Recently, concern about Sick House Syndrome (SHS) has been increased in Korea. And it is suspected that formaldehyde (HCHO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are major factors for SHS. This study was surveyed the indoor air quality in new apartments in Korea. The HCHO and VOCs were measured at 90 sites and analysed by HPLC-UV and GC/MS, respectively. The range of HCHO concentrations at 90 sites were 9.39∼248.78㎍/㎥ and the mean value 105.41㎍/㎥ and the concentrations of HCHO at 42 sites (46.7%) exceeded the indoor air quality guideline (100㎍/㎥) in Japan. Among the 4 VOCs, toluene concentrations were the highest and the mean value 127.33㎍/㎥ and that concentrations at 12 sites (13.8%) were exceeded the indoor air quality guideline (260㎍/㎥) in Japan. There was a tendency which the longer the movement and measurement period is, the more the pollutants concentration is decreased. HCHO and VOCs concentrations of domestic results was similar to Japan's survey results in 2000.

There has recently become one of the major concern expressed the general public and regulation agencies concerning health risks associated with indoor air pollution in Korea. A new indoor air quality program under "Legislation of Indoor Air Quality Management for Public Facilities" is enforced to act on the end of May, 2004 by the Korea Ministry of Environment. The purposes of this article were to discuss the sustainable development of indoor air pollution and to strengthen the importance of the sustainability of indoor air quality. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability future generations to meet their own needs and a new theory that grew out of the conservation / environmental movement of the 1970's. While the conservation/environmental movement asked questions about preserving the Earth's resources, sustainable development includes questions about how human decisions affect the Earth's environment. Sustainable development of environmental pollution has been discussed over the last 20 year in most countries, but an important health problems of indoor air pollution became a social issues in recent years. We must develop global perspectives and maintain effective balance between available resources and human needs. The further understanding of the sustainable development of indoor air pollution is extremely useful in defining the components of healthful indoor air in major indoor environments. Additional information concerning more detailed housing characteristics, daily activity patterns, and seasonal factors which may influence indoor pollutants should provide important information on sustainable development in indoor air pollution.

본 연구에서는 서울시에 의해 운영되는 서울시내 31개 지역의 대기오염 자동측정망에서 1990년부터 2000년까지 11년 동안 측정한 자료 중, TSP와 PM10에 대한 대기환경기준을 초과한 자료만을 선택적으로 분리한 후 여러 가지 통계적인 분석을 수행하였다. 이러한 연구목적에 맞추어, 각 토지 이용 상태별로 환경기준을 초과한 분진농도의 경향성을 비교해 본 결과, TSP의 경우 초과농도의 전반적인 발생분포가 녹지, 주거, 상업, 준공업지역 순서로 증가하는 양상을 보여주었다. 준공업 지역에서 351.0±35.9μg m3로 가장 높은 초과농도를 보였다. PM10의 초과농도는 주거지역에서 182.9±42.4μg m3의 최고농도를 보이며, 초과농도분포는 준공업, 상업, 녹지, 주거지역 순서로 증가하는 양상을 보인다. 발생빈도수를 각 지점별 측정망수로 나누어 준 결과 주거지역에서 21회로 다른지역에 비해 높은 초과빈도수를 보였다. 이들 초과농도자료들만에 국한시켜 시간적 주기성을 분석한 결과에 따르면, 일반적으로 관측되는 부유분진 자료들과 차별화 된 경향성이 어느 정도 확인되었다. 특히 계절적인 주기로 구분하였을 때, 일반농도자료는 PM10과 TSP 모두 겨울철에 가장 큰 농도를 보인데 반해, 초과농도는 다른 양상을 보여주었다. 이러한 연구결과, PM10의 연도별 경향성에서 가장 주목할 점은 측정이 시작된 1995년 이후 초과농도의 크기가 지속적으로 감소함에도 불구하고, 그 발생빈도수는 최근에 들어 괄목할 만큼 증가하고 있다는 점을 들 수 있다.

본 연구는 1990년부터 2000년까지 11년의 기간동안 서울지역 대기오염 자동측정망을 중심으로 관측된 오존자료 중 환경기준을 초과한 자료만을 선별적으로 분리한 후 분석에 활용하였다. 이와 같은 분석결과를 토대로 서울시의 4대 권역별 (NE, SE, SW, NW) 기준초과양상을 여러 가지 관점에서 비교해 보았다. 24시간을 주기로 초과농도의 발생 경향을 비교해 본 결과, SW지역이 다른 지역에 비해 오존의 총 발생시간이 더 많은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 발생빈도를 중심으로 4대 지역에 대한 월별 경향성을 비교했을 때 NW지역에서 여타 지역보다 최고빈도의 발생시기가 약간 뒤처지는 현상이 나타났다. 해를 거듭할수록 오존의 환경기준 초과발생횟수가 증가하는 경향을 감지할 수 있다. 특히 이와 같은 현상은 NE, SE를 포함하는 서울의 동쪽지역에서 두드러지는 것으로 타나났다. 전체 11년동안 초과치의 최고 발생빈도를 지역별로 비교해 보면, NE지역에서 1998년에 그리고 나머지 세지역은 모두 2000년에 나타났다. 이처럼 오존의 환경기준 초과횟수는 최근에 들어 급격히 증가하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이에 반해, 초과농도의 크기에 대한 결과를 보면, 오히려 90년대 초반에 고농도가 집중된 데 반해, 90년대 후반에는 상대적으로 초과농도의 크기가 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 전체 관측기간동안 서울지역에서 관측된 평균 기온자료를 이용하여 오존초과자료와의 상관성을 분석하였다. 그 결과 대체로 크기나 빈도에 상관없이 모두 기온과 일정 수준 이상 양의 상관성을 유지하는 것이 확인되었다. 전반적으로 기온의 변화는 오존의 초과농도발생과 상당 수준 연계되었다는 점을 확인 할 수 있었다.완화시켜주는 효과도 있어 표준시를 안정적으로 운용하는 데에도 크게 기여하고 있는 것이다. 또한 이 I-시간은 UTC와 정수 시간차를 유지하면서 안정적으로 운영하려는 세계 각국의 표준시 운영 경향과도 잘 일치한다. 따라서 우리 나라가 태양시에 맞게 H*-시간을 사용해야 한다는 것은 태양시와 비슷한 표준시를 사용한다는 장점은 인정되지만, 그에 못지 않게 UTC와는 비 정수 시간차 시간을 운용하게 되며, 또한 하절기에는 서머타임을 도입해서라도 태양시보다 1시간 빠른 시간을 이용해야 한다는 필요성을 유발하게 된다는 점에서 결코 바람직하지 않다고 생각된다.혼합 처리 시에는 낮게 나타났다 이러한 실험 결과를 통하여 칼슘이 1.2 mM, 1.8 mM 농도로 존재하는 경우 카페인에 의한 골모세포의 염기성 인산분해효소 활성과 IL-1 β의 활성 억제 효과가 어느 정도 회복되나, 2.5 mM 고농도의 칼슘은 억제된 활성을 회복시키지 못함을 확인하였다.지 않고 다양한 분야 즉 디자인, 생활 속에서의 벽지문양과 포장지, 예술작품 등에 활용되고 있음을 체험함으로써 수학이 실생활에 광범위하게 활용되고 있음을 알게 하였다. 역으로 생활 속에서의 테셀레이션을 통해 수학적 개념을 찾는 과정을 통해 수학이 아름다우면서도 실용적이라는 생각을 심어줄 수 있었다. 셋째, 테셀매니아, GSP, 캐브리, 거북기하 등 평소 수업에서는 활용도가 적은 컴퓨터 소프트웨어를 활용함으로써 컴퓨터 소프트웨어 자체에서 오는 호기심뿐만이 아니라 직접 조작하여 테셀레이션 작품과 개념을 익히고 새로운 작품과 학습을 해 내는 과정을 통해 자신감과 성취감 등에 있어

참외 과실부위 송풍이 칼슘흡수와 발효과 발생에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여, 풍속 0.3m/sec로 10시부터 13시까지 1일 3시간 과실부위에 송풍을 하였다. 송풍은 착과 10일후, 20일후, 30일 후부터 수확까지 송풍처리구와 무송풍구로 나누어 비교한 결과, 과중은 착과 30일후 송풍처리에서 가장 무거웠으며, 과육두께는 착과 30일후 송풍구에서 가장 두꺼웠다. 과실의 경도는 착과 10일후 송풍구에서 가장 높았으며, 과육 및 태좌의 당도는 착과 20일 후 송풍 처리에서 가장 높았다. 과실의 L값은 착과 10일후 송풍구, a값 및 Y. I값은 착과 30일후 송풍구에서 좋아 무송풍에 비하여 송풍 처리에서 과실의 착색이 우수하였다. 과육 및 태좌의 Ca 함량은 송풍처리에 비하여 무송풍처리에서 많았으나, 발효과 발생은 송풍처리구에서 적었다. 특히 착과 20일후 송풍처리구에서 발효과율 및 기형과율의 발생이 적었고 상품과율은 증가하였다.

From January 1, 2020, the International Maritime Organization has implemented a global regulation, known as IMO 2020, to reduce the sulfur content in fuel oil of ships from 3.5% to 0.5%. In this study, we used data from air monitoring stations to evaluate the change in air quality at New Port and North Port in Korea areas after the regulation was implemented. The concentration of SO2 and NO2 was higher in the port areas than in the surrounding areas due to exhaust gas from ships and vehicles. However, the SO2 concentration decreased by more than 50% in the port area, demonstrating the efficiency and positive effect of the IMO 2020 sulfur limit.

This study evaluates the quality of surface air temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation detection observed by 22 internet of thing (IoT)-based mini-weather stations in Seoul in 2020 summer. The automatic weather station (AWS) closest to each IoT-based station is used as reference. The IoT-based observations show surface air temperature and relative humidity are about 0.2-4.0°C higher and about -1--22% lower than the AWS observations, respectively. However, they exhibit temporal variability similar to the AWS observations on both diurnal and daily time scales, with daily correlations greater than 0.90 for temperature and 0.82 for relative humidity. Given these strong linear relationships, it show that temperature and relative humidity biases can be effectively corrected by applying a simple bias correction method. For IoT-based precipitation detection, we found that precipitation conductivity value (PCV) during precipitation events is well separated from that during non-precipitation events, providing a basis for distinguishing precipitation events from non-precipitation events. When the PCV threshold is set to 250 for precipitation detection, the highest critical success index and the bias score index close to one, suitable for operational precipitation detection, are obtained. These results demonstrate that IoT-based mini-weather stations can successfully measure surface air temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation detection with appropriate bias corrections.

In this study, the odor of the parts and the odor of the surrounding environment were classified and verified. In order to increase the reliability of odor quantitative/qualitative analysis, the selection criteria for 5 sensory evaluators were established, and the n-Butanol control solution for each odor intensity was periodically trained to recognize the odor intensity before sensory evaluation. In addition, although various odor thresholds have been used through several studies, verification of whether the odor intensity value obtained through GC/MSD analysis is similar to the degree to which a person directly smells and feels it. It is important to select the odor threshold that has the best correlation with the odor intensity calculated by the person smelling the odor. Finally, sampling and measuring flowing airflow and temporary odors such as odor component analysis was experimentally difficult due to limited collection space and differences in concentration of generated components. In this study, a quantitative analysis was made possible by using the low temperature concentration (cooling) trap method. Through this, it was confirmed that the correlation with the actual odor intensity was not caused by the product itself, but by the environmental factor discharged from the product after creating the odor environment.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of low temperature and low radiation conditions on the yield and quality of hot pepper at an early growth stage in Korea. In plastic greenhouses, low temperature, low temperature with covered shading treatments were set 17 to 42 days after transplanting. The pepper growing degree days decreased by 5.5% due to the low temperature during the treatment period. Radiation decreased by 74.7% due to the covered shading. After commencing treatments, pepper plant growth decreased with low temperature and low radiation. Analysis of the yield showed that the first harvest was delayed by low radiation. The cumulative yields of 119 days after transplanting were 1,956, 2,171, and 2,018 g/m2 for control, low temperature, and low temperature with low radiation respectively. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin concentrations in pepper fruit decreased with low temperature and low radiation. To investigate the photosynthetic characteristics according to the treatment, the carbon dioxide reaction curve was analyzed using the biochemical model of photosynthesis. Results showed that the maximum photosynthetic rate, Vcmax (maximum carboxylation rate), J (electric transportation rate), and TPU (triose phosphate utilization) decreased at low temperatures; the maximum photosynthetic rate, J, and gm (dark respiration rate) were reduced by shading. These results indicate that low temperature and low radiation can retard early growth, yield, and quality, but these can also be recovered 119 days after planting. Based on the results, the yield and quality of pepper can recover from abiotic stresses with proper cultivation.

This study presented problems and improvements in the quality control of an air monitoring network, using Gyeongnam as an example. 1) The effective utilization rate of the air monitoring was 95%, which showed good management, but the maximum of 2% was indicated by zero or detection limit among measurement data. 2) In the equivalence evaluation of PM2.5, the slope and intercept satisfy the evaluation criteria; however, 1% of the PM2.5/PM10 ratios were outliers. 3) All air monitoring stations meet the quality control standards; however, the management status is added to the quality inspection, management system is unified and the related budget is expanded, and systematic commission management is required.

This study provides a basis for research to establishing air quality standards in Gyeongnam. The trends and deviations in air quality concentrations and short-term environmental standards were analyzed. Furthermore, the regional standards and World Health Organization`s (WHO) air quality guidelines (AQGs) were taken into account. The annual average PM10 standard for cities anc counties ate 40㎍/㎥ and 30㎍/㎥ , respectively. SO2 and NO2 are achieving national standards and need to be strengthened to the minimum regional standard and WHO AQGs. The PM2.5 standard, which has not reached national standards, needs to be set at the level of national standards, and is also the target level for 2024 of the Gyeongsangnam and national PM2.5 management plans.

실내 공기질의 오염이 점차 심각해짐에 따라 실내 공기질 개선을 위한 다양한 연구와 관련 제도가 점차 도입되고 있다. 그러나 실내 공기질 개선에 사용되는 기성 제품들은 높은 휘산성으로 인해 장기적인 포름알데히드 농도 저감에는 큰 효과를 나타내지 않고 있으며, 이에 따른 장기적인 포름알데히드의 방출에 대한 유효성 검증이 불분명한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 콘크리트에 적용 가능한 실내 공기질 개선을 위한 기능성 물질을 선정하기 위하여 시공성능, 압축강도 및 포름알데히드 농도 변화를 측정하였으며, 그 결과 기능성 물질의 종류에 관계없이 모두 시공성능 및 압축강도를 일반 콘크리트(모르타르)와 동등 수준을 확보하였다. 또한 기능성 물질의 화학작용으로 인하여 포름알데히드의 농도 저감이 가능한 것으로 나타나 향후 실내 공기질 개선을 위해 기능성 물질의 사용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

Meteorological factors and air pollutants are associated with respiratory diseases, and appropriate use of weather and air quality information is helpful in the management of patients with such diseases. This study was performed to investigate both the utilization of weather and air quality information by, and the needs of, patients with respiratory diseases. Questionnaires were administered to 112 patients with respiratory diseases, 60.7% of whom were female. The rates of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among patients were 67.0% and 10.7%, respectively. The majority of subjects (90%) responded that prevention was important for respiratory disease management and indicated that they used weather and air quality information either every day or occasionally. However, respondents underestimated the importance of weather and air quality information for disease management and were unaware of some types of weather information. The subjects agreed that respiratory diseases were sensitive to weather and air quality. The most important weather-related factors were diurnal temperature range, minimum temperature, relative humidity, and wind, while those for air quality were particulate matter and Asian dust. Information was gleaned mainly from television programs in patients aged 60 years and older and from smartphone applications for those below 60 years of age. The subjects desired additional information on the management and prevention of respiratory diseases. This study identified problems regarding the utility of weather and air quality information currently available for patients with respiratory diseases, who indicated that they desired disease-related information, including information in the form of action plans, rather than simple health- and air quality-related information. This study highlights the necessity for notification services that can be used to easily obtain information, specifically regarding disease management.

국제전기기술위원회의 문서 IEC 60601-1의 3판 규격과 IEC 60601-2-45의 개별 규격에서는 진단용 X선 장치에서 X선 피폭 선량 정보를 표시하고 그 정확성을 명시할 것을 권고하고 있다. 하지만 임상에서 사용 하는 부착형 공기커마 면적선량계는 교정에 어려움이 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 임상에 적용 가능한 RQR 표준 선질을 이용하여 공기커마 면적선량계의 에너지 의존성과 정확도를 평가하였고 임상에서 간접 교정을 시행할 수 있도록 방법론을 마련하고자 하였다. RQR5의 표준 선질에서 시행한 시험에서 부착형 공기커마 면적선량계는 –7.5%의 오차를 나타냈고, RQR8의 표준 선질에서는 –10.3%의 오차를 나타냈으며 시험한 모든 RQR 선질에 대해 평균 절대오차는 8.30%±2.85%를 나타내 IEC 60580과 AAPM TG 190의 조건을 만족하였다. 본 연구에서 도출한 공기커마 면적선량계의 교정 방법은 임상에서 사용하는 공기커마 면적 선량계의 간접 교정법으로 사용할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Temporal and spatial characteristics of the frequency of several weather types and the change in air pollutant concentrations according to these weather types were analyzed over a decade (2007-2016) in seven major cities and a remote area in Korea. This analysis was performed using hourly (or daily) observed data of weather types (e.g., mist, haze, fog, precipitation, dust, and thunder and lighting) and air pollutant criteria (PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, CO, and SO2). Overall, the most frequent weather type across all areas during the study period was found to be mist (39%), followed by precipitation (35%), haze (17%), and the other types (≤ 4%). In terms of regional frequency distributions, the highest frequency of haze (26%) was in Seoul (especially during winter and May-June), possibly due to the high population and air pollutant emission sources, while that of precipitation (47%) was in Jeju (summer and winter), due to its geographic location with the sea on four sides and a very high mountain. PM10 concentrations for dust and haze were significantly higher in three cities (up to 250 μg/m3 for dust in Incheon), whereas those for the other four types were relatively lower. The concentrations of PM2.5 and its major precursor gases (NO2 and SO2) were higher (up to 69 μg/m3, 48 ppb, and 16 ppb, respectively, for haze in Incheon) for haze and/or dust than for the other weather types. On the other hand, there were no distinct differences in the concentrations of O3 and CO for the weather types. The overall results of this study confirm that the frequency of weather types and the related air quality depend on the geographic and environmental characteristics of the target areas.

In this study, to investigate an optimal configuration method for the modeling system, we performed an optimization experiment by controlling the types of compilers and libraries, and the number of CPU cores because it was important to provide reliable model data very quickly for the national air quality forecast. We were made up the optimization experiment of twelve according to compilers (PGI and Intel), MPIs (mvapich-2.0, mvapich-2.2, and mpich-3.2) and NetCDF (NetCDF-3.6.3 and NetCDF-4.1.3) and performed wall clock time measurement for the WRF and CMAQ models based on the built computing resources. In the result of the experiment according to the compiler and library type, the performance of the WRF (30 min 30 s) and CMAQ (47 min 22 s) was best when the combination of Intel complier, mavapich-2.0, and NetCDF-3.6.3 was applied. Additionally, in a result of optimization by the number of CPU cores, the WRF model was best performed with 140 cores (five calculation servers), and the CMAQ model with 120 cores ( five calculation servers). While the WRF model demonstrated obvious differences depending on the number of CPU cores rather than the types of compilers and libraries, CMAQ model demonstrated the biggest differences on the combination of compilers and libraries.

On June 5, 2008, the “Act on Special Cases Concerning the Simplification of Authorization and Permission Procedures for Industrial Complexes” (Act No. 9106) was enacted. When it was implemented in August 2008, many industrial complex development projects were established, and the number of industrial complexes growth rates of 3 6% during 2003 2007 rose to around 15% in 2008. With the increase in industrial complexes, the environmental impacts of individual projects were examined, but comprehensive regional reviews of environmental impacts were not undertaken. In this study, we determined changes in air quality by applying the industrial complex development plan that completed the consultation at the end of 2010 to assess the comprehensive regional environmental impacts and presented the adequacy review plan for future industrial development plans based on the study’s results. When considering these industrial complex development plans, emissions in North Jeolla and South Chungcheong Provinces and Daegu City have increased significantly. Air quality analyses showed that the 24 h mean SO2 concentration in Daegu increased by more than 50% in summer compared to air quality concentrations in summer. The 24 h mean PM10 and NO2 concentrations increased by approximately 12 and 30%, respectively, in North Jeolla Province in summer. Areas exceeding the air quality standard for 1 h mean O3 concentration increased by more than 3,500 km2. Based on the above analysis, changes in air quality should be anticipated through a comprehensive evaluation of long-term development plans. Furthermore, control of air quality in accordance with the development of future industrial complexes is possible.

This study was conducted to determine correlations and similarity between the ozone and PM10 data of 19 air quality monitoring stations in Busan from 2013 to 2016, using correlation and cluster analyses. Ozone concentrations ranged from 0.0278±0.0148 ppm at Gwangbok to 0.0378±0.017 ppm at Taejongdae and were high in suburban areas, such as Yongsuri and Gijang, as well as in coastal areas, such as Jaw, Gwangan, Taejongdae and Noksan. PM10 concentrations ranged from 37.2±25.0 ug/m3 at Gijang to 58.3±32.2 ug/m3 at and Jangrim. PM10 concentrations were high in the west, exceeding the annual ambient air quality standard of 50 ug/m3. Positive correlations were observed for ozone at most stations, ranging from 0.61 between Taejongdae and Sujeong to 0.92 between Bugok and Myeongjang. The correlation coefficients of PM10 between stations ranged from 0.62 between Jangrim and Jaw to 0.9 between Gwangbok and Sujeong. Yeonsan, Daeyeon, and Myeongjang were highly correlated with other stations, so they needed to be reviewed for redundancy. Ozone monitoring stations were initially divided into two sections, north-western areas and suburban-coastal areas. The suburban-coastal areas were subsequently divided into three sections. PM10 monitoring stations were initially divided into western and remaining areas, and then the remaining areas were subsequently divided into three sections.

The initial and boundary conditions are important factors in regional chemical transport modeling systems. The method of generating the chemical boundary conditions for regional air quality models tends to be different from the dynamically varying boundary conditions in global chemical transport models. In this study, the impact of real time Copernicus atmosphere monitoring service (CAMS) re-analysis data from the modeling atmospheric composition and climate project interim implementation (MACC) on the regional air quality in the Korean Peninsula was carried out using the community multi-scale air quality modeling system (CMAQ). A comparison between conventional global data and CAMS for numerical assessments was also conducted. Although the horizontal resolution of the CAMS re-analysis data is not higher than the conventionally provided data, the simulated particulate matter (PM) concentrations with boundary conditions for CAMS re-analysis is more reasonable than any other data, and the estimation accuracy over the entire Korean peninsula, including the Seoul and Daegu metropolitan areas, was improved. Although an inland area such as the Daegu metropolitan area often has large uncertainty in PM prediction, the level of improvement in the prediction for the Daegu metropolitan area is higher than in the coastal area of the western part of the Korean peninsula.