본 연구에서는 초고층건축물의 풍진동 모니터링을 위한 시스템식별기법의 현장적용성을 평가하였다. 실제 아웃리거-벨트월 을 횡력저항 시스템으로 가지는 실제 63층 RC구조물을 대상으로 상시 및 강풍시 응답을 모니터링하였으며, 진동수영역분해(FDD), 랜덤감소(RDT)기법, 부분공간시스템식별(SSI)법을 사용하여 진동특성을 식별하였다. 건물의 평면이 정방형이고, 두 개의 횡방향 모드의 진동수는 매우 유사하였다. 모든 식별기법에서 태풍과 같이 강한 외력이 존재할 경우 뿐만 아니라 상시미진동 에서도 구조물의 모드 특성을 식별할 수 있었다. 현장에서의 적용성 평가결과, 계산속도는 FDD가 가장 빨랐으며, RDT가 가장 간단한 프로그래밍 절차를 가지고 있음을 확인하였다.

The Sausage radio relic is the arc-like radio structure in the cluster CIZA J2242.8+5301, whose observed properties can be best understood by synchrotron emission from relativistic electrons accelerated at a merger-driven shock. However, there remain a few puzzles that cannot be explained by the shock acceleration model with only in-situ injection. In particular, the Mach number inferred from the observed radio spectral index, Mradio  4.6, while the Mach number estimated from X-ray observations, MX−ray  2.7. In an attempt to resolve such a discrepancy, here we consider the re-acceleration model in which a shock of Ms  3 sweeps through the intracluster gas with a pre-existing population of relativistic electrons. We find that observed brightness profiles at multi frequencies provide strong constraints on the spectral shape of pre-existing electrons. The models with a power-law momentum spectrum with the slope, s  4.1, and the cutoff Lorentz factor, e,c  3−5×104, can reproduce reasonably well the observed spatial profiles of radio fluxes and integrated radio spectrum of the Sausage relic. The possible origins of such relativistic electrons in the intracluster medium remain to be investigated further.

The Toothbrush radio relic associated with the merging cluster 1RXS J060303.3 is presumed to be produced by relativistic electrons accelerated at merger-driven shocks. Since the shock Mach number inferred from the observed radio spectral index, Mradio  2:8, is larger than that estimated from X-ray observations, MX . 1:5, we consider the re-acceleration model in which a weak shock of Ms  1:2 - 1:5 sweeps through the intracluster plasma with a preshock population of relativistic electrons. We nd the models with a power-law momentum spectrum with the slope, s  4:6, and the cutoff Lorentz factor, e;c  7-8104 can reproduce reasonably well the observed proles of radio uxes and integrated radio spectrum of the head portion of the Toothbrush relic. This study conrms the strong connection between the ubiquitous presence of fossil relativistic plasma originated from AGNs and the shock-acceleration model of radio relics in the intracluster medium.

가속도를 계측하여 부상력을 제어하는 것은 가장 기본적인 자기부상열차의 부상공극 제어기법이다. 이에 이 연구에서는 가속도 되먹임에 기반한 부상공극제어기법을 자기부상열차에 적용하고, 이를 고려한 자기부상열차-가이드웨이 상호작용계의 동적거동 해석기법을 개발한다. 개발된 해석기법을 사용하여 실제 자기부상열차-가이드웨이 상호작용계의 동적해석을 수행하였다. 해석 결과를 통해 가속도 되먹임에 기반한 부상공극제어기법을 적용하여도 현재까지 제안된 자기부상열차 설계 기준을 충분히 만족함을 확인하였다. 즉, 현재 제안된 자기부상열차 가이드웨이 구조물의 설계 기준을 보완하여 안전하면서도 경제적인 구조물의 건설이 가능해질 것으로 예상된다.

In this study, an acceleration sensor that has optical fibers to measure the inclination and acceleration of a structure through contradictory changes in two-component FBG sensors was examined. The proposed method was to ensure precise measurement through the unification of the deformation rate sensor and the angular displacement sensor. A high sensitivity three-axis accelerometer was designed and prepared using this method. To verify the accuracy of the accelerometer, the change in wavelength according to temperature and tension was tested. Then, the change in wavelength of the prepared accelerometer according to the sensor angle, and that of the sensor according to the change in ambient temperature were measured. According to the test results on the FBG-based vibration sensor that was developed using a high-speed vibrator, the range in measurement was 0.7 g or more, wavelength sensitivity, 2150 pm/g or more, and the change in wavelength change, 9.5 pm/℃.

본 연구의 목적은 한반도의 고유한 지진-지체구조 특성이 반영된 입력자료를 사용하여 한반도의 확률론적 지진 위험지도를 제작하는 것이다. 지진입력자료들은 다수의 전문가에 의해 제공받았으며, 최대지반가속도(Peak Ground Acceleration: PGA)에 대한 지진위험도값은 USGS 지진재해도 프로그램(Harmsen, 2008)을 일부 수정하여 산출하였다. 전문가들로부터 제공된 지진입력자료들의 불확실성은 논리수목 방법을 적용하여 최종 지진재해도 계산에 반영하였다. PGA 분포 패턴은 각 전문가들이 제시한 면적지진원도 형상에 매우 민감하며, 그 형상과 유사한 모양을 보여준다. 지진 위험지도는 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 250, 500년 동안 초과확률 10%에 해당하는 최대지반가속도를 등치선 형태로 나타내었다. 모든 재현주기에서 황해도 일대를 제외한 북한지역이 남한지역보다 현저하게 낮은(약 50%) PGA 기댓값을 나타낸 다. 전체적으로 남한의 동남부 일대와 북한의 황해도 일대가 약간 높은 값을 보이면서 북서-남동 방향으로 등치도 값의 분포가 신장되어 나타남을 보인다. 또한, 강원도 북부 일대가 타 지역에 비해 약간 낮아지는 경향을 보인다. 본 연구 결과는 국내 주요 구조물의 내진성능 향상을 위한 기초자료로서 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

This study suggests a prediction model of ground motion spectral shape considering characteristics of earthquake records in Korea. Based on the Graizer and Kalkan’s prediction procedure, a spectral shape model is defined as a continuous function of period in order to improve the complex problems of the conventional models. The approximate spectral shape function is then developed with parameters such as moment magnitude, fault distance, and average shear velocity of independent variables. This paper finally determines estimator coefficients of subfunctions which explain the corelation among the independent variables using the nonlinear optimization. As a result of generating the prediction model of ground motion spectral shape, the ground motion spectral shape well estimates the response spectrum of earthquake recordings in Korea.

Most high energy cosmic rays (CRs) are thought to be produced by diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) in supernova remnants (SNRs) within the Galaxy. Plasma and MHD simulations have shown that the self-excitation of MHD waves and amplication of magnetic fields via plasma instabilities are an integral part of DSA for strong collisionless shocks. In this study we explore how plasma processes such as plasma instabilities and wave-particle interactions can affect the energy spectra of CR protons and electrons, using time-dependent DSA simulations of SNR shocks. We demonstrate that the time-dependent evolution of the shock dynamics, the self-amplified magnetic fields and Alfvenic drift govern the highest energy end of the CR energy spectra. As a result, the spectral cutoffs in nonthermal X-ray and γ-ray radiation spectra are regulated by the evolution of the highest energy particles, which are injected at the early phase of SNRs. We also nd that the maximum energy of CR protons can be boosted significantly only if the scale height of the magnetic field precursor is long enough to contain the diffusion lengths of the particles of interests. Thus, detailed understandings of nonlinear wave-particle interactions and time-dependent DSA simulations are crucial for understanding the nonthermal radiation from CR acceleration sources.

MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) is an alternative to the dark matter paradigm. MOND asserts that when the magnitude of acceleration is smaller than the acceleration parameter a0, the response of the system to gravity is stronger (larger acceleration) than the one given by Newtonian dynamics. The current value of a0 is obtained mostly by observations of spiral galaxies (rotation curves and the Tully-Fisher relation). We attempt to estimate a0 from the dynamics of elliptical galaxies. We seek elliptical galaxies that act as the lens of gravitational lensing systems and have velocity dispersion data available. We analysed 65 Einstein rings from the Sloan Len ACS survey (SLACS). The mass estimates from gravitation lensing and velocity dispersion agree well with each other, and are consistent with the estimates from population synthesis with a Salpeter IMF. The value of a0 obtained from this analysis agrees with the current value.

The FastSound project is a galaxy redshift survey using Subaru/FMOS to detect Hα emitting galaxies at z ~ 1.3, for the purpose of probing the origin of the accelerated expansion of the universe. The survey has detected ~4,000 galaxy redshifts in a total area of 30 deg2, and detected the redshift space distortion at this redshift range for the first time. The redshift space distortion (RSD) signal will be used to derive a measurement of the growth rate of large scale structure, which will provide a test for modified gravity as a possible origin of accelerated cosmic explansion. Here we present an overview and the current status of the project.

모드분해법은 해석의 효율성, 동적특성 추정 등에 매우 유용한 도구로 사용되어 왔다. 그러나 댐퍼와 같은 진동제어시스템이 설치된 비고전감쇠 구조물에 대해서 기존의 모드분리법에 의해서 분리가 잘 이루어지진 않는다. 본 연구에서는 비고전 감쇠를 가지는 구조물의 운동방정식을 상태방정식으로 변환한 후 상태공간에서 모드분해하는 기법을 제안하고 상태공간 모드분해 기법에 의해 분리 된 모드응답의 특성을 다루었다. 제안방법의 검증과 모드응답특성을 분석하기 위하여 비고전감쇠를 가지는 3자유도 구조물에 대한 수치시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 수치해석 결과, 고전감쇠 구조물에 대한 상태공간 모드행렬의 대각블럭 행렬은 기존의 모드행렬과 같으며, 대각외 블록행렬은 모두 ‘0’의 값을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 비고전 감쇠 구조물에 대한 상태공간 모드행렬은 대각외 블록의 행렬 도 값을 가지는 것으로 나타났으며, 그 값은 대각블럭 행렬에 비하여 매우 작은 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 계측응답만을 이용하여 상태 공간에서 모드분리가 가능한 것으로 나타났으며, 동일한 고유진동수를 가지는 모드응답은 상호간 변위-속도관계를 가지도록 분해 가능함을 보였다.

PURPOSES: The present study aims to evaluate the added CO2 emissions incurred from accelerating operation when to increase the speed up to the allowed level. METHODS : The methodology used are basically the relationship between emission rates and vehicle speeds or acceleration rate. These rates together are used to calculate the added CO2 emissions incurred from accelerating operation. RESULTS: It was resulted that the all the emission rates are increasing proportionally to vehicle speeds or acceleration rates. Additionally, it was also resulted that allowable speeds increasing, the added emission rates are increasing rapidly. CONCLUSIONS: It may be concluded that if the allowable speed ranges are managed, CO2 emissions during vehicle operation are much reduced. From this reason, it was found that the allowable speed during highway design and operation would be much necessary

Seismic intensity deduced from instrumental data has been evaluated using the empirical relationship between intensity and peak ground acceleration (PGA) during an earthquake. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) developed a seismic intensity meter, which can estimate the real-time seismic intensity from seismic motions observed at a local site to evaluate the damage during the earthquake more correctly. This paper proposes a practical application of the JMA intensity to dams during the 2013 earthquake in Yeongcheon, Korea. In the present paper, seismic intensity was estimated from the relationships between accelerations observed at Yeongcheon Dam. Estimated seismic intensities were in the range of 0 to 3, which was verified from the displacements of dams and the variation of the ground water level observed at Yeongcheon dam during the earthquake. The JMA intensity, which is determined by considering the frequency, duration of cyclic loading, etc., was 0 (zero) and there was no damage to Yeoncheon dam during the earthquake.

Vacuum kinetic spray(VKS) is a relatively advanced process for fabricating thin/thick and dense ceramic coatings via submicron-sized particle impact at room temperature. However, unfortunately, the particle velocity, which is an important value for investigating the deposition mechanism, has not been clarified yet. Thus, in this research, VKS average particle velocities were derived by numerical analysis method(CFD: computational fluid dynamics) connected with an experimental approach(SCM: slit cell method). When the process gas or powder particles are accelerated by a compressive force generated by gas pressure in kinetic spraying, a tensile force generated by the vacuum in the VKS system accelerates the process gas. As a result, the gas is able to reach supersonic speed even though only 0.6MPa gas pressure is used in VKS. In addition, small size powders can be accelerated up to supersonic velocity by means of the drag-force of the low pressure process gas flow. Furthermore, in this process, the increase of gas flow makes the drag-force stronger and gas distribution more homogenized in the pipe, by which the total particle average velocity becomes higher and the difference between max. and min. particle velocity decreases. Consequently, the control of particle size and gas flow rate are important factors in making the velocity of particles high enough for successful deposition in the VKS system.