이 연구는 ISO 위험 관리 표준에 기반하여 불법목재 위험 관리 실사체계에서 주요하게 다루어야 하는 요건을 1) 위험 정의, 2) 위험 평가, 3) 위험 조치, 4) 모니터링 및 검토, 5) 기록 및 보고 등 다섯 가지로 설정하고, 이 분석틀을 기반으로 호주의 목재합법성 제도 내 실사체계를 분석함. 3. 호주의 목재합법성 제도 실사체계는 ISO 표준에 비추어 불법목재 위험성을 효과적으로 관리하기 위한 요건을 세부적으로 잘 갖추고 있었기에 우리나라의 실사체계 설계 시 벤치 마킹이 용이한 우수 사례임. 4. 이 연구는 국외 사례 조사를 통해 우리나라의 합법목재 교역촉진제도 내 실사 체계 수립 및 운영에 대한 의미 있는 정책 제언을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대함. 5. 특히 우리나라가 2019년도에 도입한 합법목재 교역촉진 제도의 실사체계 구축을 위한 논의가 현재 진행되고 있는 바, 본 연구가 제공하는 구체적인 실사 틀과 실사 요건에 대한 고 찰이 우리나라 임업정책에 시사하는 바가 큼.