The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of unilateral shoulder bag weight and heel heights on trunk muscle activities. This study recruited 40 healthy women in their twenties. Electromyography activities of rectus abdominis muscle, external abdominal oblique muscle, internal abdominal oblique muscle and erector spinae muscle during standing position were measured using a surface electromyography system. The overall muscle activities of the trunk muscles were significantly increased in the contralateral trunk muscles (p<.05). Inaddition, the trunk muscles overall activities on the contralateral side without the shoulder bag was positive correlation with the heel height and unilateral shoulder bag weight (p<.05). Both high-heeled wear and unilateral shoulder bags are fashion items that cause asymmetry in the trunk muscles of women in their twenties. These findings suggest that the increase in the weight and heel height of the unilateral shoulder bag in women cause asymmetry of trunk muscle activities.

Proximate analysis and antioxidant activity of cultivated wild Panax ginseng (CWPG) were investigated to provide fundamental information of CWPG with different ages and to increase its industrial application. Proximate analyses of CWPG with different ages were performed. Extraction of CWPG with different ages was carried out using heatreflux extraction, and their extraction yield, crude saponin content, ginsenoside content, and antioxidant activity were analyzed. Moisture content decreased, but crude fat and crude protein were increased with aging. Extraction yield and crude saponin contents did not show a specific pattern while 5-year-old CWPG revealed the highest extraction yield and crude saponin content. All CWPGs showed typical ginsenoside profiles containing C-K and Rh2 ginsenosides, which are not found in ginseng. The 3-year-old CWPG showed the highest antioxidant activity including total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. Moreover, 3-year-old CWPG also revealed the highest acidic polysaccharide content. Therefore, these results suggested that 3-year-old CWPG, which is the cheapest, can be used in industrial application due to its high antioxidant activity and acidic polysaccharide content with similar ginsenoside profile compared to 5- and 7-year-old CWPGs.

Ganoderma lucidum has been traditionally used as a medicine for treatment of bronchitis, arthritis, and high blood pressure, and it has been reported to display many biological activities including anticancer and immune activities. Since mushroom mycelium is known to have excellent biological activities together with mushroom fruiting body, studies on biological activities of mushroom mycelium have been actively conducted. Thus, the present study compared the biological activities before and after the cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium on Atractylodes rhizoma. When the radical scavenging activity was assessed by the DPPH assay, ARGL (ethanol extract of Atractylodes rhizoma mycelium fermented with Ganoderma lucidum) showed radical scavenging activity of 5.58~82.56% at concentrations of 10~500 μg/assay, while AR (ethanol extract of Atractylodes rhizoma) showed radical scavenging activity of 5.27~72.08% at the same concentrations. When measured by using the ABTS assay, ARGL showed higher radical scavenging activity than AR, which was consistent with the result obtained by the DPPH assay. In the MTT assay, the cytotoxicity of ARGL against all cell lines was higher than that of AR. In particular, the cytotoxicities of AR and ARGL against Hep3B at a concentration of 400 μg/assay were 71.81% and 86.40%, respectively. In addition, the result obtained by the SRB assay was consistent with the result obtained by the MTT assay. According to the results mentioned above, there is a high probability that medicinal herb cultures using mycelium can be used as sources of functional foods since the cytotoxicities against cancer cells and antioxidant activities increased when the mycelium was fermented with Atractylodes rhizoma.

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant activities and the contents of antioxidant compounds in extracts derived from 23 medicinal crops. Dried plant materials were extracted by 80% methanol and the extracts were used to experiment. The levels of total phenolic compounds were much higher in Oenothera biennis, Houttuynia cordata, Cedrela sinensis, Rhus javanica, Artemisia annua, Reynoutria sachalinensis, and Dendropanax morbifera compared with other crops. On the other hand, the total phenolic compound levels in Carthamus tinctorius, Polygonum multiflorus, Ginko biloba, Solanum nigrum, and Saposhnikovia divaricata were relatively low. The total flavonoid contents were highest in H. cordata, followed by D. morbifera, A. annua, A. continentalis and O. biennis. DPPH activity was significantly higher in A. annua, R. javanica, C. sinensis, D. morbifera and O. biennis, and ABTS activity was significantly higher in R. javanica, C. sinensis, O. biennis, R. sachalinensis, A. annua, and D. morbifera than other plants. These results suggest that O. biennis, A. annua, R. javanica, D. morbifera, and R. sachalinensis can be utilized as food additives and natural antioxidants due to their strong antioxidant activity.

In this study, we evaluated the nutritional components and functional activities of Wooung (burdock, Arctium lappa L.) and Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) tea. Roasting burdock’ contained 75.87% carbohydrates; in addition, the moisture content, crude fat, crude protein, and crude fiber were 10.43%, 1.77%, 8.50%, and 3.43%, respectively. Roasting Jerusalem artichoke showed 77.477% carbohydrate content, with moisture content, crude fat, crude protein, and crude fiber of 10.67%, 1.23%, 7.83%, and 2.80%, respectively. Roasting burdock’s water-soluble dietary fiber content was 4.8 g/100 g and insoluble dietary fiber content was 1.5 g/100 g; whereas, roasting Jerusalem artichoke’ water soluble dietary fiber content was 2.4 g/100 g and insoluble dietary fiber content was 1.6 g/100 g. The highest mineral contents in roasting burdock and Jerusalem artichoke were potassium and magnesium, in order. The results of amino acid analyses s indicated a total of 25 types in roasting burdock, with total amino acid content of 1,382.112 mg/100 g, and essential amino acid content of 766.031 mg/100 g. In total, 24 types of amino acids were separated and identified in roasting Jerusalem artichoke, with total amino acid content of 2,678.018 mg/100 g, and total essential amino acid content of 157.294 mg/100 g. Roasting burdock and Jerusalem artichoke’ polyphenol contents were 32.56 and 29.56 mg GAE/g each, and their flavonoid contents were 16.54 and 16.71 CE/g each. IC50 values of DPPH radical-scavenging activity of roasting burdock and Jerusalem artichoke were 12.99 and 19.74, respectively; and IC50 values of hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity were 25.96 and 22.93, respectively.

본 연구에서는 하고초(Prunella vulgaris L.)의 50% 에탄올 추출물, 에틸아세테이트 분획 및 아글리콘 분획을 대상으로 항산화 활성과 유효성분 분석 연구를 수행하였다. 1,1-Diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)를 이용한 자유라디칼 소거활성(FSC50)은 50% 에탄올 추출물, 에틸아세테이트 분 획 및 아글리콘 분획에서 각각 15.25 μg/mL, 8.68 μg/mL 및 8.25 μg/mL이었다. Luminol 발광법을 이용한 Fe3+-EDTA/H2O2계에서 생성된 활성산소종(reactive oxygen species, ROS)에 대한 하고초 추출 물의 총항산화능(OSC50)은 50% 에탄올 추출물, 에틸아세테이트 분획 및 아글리콘 분획에서 각각 4.68 μg/mL, 1.00 μg/mL 및 1.02 μg/mL이었다. 1O2로 유도된 적혈구 세포손상에 대한 보호효과는 1 ~ 25 μg/mL의 농도에서 농도 의존적으로 증가하였고, 특히 25 μg/mL 농도에서 아글리콘 분획의 τ50 이 337.9 min으로 높은 세포 보호 활성을 나타내었다. 이는 대표적인 항산화 물질로 알려진 (+)-α -tocopherol (τ50 = 38.7 분)보다도 9배나 큰 세포 보호 효과를 나타냄을 알았다. 실험에 사용된 하고 초 추출물의 에틸아세테이트 분획과 아글리콘 분획에 대하여 TLC와 HPLC를 이용한 성분 분석을 수행 하였다. 에틸아세테이트 분획에서는 caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside, rutin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, astragalin (kaempferol-3-O-glucoside)을 확인하였다. 아글리콘 분획에서 는 caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, quercetin 및 kaempferol이 존재함을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과들로부 터, 하고초 추출물 및 분획물은 1O2 또는 ROS를 소거함으로써 세포막을 보호할 수 있는 천연 항산화제 로서 화장품 분야에서 응용이 가능함을 시사하였다.

본 연구에서는 국내산 고려엉겅퀴를 건강기능식품 소재로 활용시 기초자료 제공하고자 주요 산지별 pectolinarin함량, 총 플라보노이드 함량, DPPH라디칼 소거능 및 ORAC 지수 등을 분석하였다. 산지별 고려엉겅퀴의 pectolinarin함량은 3.95 ± 0.05 ~ 7.29 ± 0.07 mg/g로 강원도 D농장(GW-D)에서 가장 높은 함량을 보였다. 총 플라보노이드 함량은 산지별로 40.42 ± 0.91 ~ 76.70 ± 2.24 mg PNE/g 수준으로 전라남도 A농장(JN-A) 추출물에서 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었고 강원도 A농장(GW-A) 추출물에서(40.42 ± 0.91 mg PNE/g)로 가장 낮은 함량을 보였다. DPPH 라디칼 소거능의 경우, 산지별로 31.25% ~ 81.93%의 활성을 보였고, ORAC 지수는 산지별로 179.62~514.49 μM TE/g로 강원도 D농장(GW-D)과 강원도 E농장(GW-E)에서 각각 514.49, 501.73 μM TE/g 으로 가장 높은 ORAC 수치를 나타내었다. 결론적으로 고려엉겅퀴 추출물은 pectolinarin과 유용성분을 함유하고 DPPH 라디칼 소거능 및 ORAC 활성 등의 항산화활성을 갖는 것으로 나타났다.

영지버섯과 기타 약용버섯류를 에탄올 용매로 추출하여 농축한 뒤, 100 μg/ml의 농도로 처리하여 아질산염 소거 능을 실험한 결과 양성대조구인 Ascorbic acid는 25%의 소거능을 보이는데 반해 영지버섯 중 ASI 7080은 40%이 상 소거하는 것으로 나타났으며, 그 다음으로는 상황버섯 이 37%를 보였다. ASI 7002도 양성대조구보다 높게 나 타났.고, 그 이외의 다른 실험구는 양성대조구인 Ascorbic acid보다 낮은 아질산염 소거능을 보였다. NO assay 실험을 한 결과, 양성대조구로 쓰인 Ascorbic acid는 항염증 효능이 55%인데 반해 ASI 7002는 78.5% 로 가장 높은 항염증 효능을 보였으며, 그 다음으로 ASI 7063이 67.5%를 보였다. 기타 약용버섯류인 동충하초는 71.2%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 노루궁뎅이 버섯은 59.7%의 소거능을 보였다. 영지버섯 ASI 7002를 에탄올 용매로 추출하여 농축한 뒤, 농도별(10, 50, 100 μg/ml)로 처리하고 LPS 10 μg/ml 처리한 RAW 264.7 cell 에서 RNA를 추출하여 cDNA를 합성한 후 Real-time PCR kit 를 이용하여 염증 관련 유전자인 iNOS와 COX-2와 TNF-a의 primer를 Table 1과 같이 제작하였고, iNOS와 COX-2와 TNF-a의 발현정도를 본 결과 세 유전자 모두 농도 의존적으로 발현이 억제되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

Medical mushroom, Phellinus linteus and Phellinus baumii called as “Sanghwang” have cultivated in Korea. PL has been studied extensively for its extraordinary capacity of suppressing cancer or enhancing body immunity. The mycelial materials of PL have mainly been used as research samples worldwide because fruiting bodies was difficult to be artificially cultivated. Alternatively, P. baumii (variety, ‘Jangsu’) have been cultivated in Korea. However, fruiting body morphology of P. baumii is clearly different to that of PL. Generally, Phellinus spp. including P. linteus slowly grow on artificial medium such as Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). In contrast, P. baumii strains were rapidly grown on the artificial media when compared to other Phellinus spp. and thus it was considerable that its mycelial growing ability can be acted as a factor for producing fruiting bodies. This study aimed to find Phellinus isolates having high mycelial growth rate. Five Phellinus isolates that show rapid growth rate on YGM medium were selected from 36 Phellinus isolates collected in Korea. They were identified on nucleotide sequences of rDNA-ITS region. Phellinus linteus strain and Phellinus spp. showing mycelial growth rate comparing to P. baumii were characterized on cultural and bioactive characteristics (antioxidant activity and immune activation).

Total phenol contents, total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of 70% methanol, 70% ethanol and chloroform-methanol (CM, 2:1, v/v) extracts from onion (Allium cepa L.) peels were studied. The IC50 values of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical and ABTS [2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt] radical scavenging activity in 70% ethanol extract were remained to be lowest followed by 70% methanol extract and CM extract. And the total phenol content (113.56±0.86 mg CAE/g), total flavonoid content (49.63 mg QE/g) and ferric reducing antioxidant power value were also found to be the highest. In contrast, 70% methanol extract possessed the strongest antioxidant activity by β-carotene bleaching assay. CM extract displayed the lowest antioxidant activity compared with other extracts. Onion peels exhibited strong antioxidant activity and abundant phytochemicals, which could be used in a various food products to add phytochemicals and promote good health.

최근 서비스 산업이 성장하면서 창업활동이 매우 활성화되고 있다. 창업활동은 경제에 새로운 활력을 불어넣어준다는 측면에서 경제성장에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다고 알려져 있지만 어떤 과정을 통해 경제성장률을 제고시키는지에 대한 연구는 매우 부족한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 금융시스템의 발전단계에 따라 창업활동이 경제성장에 미치는 영향이 어떻게 달라지는지 분석하였다. 분석대상을 고소득 국가군과 중간소득 국가군으로 구분하여 실증 분석한 결과 창업활동은 모든 분석 국가집단에서 경제성장에 유의한 양(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 금융시스템의 발전단계를 고려한 분석결과에 따르면, 고소득 국가군에서는 창업활동이 시장 중심 금융시스템의 발달과 연계하여 경제성장에 영향을 미치고 있었지만 중간소득 국가군에서는 은행 중심 금융시스템과 상호작용하여 경제성장에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 금융시스템의 발전단계와의 상호작용변수의 추정계수는 유의한 음(-)의 값을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 창업활동이 경제성장에 미치는 긍정적인 효과가 금융시스템의 발전에 의해 오히려 약화된다는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 기존의 금융시스템 외에 창업활동을 지원하는 금융 서비스를 정책적으로 강화하는 것이 매우 중요하다고 여겨진다. 그러나 장기적인 관점에서 정책적으로 직접적인 창업자금을 조달하기보다는 시장을 이용한 자본조달 시스템을 강화하는 한편 창업 실패에 대한 안전장치를 마련하는 등의 추가적인 조치를 취하는 것이 바람직할 것이다.

The aim of this study was to establish a three dimensional (3D) culture system of endometrial cells and to examine the plasminogen activators (PAs) activity in porcine uterine. The 3D culture system in porcine endometrial cells was composed to mixture 3D gel, stromal cells and epithelial cells. The 3D culture system was used to identify normal structure search as uterine tissue and PAs expression in this study. In results, porcine endometrium epithelial cells forming a top monolayer and endometrium stromal cells developed as fibroblast-like within 3D matrix scaffold. Expression of urokinase-type PA (uPA) and tissue-type PA (tPA) were observed during the 3D culture using immunofluorescence. PA activity in 3D-cultured endometrial cells was no significant difference between the tissue type, but 2D culture system were significantly lower than in 3D-cultured endometrial cells (P<0.05). Therefore, basic system and functional aspect of 3D culture could be established with similar system of endometrium tissue. We suggest that this study was assumed applicable as baseline data to investigate mechanism between porcine uterus cells in vitro.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the grip strength by the girth of upper arm and forearm and their muscle activities by duration of grip strength. The subjects were consisted of 20 healthy adults(10 males & 10 females) who had no medical history of neurological and surgical problems with their arms. Girth of upper arm/ forearm and maximum grip strength for 4sec and 30sec were measured. Muscle activity was by wireless electrode EMG system. Co-relation of girth of upper arm/ forearm was significantly high. Upper arm's muscle activity performed for 4sec and 30sec was significantly high. In this study. It suggests that training of upper arm should be performed with the training of grip strength because both of upper arm and forearm affected grip strength.

This research is to investigate the effects of Taewondo known to the world on students' emotional development after analysing their cultural difference from Taekwondo as an after school training activity in Korean and American elementary school. The subje

This present study investigated the effects of the abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) and chin tuck (CT) on middle thoracic erector spinae, lower thoracic erector spinae, and lumbar erector spinae muscle activity during three prone thoracic extension (PTE) exercises. Twelve healthy subjects performed preferred PTE, ADIM PTE, and ADIM-CT PTE. Surface electromyography was used to collect data on the muscle activity of dominant middle and lower thoracic erector spinae muscles and the lumbar erector spinae. Middle and lower thoracic erector spinae muscle activity significantly increased when ADIM and CT was performed (p<.05). However, lumbar erector spinae muscle activity significantly decreased in ADIM PTE compared to preferred PTE (p=.017) and significantly increased in ADIM-CT PTE compared to ADIM PTE (p=.004). In conclusion, ADIM-CT PTE effectively increased middle and lower thoracic erector spinae muscle activity, and ADIM PTE decreased lumbar erector spinae muscle activity. Hence, ADIM PTE could be a recommended exercise maneuver to strengthen thoracic erector spinae without over activation of lumbar erector spinae.

An endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia plutellae parasitized young larvae of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Parasitized larvae exhibit sign ificant immunosuppression and fail to metamorphose to pupal stage. Especially, during last instar of parasitized P.xylostella, massive nutrients divert from host to wasp development. CpBV15α ,a host translation inhibitory factors encoded in C. Plutella bracovirus(CpBV), plays a crucial role in suppressing host usage of amino acids. Its promoter analysis shows that CpBV15α specifically inhibit host development in late larval period. To understand its inhibitory target, its specific expression was performed in non-parasitized P. xylostella by in vivo transient expression technique. Total plasma proteins were analyzed by 2D gel electrophoresis and determined target genes inhibited by CpBV15α. Immunoprecipation of cellular extract with CpBV15α antibody captured eIF2B. CpBV15α shares sequence homology with eIF5, especially at its eIF2B-binding region. Our results suggest that CpBV15α may sequester eIF2B, which result in malfunctioning of eIF2 cycling to form a translation initiation complex.

The purpose of this study was to analyze lower limb muscle activity and 3D motion analysis according to change foot arch height during walking. We selected 9 young and healthy people who have been normal foot. And we selected 7 young and healthy people who have been flatfoot. So, people were divided into 2 groups and walked platform during 2 minutes twice for checked by 3D motion analysis. These data were characterized by EMG measurements of three muscles( tibialis anterior, medial and lateral gastrocnemius) while they were walking. The collected data were analyzed by Independent t test using the SPSS statistics program(Ver 12.0). In foot arch change, there were no significant difference in three muscles 3D motion analysis also found that there were no significant difference in joint angles. In this study was to analyze lower limb muscle activity and 3D motion analysis according to change foot arch, but there were no significant difference in 6 muscles neither joint angles.

The purpose of this study is to measure the effect of change in heel height on lower extremities activity of young women on high-heeled shoes that young women prefer from more kinetic and realistic perspective as this study changes the degree of slope on a treadmill. The study subjects are 15 young and healthy women who do not have any external injuries or problem with walking and understand the purpose of this study clearly. They wore three different height of heels(1cm, 7cm, 12cm) and walked on a treadmill at a constant speed of 3km/h. EMG value of four muscles (anterior tibial muscle, gastrocnemius muscle, straight muscle of thigh, and biceps muscle of thigh) were collected when walking and the change according to the height of heels were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Multiple comparison analysis on anterior tibial muscle and heel height showed that the group with 12cm heel showed significantly high muscle activation compared to the groups with 1cm and 7cm heels. The result of this study can be used for various perspectives from inferring and mediating problems caused by wearing high heels on different ground slopes for a long time