In this study, we investigated the effects of indole on biofilm formation inhibition in Pantoea agglomerans (P. agglomerans). In the biofilm growth assay, indole inhibited biofilm formation across all the growth time. Depending on biofilm growth stage, indole exhibited biofilm inhibition and anti-bacterial effects on planktonic cells. Through the analysis of the proportion rate between biofilm and Colony Forming Units (CFU) and inhibition rate of indole, we confirmed that depending on the biofilm stage of P. agglomerans, indole treatment timing was more important than the treatment duration. By comparing gene expression rates through rt-qPCR P.agglomerans affected by indole was found to significantly change quorum sensing (pagI/R) and indole transportation (bssS) gene expressions. Throughout all, indole exhibited both antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects on P. agglomerans. In addition, we confirmed the anti-biofilm effects of indole on mature biofilm. In conclusion, indole as a signal molecule, can exhibit anti-biofilm effects through bacterial quorum sensing inhibition and indole affects. Therefore, indole can regulate biofilm bacteria especially gram-negative opportunistic pathogens.

Background : Panos extract is a mixture of four Panax plant extracts namely Dendropanax morbifera, Panax ginseng, Acanthopanax senticosus and Kalopanax septemlobus. We intended to use Panos extract for ZnO nanoparticles(NPs) synthesis and application for waste water treatment. Methods and Results : In the present study, we have synthesized Panos ZnO nanoparticles via co precipitation method. Characterization of the NPs has been done using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-Visible spectroscopy. An average of 75% efficacy in degrading the methylene blue dye has been observed. The nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Conclusion : The results shows that Panos ZnO NPs can be a potential eco-friendly and economical tool for waste water management in the current scenario where there an intense urge to remediate the polluted environment through novel approaches such as Nanobiotechnology.

한련초는 열대 및 아열대 지방에 서식하는 국화과 한련초속에 속하는 한해살이풀로 간 손상에 대한 보호 효과, 살무사 독에 대한 해독효과, 항산화효과, 발모효과, 상처치유효과 등의 효능들이 확인된 바 있다. 더 나아가 본 연구에서는 한련초의 항산화 및 항노화효과를 확인하여 피부보호 소재로써의 가능성을 검토하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 한련초를 50% 에탄올로 추출한 추출물과 이를 다시 에틸아세테이트로 분획하여 얻은 분획물을 실험에 사용하였다. 항산화 지표인 FSC50과 OSC50을 측정한 결과, 에틸아세테이트 분획물의 OSC50은 항산화제로 잘 알려진 L-ascorbic acid 보다 2.7배 이상 뛰어난 것으로 나타났다. 이와 더불어 시료의 세포 내 활성산소 종 소거능과 H2O2로 유도된 세포손상에 대한 보호효과가 확인되었으며, 특히 1O2으로 유도된 사람 적혈구 광용혈에 대한 지연효과의 평가에서 64 μ g/mL의 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 적혈구 광용혈의 소요시간을 6배 이상 지연시켜 한련초의 우수한 항산화능을 반영해주었다. 한련초의 항노화 효과를 검증하기 위해 Hs68에서 추출한 엘라스타제에 대한 저해활성을 평가한 결과, 16 μ g/mL의 두 시료 모두 엘라스타제의 활성을 각각 6.8%와 14.0% 억제한 것을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 한련초가 식품 또는 화장품 등의 소재로 사용됨에 있어 화학적 방부제의 역할을 대체할 수 있을 가능성을 확인하기 위한 항균실험의 결과, 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 그람 양성 균주 인 Staphylococcus aureus에 대해 mehyl paraben과 동등하거나 더 뛰어난 항균활성을 가진 것을 확인하였다. 이상의 실험결과들을 통해 한련초는 피부보호 소재 또는 천연방부제로서의 가능성을 가진 천연소재라 생각되며, 식품 또는 화장품 소재로서의 이용이 기대된다.

Background : Schisandrae Fructus (Omija) has been widely used for medicinal herbs because it is known for its various medical functions and antimicrobial activities. This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial activities of extracts from Schisandrae Fructus against six foodborne pathogens (Bacillus cereus, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and figured out the efficient extraction methods. Methods and Results : Traditionally, Schisandrae Fructus is soaked or boiled in water when people drink it like tea. In this study, we extracted Schisandrae Fructus by soaking in water and ethyl alcohol for 24 hours, ultrasonicating in methyl alcohol and water for 60 minutes, and boiling in water for 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes. Each extract used for paper disc test that estimates antimicrobial activities by measuring the inhibition zone. The blank discs that absorbed with extracts were placed on the agar plates that smeared with each foodborne pathogen, then incubated overnight at 37℃ incubator. Then, antibacterial extracts formed clear zones around the disc. In this study, Vibrio parahaemolyticus was the most sensitive to the all kinds of extracts and methyl alcohol extracts that were obtained by ultrasonicating showed the most strong antimicrobial activities against six foodborne pathogens (23, 12, 29, 18, 23, 28 ㎜). Hot water extracts and soaking extracts in water showed the similar results, and the extracts that was boiled for 60 minutes was the best results (13, 8, 21, 10, 13, 17 ㎜) against all the pathogens. Conclusion : The extracts from Schisandrae Fructus inhibited the growth of six foodborne pathogens. Soaking and boiling in water are good methods for drinking Schisandrae Fructus like tea because they showed antimicrobial activities in the paper disc test. According to this study, the best boiling time for effective antimicrobial activity is 60 minutes.

Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes)는 여드름의 주요 병원성균으로 염증성 질환에 관련된 미생물 중 에 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 여드름 주요 유발 균주인 P. acnes에 대하여 70% Ethanol로 추출한 제주 자생 식물 추출물의 항균활성을 disc diffusion test 실험을 이용하여 측정하였다. 실험 결과 61개의 제주 자생 식물 추출물 중에서 45개 추출물의 항균 활성이 검출되었으며, 16개의 추출물은 항균 활성이 검출되지 않았다. 그중 에서 여우 구슬(Phyllanthus urinaria L.) - 줄기⋅잎 추출물이 18.96 ± 0.69 mm로 가장 높은 항균 활성을 나타내었고, 참당귀(Angelica gigas Nakai) - 뿌리, 돌외(Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino), 참당귀(Angelica gigas Nakai) - 잎⋅줄기, 산박하(Isodon inflexus (Thunb.) Kudo), 차나무(Camellia sinensis L.) - 꽃, 그리고 로즈마리(Rosmarinus officinalis L.) - 줄기 추출물 순으로 높은 항균 활성을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과는 제주 자생 식물 추출물이 여드름 치료⋅예방의 항균제 및 기능성 화장품 천연 원료로써의 이용 가능성을 제안한다.

본 연구에서는 화장품에 널리 쓰이는 컨디셔닝제이면서 항균력을 가지는 성분들인 1,2-hexanediol, ethylhexylglycerin, glyceryl caprylate를 대상으로, 이들이 화장품 제형 내에서 다양한 제형 원료와 혼합될 때 그람 양성, 음성 세균에 대한 항균력이 어떻게 변화하는지 확인하고자 하였다. 검토할 제형 원료로는 제형 내에서 항균력을 향상시킬 것으로 예상되는 물질 7종(1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, glycerin, dipropylene glycol, niacinamide, EDTA-2Na, ethanol)을 선정하였으며, checkerboard assay를 이용하여 해당 물질들과 항균력을 지닌 3종 물질에 대한 항균 시너지 효과를 확인하였다. 시험 결과, 세균에 대해 눈에 띄는 항균 시너지 효과를 보인 물질은 ethanol과 EDTA-2Na였으며 특히 ethanol은 항균력을 지닌 컨디셔닝제 3종 모두와 세균에 대해 항균 시너지 효과를 나타냄을 확인할 수 있었다. Glyceryl caprylate는 시험한 물질 7종 모두와 그람 양성균인 S. aureus에 대해 항균 부가 및 상승 효과를 나타내었으며, 4종의 폴리올이 첨가된 제형에는 1,2-hexanediol, glyceryl caprylate 조합으로 방부처방을 하는 것이 그람 양성, 음성 세균을 모두 제어하기에 용이하다고 판단되었다. 본 연구는 화장품에서 자주 이용되는 항균력을 지닌 컨디셔닝제와 주요 제형 원료의 항균 시너지 효과를 확인함으로써 항균력을 지닌 컨디셔닝제의 제형 내 항균력을 예측하는 데 기여했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

This study aimed to investigate the various biological activities of Geranium thunbergii such as antimicrobial activity and protective effect against oxidative damage. To evaluate its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, we first performed methanol extraction; this methanol extract was further partitioned using various solvents. And then, its antioxidant activity was measured using various assays including total phenolic content and protection against oxidative DNA damage, and antimicrobial activities were examined using minimum inhibiting concentration (MIC) test, and paper disc method. In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography was performed to analyze the major chemical components of ethyl acetate fraction. The G. thunbergii fraction with ethyl acetate exhibited higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities than the other fractions. The results showed that G. thunbergii ethyl acetate fraction at 50 μg/mL had strong DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of 80.88% and 80.12%, respectively. In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction protected DNA from the oxidative damage induced by ferrous ion and hydroxyl radicals and showed high antimicrobial activity with diameter of inhibition zones ranging from 13.33 to 15.67 mm. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the major phenolic compounds of G. thunbergii to be ellagic acid and gallic acid. These results suggest that G. thunbergii might protect DNA against oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species and can be utilized as a natural source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in the food industry.

본 연구에서 루꼴라(Eruca sativa)에 대한 다양한 생리활성을 조사하여 기능성소재 응용가능성을 검토하였다. 루꼴라 추출물은 B. subtilis, E. coli, C. albicans에 대한 항균활성이 매우 우수하게 나타났으며 특히 그람양성세균 B. subtilis에 대한 항균활성이 높았다. 또한, 인볼루크린 발현에 대한 면역조직화학 분석을 인공피부를 이용하여 분석한 결과 루꼴라 추출물을 처리(50 mg/L)한 경우에 0.1% DMSO로 처리한 대조군에 비하여 인볼루크린 발현이 뚜렷하게 증가하였으며 동일농도로 처리된 합성물질 WY14643과 비교하였을 때에도 비슷한 발현양상을 보여 주었다. 이와 같은 결과로 미루어 볼 때 루꼴라 추출물은 피부염 개선 및 피부장벽 기능을 향상할 수 있는 천연물 기반의 소재로 활용하기 위한 매우 효과적인 재료가 될 수 있다고 사료된다.

This study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial, antioxidant, and in vitro greenhouse gas mitigation activities of fermented Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract. Seven starter cultures were used, comprising four of lactic acid bacteria and three of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ten grams of S. baicalensis Georgi powder was diluted in 90 mL autoclaved MRS broth. Each seed culture was inoculated with 3-10% (v/v) S. baicalensis Georgi MRS broth and incubated at 30℃ for 48 h. Among the starter cultures used, only Lactobacillus plantarum EJ43 could withstand the fermentation conditions. This fermentation broth was dried and extracted with ethanol to assess its antibacterial, antioxidant, and in vitro methane mitigation activities. The extract of S. baicalensis Georgi fermented by L. plantarum EJ43 (SBLp) showed higher antibacterial activity (bigger clear zone) compared to the unfermented S. baicalensis Georgi extract (SB0). SBLp also presented 1.2 folds higher antioxidant activity than SB0. During in vitro rumen fermentation, SBLp showed reduction in methane production compared to SB0 or the control. In conclusion, fermentation by L. plantarum EJ43 may enhance antibacterial and antioxidant activities of S. baicalensis Georgi and decrease enteric methane production.

Background: In this study, we investigated the antibacterial and nitric oxide (NO) production inhibitory activities of 75% ethanol extract of Prunus sargentii branches and its fractions against acne pathogens. Methods and Results: The antibacterial activity against acne causing pathogens was determined using the disc diffusion assay. The ethyl acetate fraction showed higher activities against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis than those shown by other fractions. In the DPPH radical and NO scavenging assays, the butanol fraction showed strong DPPH radical and NO scavenging abilities. These activities were related to the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of butanol fraction. On the other hand, the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited the highest NO production inhibitory activity in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells compared to those exhibited by other fractions. Conclusions: The extract and its ethyl acetate fraction from the branches of P. sargentii exhibited antibacterial activity and could be used as functional materials in antimicrobial related fields. Moreover, the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions are potential antiinflammatory agents and butanol fraction acts as an effective radical scavenger.

For developing natural preservatives and insecticide contained in volatile organic compounds of Elsholtzia ciliata and Agastache rugosa, the composition of two plants were analyzed and tested on microorganism survival and insectcide effect from TD-GC-MSD analysis. Main components of Elsholtzia ciliata were elsholtzia ketone, dehydroelsholtzia ketone (82%) and caryophyllene (10%). Main components of Agastache rugosa were estragole (88.2%), dl-limonene (4.5%), and trans-caryophyllene (2%). Inhibition activity of 70% methyl-alcohol extract of A. rugosa against growth of Enterobacter cloacae and Salmonella typhimurium was signifcant effect of observed clear zone and that of E. ciliata was against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. The mosquito larvae was totally died treated by 0.5g powder of A. rugosa for 3 hours, while 80% of the mosquito larvae was died in E. ciliata powder processing. Mortality of mosquito is the first 5 minutes after the smoked incense treatment showed 65% is E. ciliata and 80% in A. rugos and then finally all mosquito died after 20 minutes.

충치는 사람의 구강질환 중 가장 흔한 질환으로 Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans)균이 초기 충치를 형성하는데 매우 중요한 역할을 담당한다. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis)는 대표적인 구취 유발균으로 구취 형성에 중요한 휘발성 황화합물을 생성하는데 관여한다. 치주질환은 치은결체조직과 치조골의 파괴를 유발하여 치아의 상실을 초래할 수 있는 만성 염증성 질환으로 Prevotella intermedia (P. intermedia)가 원인균이다. 이번 연구에서는 cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), sodium fluoride (NaF), 녹차 추출액, 솔잎 추출액을 유효성분으로 하는 마우스워시 제품을 사용하여 S. mutans 균을 포함, 구강질환 균으로 널리 알려진 P. gingivalis, P. intermedia 대해 항균 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 그 결과 시험군의 경우 S. mutans, P. gingivalis 에 대해 30 s 내에 4.00 Log, 4.68 Log의 사멸력을 확인하였고, P. intermedia의 경우 30 s 2.40 Log, 60 s 2.70 Log 사멸력을 확인하였다. 또한 Dentocult SM Strip mutans (SM Strip) 염색방법을 적용하여 S. mutans 균의 감소여부를 시각적 자료로 쉽게 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 결과를 통해 CPC, NaF, 녹차 추출액, 솔잎 추출액을 포함한 마우스워시 제품은 구강균 사멸을 통해 충치 및 구취와 같은 구강질환 예방에 효과가 있을 것으로 기대한다.

This study was designed to analyze the chemical composition of essential oil in ‘Shiranuhi’ immature fruitand to test their biological activities. ‘Shiranuhi’ immature essential oils (SIEO) were obtained by steam distillation fromfruits collected from Jeju Island and were analyzed using gas chromatograph (GC)-flame ionization detectors (FID) andGC-MS. Fourteen components were identified in the essential oil. Limonene (75.21%) and terpineol (8.68%) were the majorcomponents in SIEO. Since acne vulgaris is the combined result of a bacterial infection and the inflammatory response tothat infection, we examined whether SIEO possessed antibacterial against skin pathogens. As a result, SIEO showed excel-lent antibacterial activities against drug-susceptible and -resistant Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis,which are acne-causing bacteria. In this study, SIEO was examined on DPPH radical scavenging activities, which showedmoderate antioxidant activity (SC50, 15.36µL/mL). In order to determined whether SIEO can be safely applied to humanskin, the cytotoxicity effects of SIEO were determined by colorimetric MTT assays in normal human fibroblasts and kerati-nocyte HaCaT cells. They exhibited low cytotoxicity at 0.5µL/mL in both celllines. Based on these results, we suggest thepossibility that essential oil of ‘Shiranuhi’ maybe considered as an antibacterial and antioxidant agent.