We improve the energy conversion efficiency (ECE) of a dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) by preparing a working electrode (WE) with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) by inducing Au thin films with thickness of 0.0 to 5.0 nm, deposited via sputtering. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize the microstructure of the blocking layer (BL) of the Au thin films. Micro-Raman measurement was employed to confirm the LSPR effect, and a solar simulator and potentiostat were used to evaluate the photovoltaic properties, including the impedance and the I-V of the DSSC of the Au thin films. The results of the microstructural analysis confirmed that nano-sized Au agglomerates were present at certain thicknesses. The photovoltaic results show that the ECE reached a value of 5.34% with a 1-nm thick-Au thin film compared to the value of 5.15 % without the Au thin film. This improvement was a result of the increase in the LSPR of the TiO2 layer that resulted from the Au thin film coating. Our results imply that the ECE of a DSSC may be improved by coating with a proper thickness of Au thin film on the BL.

The electrical properties of Au/n-type Ge Schottky contacts with different contact areas were investigated using current-voltage (I-V) measurements. Analyses of the reverse bias current characteristics showed that the Poole-Frenkel effect became strong with decreasing contact area. The contribution of the perimeter current density to the total current density was found to increase with increasing reverse bias voltage. Fitting of the forward bias I-V characteristics by considering various transport models revealed that the tunneling current is dominant in the low forward bias region. The contributions of both the thermionic emission (TE) and the generation-recombination (GR) currents to the total current were similar regardless of the contact area, indicating that these currents mainly flow through the bulk region. In contrast, the contribution of the tunneling current to the total current increased with decreasing contact area. The largest E00 value (related to tunneling probability) for the smallest contact area was associated with higher tunneling effect.

In this study, we investigate the kinetic properties of magnetic decreases observed in the solar wind at 1 AU using the Cluster observations. We study two different magnetic decreases: one with a short observation duration of 2.5 minutes and stable structure and the other with a longer observation duration of 40 minutes and some fluctuations and substructures. Despite the contrast in durations and magnetic structures, the velocity space distributions of ions are similar in both events. The velocity space distribution becomes more anisotropic along the direction parallel to the magnetic field, which differs from observations obtained at high heliographic latitudes. On the other hand, electrons show different features from the ions. The core component of the electrons shows similar anisotropy to the ions, though the anisotropy is much weaker. However, while ions are heated in the magnetic decreases, the core electrons are slightly cooled, especially in the perpendicular direction. The halo component does not change much in the magnetic decreases from the ambient solar wind. The strahl component is observed only in one of the magnetic decreases. The results imply that the ions and electrons in the magnetic decreases can behave differently, which should be considered for the formation mechanism of the magnetic decreases.

The orbital period changes of theWUMa eclipsing binary AU Ser are studied using the (O−C) method. We conclude that the period variation is due to mass transfer from the primary star to the secondary one at a very low and decreasing rate dP/dt = −8.872× 10−8, superimposed on the sinusoidal variation due to a third body orbiting the binary with period 42.87 ± 3.16 years, orbital eccentricity e = 0.52±0.12 and a longitude of periastron passage ! = 133◦.7±15. On studying the magnetic activity, we have concluded that the Applegate mechanism failed to describe the cycling variation of the (O − C) diagram of AU Ser.

Au 정광으로부터 Au Ag의 용출율을 향상시키기 위하여 기계적-화학적 활성화와 티오요소-티오시안산염 혼합용액을 적용하였다. 기계적-화학적 활성화를 이루기 위하여 정광 시료를 건식으로 그리고 습식으로 미분쇄하였다. 입도분포 분석과 XRD 분석 결과, 평균 입도 크기와 결정크기는 정광 시료보다 건식-시료에서 그리고 건식-시료보다 습식-시료에서 더 작게 나타났다. SEM과 XRD 분석 결과 기계적-화학적 활성화에 의해서 습식-시료에서 비정질화 현상이 관찰되었다. Au Ag에 대한 용출실험을 티오요소 용액, 티오시안산염 용액 그리고 티오요소-티오시안산염 혼합 용액으로 각각 수행하였다. Au Ag 용출율은 정광 시료보다 건식-시료에서 그리고 건식-시료보다 습식-시료에서 더 높게 나타났다. Au Ag는 티오요소 용액에서 보다 티오시안산염 용액에서 그리고 티오시안산염 용액에서보다 티오요소-티오시안산염 혼합 용액에서 더 높게 용출되었다. 습식-시료와 티오요소-티오시안산염 혼합 용액을 적용할 때 Au Ag가 99% 이상으로 용출되었다.

After the content items of the secondary French curriculum changed to an achievement standards format, the new format appeared to be inconsistent with French education’s current content structure—language skills, language materials, and culture. This study aims to enhance the validity of the creation of the achievement standards by reshaping the curriculum to be more in line with the newly developed standards. This study provides a historical analysis of French curriculum structure and a review of existing literature on the second language education. And it also analyzes the foreign language curriculum structures in several foreign countries. Based on the discussion of preceding chapters, a restructuralization of French curriculum is suggested. The essence of the restructuralization is to divide the achievement standards into language achievement and cultural achievement, as well as to present language skills and materials—subcategories of language achievement in achievement standards formats. Also needed are standards for comprehensive skills including listening, speaking, reading, and writing. To be consistent with the purpose of the achievement standards format, the objectives, teaching and learning methods, and evaluation in French curriculum need to be modified. Finally, I suggest to the entities who are involved in the 2015 curriculum revision the need for scrutiny of the current curriculum format, as well as a change to the format in future development. Après le changement des éléments de contenu faisant partie du curriculum de l’enseignement du français au niveau secondaire pour un nouveau format basé sur les critères d’accomplissement, la structure actuelle de l’enseignement, composée de compétences langagières, de matières langagières et de contenus culturels, n’est plus conforme avec celle modifiée. Par conséquent, cette thèse vise à restucturer le cadre des contenus du curriculum, compte tenu des critères d’accomplissement développés, afin de réhausser la pertinence de l’établissement de ces critères. Cette étude explique l’analyse de la structure des contenus de tous les anciens curriculums et les résultats issus des études et de l’analyse précédentes portant sur les contenus de l’enseignement des langues vivantes. Elle présente ensuite les résultats de l’analyse des contenus des programmes en vigueur à l’étranger, ce qui nous conduit au dernier chapitre qui propose un programme restructuré. Pour résumer ce dernier, les points essentiels consistent à décliner les critères d’accompplissement en deux - critères langagiers et culturels ; proposer les compétences et les matières langagières, sous-catégorie des critères langagiers, sous forme du nouveau format des critères d’accomplissement ; présenter les critères d’accomplissement pour les compétences intégrales comprenant la compréhension et la production orales et écrites ; enfin, faire adapter d’autres points sous ce nouveau format des critères, tels que les objectifs d’enseignement, les méthodes didactiques et celles d’apprentissage, les critères d’évaluation dans le cadre du curriculum de l’enseignement du français. Avec cette proposition, cette thèse invite les chercheurs étudiant le nouveau curriculum 2015 à examiner avec prudence la stucture des contenus actuelle et à réfléchir à la nécessité de la restructuration des contenus à réaliser dans l’avenir.

폐 PCBs의 스크랩으로부터 염소-차아염소산염 용액을 이용하여 Au와 Ag를 친환경적이고 효과적으로 용출시키고자 하였다. PCBs에 Cu, Sn, Sb, Al, Ni, Pb, Au 등과 같은 유용금속이 함유되어 있는 것을 EDS 분석으로 확인하였다. 최대 Au 용출율은 1%의 광액농도, 2:1의 염산:차아염소산나트륨 그리고 2 M의 NaCl 농도조건이다. Au 회수율이 가장 높은 메타중아황산나트륨 농도는 3 M에서였다. 염소-차아염소산염이 폐 컴퓨터에 함유되어 있는 Au와 Ag를 효과적으로 용출시킬 수 있는 용매제 임을 그리고 메타중아황산나트륨이 Au를 간단하게 침전시킬 수 있는 첨가제임을 확인하였다.

We report the effect of the fabric of the surface microstructure on the CO gas sensing properties of SnO2 thin films deposited on self-assembled Au nanodots (SnO2/Au) that were formed on SiO2/Si substrates. We characterized structural and morphological properties, comparing them to those of SnO2 thin films deposited directly onto SiO2/Si substrates. We observed a significant enhancement of CO gas sensing properties in the SnO2/Au gas sensors, specifically exhibiting a high maximum response at 200˚C and quite a low detection limit of 1 ppm level in dry air. In particular, the response of the SnO2/Au gas sensor was found to reach the maximum value of 32.5 at 200˚C, which is roughly 27 times higher than the response (~1.2) of the SnO2 gas sensor obtained at the same operating temperature of 200˚C. Furthermore, the SnO2/Au gas sensors displayed very fast response and recovery behaviors. The observed enhancement in the CO gas sensing properties of the SnO2/Au sensors is mainly ascribed to the formation of a nanostructured morphology in the active SnO2 layer having a high specific surface-reaction area by the insertion of a nanodot form of Au nucleation layer.

Superhydrophobic SiO2 layers with a micro-nano hierarchical surface structure were prepared. SiO2 layers depositedvia an electrospray method combined with a sol-gel chemical route were rough on the microscale. Au particles were decoratedon the surface of the microscale-rough SiO2 layers by use of the photo-reduction process with different intensities (0.11-1.9 mW/cm2) and illumination times (60-240 sec) of ultraviolet light. With the aid of nanoscale Au nanoparticles, this consequentlyresulted in a micro-nano hierarchical surface structure. Subsequent fluorination treatment with a solution containingtrichloro(1H,2H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane fluorinated the hierarchical SiO2 layers. The change in surface roughness factorwas in good agreement with that observed for the water contact angle, where the surface roughness factor developed as ameasure needed to evaluate the degree of surface roughness. The resulting SiO2 layers revealed excellent repellency towardvarious liquid droplets with different surface tensions ranging from 46 to 72.3mN/m. Especially, the micro-nano hierarchicalsurface created at an illumination intensity of 0.11mW/cm2 and illumination time of 60 sec showed the largest water contactangle of 170o. Based on the Cassie-Baxter and Young-Dupre equations, the surface fraction and work of adhesion for the micro-nano hierarchical SiO2 layers were evaluated. The work of adhesion was estimated to be less than 3×10−3N/m for all the liquiddroplets. This exceptionally small work of adhesion is likely to be responsible for the strong repellency of the liquids to themicro-nano hierarchical SiO2 layers.

The defect sites on chemical vapor deposition grown graphene are investigated through the selective electrochemical deposition (SED) of Au nanoparticles. For SED of Au nanoparticles, an engineered potential pulse is applied to the working electrode versus the reference electrode, thereby highlighting the defect sites, which are more reactive relative to the pristine surface. Most defect sites decorated by Au nanoparticles are situated along the Cu grain boundaries, implying that the origin of the defects lies in the synthesis of uneven graphene layers on the rough Cu surface.

Gold have been used as an electrode materials having a good mechanical flexibility as well as electrical conductivity, however the stretchability of the gold on a flexible substrate is poor because of its small elastic modulus. To overcome this mechanical inferiority, the reinforcing gold is necessary for the stretchable electronics. Among the reinforcing materials having a large elastic modulus, carbon nanotube (CNT) is the best candidate due to its good electrical conductivity and nanoscale diameter. Therefore, similarly to ferroconcrete technology, here we demonstrated gold electrodes mechanically reinforced by inserting fabrics of CNTs into their bodies. Flexibility and stretchability of the electrodes were determined for various densities of CNT fabrics. The roles of CNTs in resisting electrical disconnection of gold electrodes from the mechanical stress were confirmed using field emission scanning electron microscope and optical microscope. The best mechanical stability was achieved at a density of CNT fabrics manufactured by 1.5 ml spraying. The concept of the mechanical reinforced metal electrode by CNT is the first trial for the high stretchable conductive materials, and can be applied as electrodes materials in various flexible and stretchable electronic devices such as transistor, diode, sensor and solar cell and so on.

In this study, we analyzed the effect of silicon oxynitride matrix on the optical properties of Au nanoparticles dispersed on composite film and explored the effectiveness of the silicon in fine tuning the refractive index of the composite film for applications in optical waveguide devices. The atomic fraction of nitrogen in SiOxNy films was controlled by varying the relative flow ratio of nitrogen gas in reactive sputtering and was evaluated optically using an effective medium theory with Bruggeman geometry consisting of a random mixture between SiO2 and Si3N4. The Au nanoparticles were embedded in the SiOxNy matrix by employing the alternating deposition technique and clearly showed an absorption peak due to the excitation of surface plasmon. With increasing nitrogen atomic fraction in the matrix, the surface plasmon resonance wavelength shifted to a longer wavelength (a red-shift) with an enhanced resonance absorption. These characteristics were interpreted using the Maxwell-Garnett effective medium theory. The formation of a guided mode in a slab waveguide consisting of 3 μm thick Au:SiOxNy nanocomposite film was confirmed at the telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm by prism coupler method and compared with the case of using SiO2 matrix. The use of SiOxNy matrix provides an effective way of controlling the mode confinement while maintaining or even enhancing the surface plasmon resonance properties.

Notre recherche porte sur la mise en valeur des sigles dans l’enseignement du français à destination des lycéens coréens. En effet, le programme officiel actuel vise au développement de la compétence communicative des apprenants, en mettant exceptionnellement l’accent sur l’enseignement de la culture dans l’enseignement des langues étrangères. Nous avons donc essayé de montrer la valeur didactique des sigles, en tenant compte des niveaux linguistique et culturel des apprenants coréens. Étant donné le grand écart linguistique entre le français et le coréen, le niveau du français des lycéens coréens est généralement médiocre. D’ailleurs, les élèves coréens ont peu l’occasion de prendre contact avec la culture française dans la vie quotidienne, de sorte que leurs connaissances sur la France et sa culture sont, dans la plupart des cas, faibles et superficielles. En somme, nous visons à munir les lycéens coréens de la compétence communicative de base, à partir des sigles qui sont doublement utiles à l’entraînement linguistique et à l’équilibre de la représentation de la France chez les élèves centrée sur son apparence médiatisée, riche et luxueuse. Ainsi, ils arriveront à communiquer d’une manière efficace avec les locuteurs français, en ayant un regard pertinent sur la culture française et les Français.

The electrochromic properties of Au nanoparticles (NPs) incorporating poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiphene) (PEDOT) film were investigated. Trisodium citrate was used for stabilizing Au NPs to control the size. The capping molecules of the Au nanoparticles were exchanged from citrate to 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). Water was removed by centrifuge and Au NPs were redispersed in methanol (MeOH). Finally, we obtained ca. 11.7 nm diameter of Au NPs. The effects of 0.15 at% of Au NPs incorporation on the optical, electrical, and eletrochromic properties of PEDOT films were investigated. The electrical property and switching speed of Au/PEDOT film was slightly improved over that of PEDOT film because Au NPs play a hopping site role and affect packing density of the PEDOT chain. Through the ultra violet-visible spectra of PEDOT and Au/PEDOT films at -0.7 V (vs Ag/AgCl), blue shift of maximum absorption peak was observed from PEDOT (585.4 nm) to Au/PEDOT (572.2 nm) due to a shortening of conjugated length of PEDOT. The Au NPs interfered with the degree of conjugation and the maximum absorption peak was shifted to shorter wavelength.

This paper describes an improved strategy for controlling the adhesion force using both the antiadhesion and adhesion layers for a successful large-area transfer process. An MPTMS (3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane) monolayer as an adhesion layer for Au/Pd thin films was deposited on Si substrates by vapor self assembly monolayer (VSAM) method. Contact angle, surface energy, film thickness, friction force, and roughness were considered for finding the optimized conditions. The sputtered Au/Pd (~17 nm) layer on the PDMS stamp without the anti-adhesion layer showed poor transfer results due to the high adhesion between sputtered Au/Pd and PDMS. In order to reduce the adhesion between Au/Pd and PDMS, an anti-adhesion monolayer was coated on the PDMS stamp using FOTS (perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane) after O2 plasma treatment. The transfer process with the anti-adhesion layer gave good transfer results over a large area (20 mm × 20 mm) without pattern loss or distortion. To investigate the applied pressure effect, the PDMS stamp was sandwiched after 90˚ rotation on the MPTMS-coated patterned Si substrate with 1-μm depth. The sputtered Au/Pd was transferred onto the contact area, making square metal patterns on the top of the patterned Si structures. Applying low pressure helped to remove voids and to make conformal contact; however, high pressure yielded irregular transfer results due to PDMS stamp deformation. One of key parameters to success of this transfer process is the controllability of the adhesion force between the stamp and the target substrate. This technique offers high reliability during the transfer process, which suggests a potential building method for future functional structures.

Transparent Sn-doped In2O3 (ITO) single-layer and ITO/Au/ITO multilayer films were deposited onglass substrates by reactive magnetron sputtering to compare the properties of the films. They were thenannealed in a vacuum of 1×10-2 Pa at temperatures ranging from 150 to 450oC for 20 min to determinethe effect of the annealing temperature on the properties of the films. As-deposited 100nm thick ITO filmsexhibit a sheet resistance of 130Ω/□ and optical transmittance of 77% at a wavelength length of 550nm. Byinserting a 5nm-thick Au layer in ITO/metal/ITO (IMI) films, the sheet resistance was decreased to as lowas 20Ω/□ and the optical transmittance was decreased to as little as 73% at 550nm. Post-deposition annealingof ITO/Au/ITO films led to considerably lower electrical resistivity and higher optical transparency. In the X-ray diffraction pattern, as-deposited ITO films did not show any diffraction peak, whereas as-deposited ITO/Au/ITO films have Au (222) and In2O3 (110) crystal planes. When the annealing temperature reached the 150- 450oC range, the both diffraction peak intensities increased significantly. A sheet resistance of 8Ω/□ and anoptical transmittance of 82% were obtained from the ITO/Au/ITO films annealed at 450oC.

A semi-empirical method to estimate the surface tension of molten alloys at different oxygen partialpressures is suggested in this study. The surface tension of molten Ag-Sn and Ag-Cu alloys were calculatedusing the Butler equation with the surface tension value of pure substance at a given oxygen partialpressure. The oxygen partial pressure ranges were 2.86×10-12－1.24×10-9Pa for the Ag-Sn system and2.27×10-11－5.68×10-4 Pa for the Ag-Cu system. In this calculation, the interactions of the adsorbed oxygenwith other metallic constituents were ignored. The calculated results of the Ag-Sn alloys were in reasonableaccordance with the experimental data within a difference of 8%. For the Ag-Cu alloy system at a higheroxygen partial pressure, the surface tension initially decreased but showed a minimum at XAg = 0.05 to increaseas the silver content increased. This behavior appears to be related to the oxygen adsorption and thecorresponding surface segregation of the constituent with a lower surface tension. Nevertheless, the calculatedresults of the Ag-Cu alloys with the present model were in good agreement with the experimental data withina difference of 10%.

Microstructural evolution and the intermetallic compound (IMC) growth kinetics in an Au stud bump were studied via isothermal aging at 120, 150, and 180˚C for 300hrs. The AlAu4 phase was observed in an Al pad/Au stud interface, and its thickness was kept constant during the aging treatment. AuSn, AuSn2, and AuSn4 phases formed at interface between the Au stud and Sn. AuSn2, AuSn2/AuSn4, and AuSn phases dominantly grew as the aging time increased at 120˚C, 150˚C, and 180˚C, respectively, while (Au,Cu)6Sn5/Cu3Sn phases formed at Sn/Cu interface with a negligible growth rate. Kirkendall voids formed at AlAu4/Au, Au/Au-Sn IMC, and Cu3Sn/Cu interfaces and propagated continuously as the time increased. The apparent activation energy for the overall growth of the Au-Sn IMC was estimated to be 1.04 eV.

Thermally evaporated 10 nm-Ni/1 nm-Au/(30 nm-poly)Si structures were fabricated in order to investigate the thermal stability of Au-inserted nickel silicide. The silicide samples underwent rapid thermal annealing at 300~1100˚C for 40 seconds. The sheet resistance was measured using a four-point probe. A scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope were used to determine the cross-sectional structure and surface image. High-resolution X-ray diffraction and a scanning probe microscope were employed for the phase and surface roughness. According to sheet resistance and XRD analyses, nickel silicide with Au had no effect on widening the NiSi stabilization temperature region. Au-inserted nickel silicide on a single crystal silicon substrate showed nano-dots due to the preferred growth and a self-arranged agglomerate nano phase due to agglomeration. It was possible to tune the characteristic size of the agglomerate phase with silicidation temperatures. The nano-thick Au-insertion was shown to lead to self-arranged microstructures of nickel silicide.