Background:Rounded shoulder posture (RSP), a postural abnormality, might cause shoulder pain and pathologic conditions. Although most previous research has investigated RSP focusing on the proximal structures of the shoulder, such as the scapula and pectoralis muscles, the relationship between RSP and anterior distal structures of the upper extremity, such as the biceps brachii muscle and elbow joint, is not clearly understood.Objects:This study aimed to investigate the correlations between RSP and the biceps brachii length, elbow joint angle (EJA), pectoralis minor length, general pectoralis major length, humeral head anterior translation (HHAT), glenohumeral internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), and horizontal adduction (HAD).Methods:Twelve subjects with RSP (6 male, 6 female) were recruited. All subjects fulfilled the RSP criteria indicated by a distance ≥2.5 cm from the posterior aspect of the acromion to the table in the supine position. The examiner measured each of the following parameters twice: RSP, biceps brachii length, EJA, pectoralis minor length, pectoralis major length, HHAT, glenohumeral IR, ER, and HAD. Pearson’s correlation coefficient(r) was used to assess the correlation between RSP and all the variables.Results:There was a significant moderate positive correlation between RSP and biceps brachii length (r=.55, p=.032), moderate negative correlation between RSP and pectoralis minor length (r=-.62, p=.015), and moderate positive correlation between RSP and HHAT (r=.53, p=.038).Conclusion:The biceps brachii length, pectoralis minor length, and HHAT could be used to evaluate patients with RSP. Better understanding of the correlation between these factors and RSP could help in the development of effective methods to treat patients with this condition in clinical management.

The fracture of mechanical structure is caused by internal cracks in the material. Particularly, the fracture can also be seen to happen under the stress that is lower than yield strength in case of high strength steel because of the crack happening from the defect inside the material. In this study, high strength steel with four holes near the center crack were designed by angle and fatigue experiments, and the simulation analyses to verify the experimental results were carried out. As the results of this study, the crack growth rates are shown to be 0.000485, 0.000434 and 0.000422 respectively at the inclined angles of center crack as 22.5°, 45° and 67.5°. The maximum deformation energies become 0.0848mJ, 0.0603mJ and 0.0582mJ respectively at the inclined angles of center crack as 22.5°, 45° and 67.5°. It is thought that this study result can be utilized as the basic data at the study on the material existing with the defects of crack and hole.

Background:Limitation of hamstring extensibility is often associated with various musculoskeletal problems such as alterations in posture and walking patterns. Thus, certain appropriate strategies need to be established for its management.Objects:The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the neural mobilization technique and static stretching exercises on popliteal angle and hamstring compliance in young women with short hamstring syndrome (SHS).Methods:Thirty-three women with SHS were randomly assigned to either group-1 (n1=17) that underwent the neural mobilization technique or group-2 (n2=16) that underwent the static stretching exercises. Outcome measures included the active popliteal angle (APA) and a hamstring’s electromyographic (EMG) activity at a maximum popliteal angle of the baseline. Intervention for each group was performed for a total time of 3-min (6 sets of a 30-sec application).Results:There were significant interactions between time and group in the APA [group-1 (pre-test to post-test): 69.70±8.14° to 74.14±8.07° and group-2: 68.66±7.42° to 70.52±7.92°] (F1,31=6.678, p=.015) and the EMG activity of the hamstring (group-1: 1.12±.30μV to .69±.31μV and group-2: 1.19±.49μV to 1.13±.47 μV)(F1,31=6.678, p=.015). Between-group comparison revealed that the EMG activity of the hamstring was significantly different at post-test between the groups (p<.05). Furthermore, in within-group comparison, group-1 appeared to be significantly different for both variables between pre- and post-test (p<.05); however, group-2 showed significant difference in only the APA between pre- and post-test (p<.05).Conclusion:These findings suggest that the neural mobilization technique and static stretching exercises may be advantageous to improve hamstring compliance in young women with SHS, resulting in a more favorable outcome in the neural mobilization technique.

Background:Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) rely on their upper limbs for body-lifting activity (BLA). While studies have examined the electromyography (EMG) and kinematics of the shoulder joints during BLA, no studies have considered foot position during BLA.Objects:This study compared the effects of different foot positions during BLA on the shoulder muscle activities, peak plantar pressure, knee flexion angle, and rating perceived exertion in individuals with SCI.Methods:The study enrolled 13 mens with motor-complete paraplegic SCI, ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) A or B. All subjects performed BLA with the feet positioned on the wheelchair footrest and on the floor independently. Surface EMG was used to collect data from the latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, serratus anterior, and triceps brachii. The peak plantar pressure was measured using pedar-X and the knee flexion angle with Image J. Borg’s rating perceived exertion scale was used to measure the physical activity intensity level. The paired t-test was used to compare the shoulder muscle activities, peak plantar pressure, knee flexion angle, and rating perceived exertion between the two feet positions during BLA.Results:The activity of the latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, serratus anterior, and triceps brachii and rating perceived exertion decreased significantly and the peak plantar pressure and knee flexion angle increased significantly when performing BLA with the feet positioned on the wheelchair footrest compared with on the floor (p<.05).Conclusion:These findings suggest that individuals with SCI may perform BLA with the feet positioned on the wheelchair footrest for weight-relief lifting to decrease the shoulder muscle activities and the rating perceived exertion and to increase the peak plantar pressure and the knee flexion angle.

Rockfish was a commercially important fish specie in marine ranching areas in Korea. To estimate density and biomass of rockfish using acoustic method, target strength (TS) information is required on the species. This study measured TS dependence on tilt angle and size on 14 live rockfish individuals at 38, 70, and, 120 kHz by ex-situ measurement (tethered method) and acoustic scattering model (Krichhoff ray mode, KRM). The swimbladdered angle ranged from 18 to 30˚ (mean ± s.d. = 26 ± 4˚ ). The mean TS for all individuals was highest -35.9 dB of tilt angle -17˚ at 38 kHz, -35.4 dB of tilt angle -25˚ at 70 kHz, and -34.9 dB of tilt angle -22˚ at 120 kHz. The ex-situ TS-total length (TL, cm) relationships were TS38kHz = 20log10(TL) - 67.1, TS70kHz = 20log10(TL) - 68.6, and TS120kHz = 20log10(TL) - 69.9, respectively. The model TS-total length (TL, cm) relationships were TS38kHz = 20log10(TL) - 66.4, TS70kHz = 20log10(TL) - 67.0, TS120kHz = 20log10(TL) - 67.0. The two measurements between the ex-situ TS and KRM model for TS-tilt angle and fish size were found to be significantly correlated.

Recently, as the number of earthquakes has increased, the building structure standard has been revised in 2016. In order to minimize earthquake damage, steel frame is used as the most economical and efficient lateral resistance system. Also, when the steel braces are subject to Compressive load, which causes unstable behavior of the structure. In order to verify the compressive behavior of the reinforced Braces, structural performance tests were conducted with variables of slenderness ratio and the amount of reinforcement. This study investigates the structural performance of existing double - angle steel braces by reinforcing them with non- welded/assembled light-weight steel frames and proposes a suitable reinforced section.

Floating PV generation system, renewable energy power plant, is able to overcome the disadvantages of ground PV generation system and improve generating efficiency. The frame structural system is an established technology among a diversity of structural technologies which has been developed for related fields. In this paper, the both structural safety and characteristics of floating PV generation structures depend on the different placement angle of solar module are investigated to improve the commercial viability, the structural safety, and characteristics of floating PV generation structures. In addition, for the estimation of structural safety, FE analyses are conducted. From the results, the lower placement angle of solar module improves the structural safety of floating PV generation system.

This study investigates how the spatial recognition structure is emerging through the case of rectangular plan combined with a combination of Dang-Sil(堂室) and Gong(工) shape roof, and identifies a type of architecture in the early Joseon Dynasty that has never been revealed. The conclusion of this study is as follows. First, the Dang and the Sil are connected to each other, but the architectural elements such as pillars, frame, and windows are distinguished and appear as separate buildings. Second, the distinction between Dang and Sil is evident by the difference in the number of ridges and the shape of the roof. In addition, the roof and roof framework of the independent rooms and the rooms were common in the right angled architecture where the direction and the expandability of each structure were maintained. Third, the construction of the Dang-Sil combined structure, in which two or more structure frameworks were combined with the rectangular combined flat roof structure, gradually changed into a single structure with a single ridge. Fourth, this change means that people of the early Joseon Dynasty recognized the Dang and Sil as separate architecture, but the strict sense of spatial separation has disappeared over time.

목 적 : 표면코일의 신호강도를 최대로 하려면 Z축에 90°로 위치시켜야 한다. 그러나 여러 가지 원인으로 인해 코일의 기울 어짐이 빈번히 발생하는데, 위와 같은 경우 신호강도가 줄어들게 되어 병소의 경계를 불분명하게 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서 는 표면코일이 어느 정도 기울어질 때 신호강도가 저하되는지 측정하여 기준 각도를 제시함으로써 코일의 기울어짐으로 인해 신호강도가 저하되는 문제점을 개선해 보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 연구방법은 표면 코일의 각도 변화에 따른 신호강도를 측정하기 위해 각도를 변화시킬 수 있는 틀을 자체 제 작한 후, Z축을 기준으로 0°에서부터 180° 까지 10°씩 표면코일을 변경시켜 구형 팬텀 영상을 획득하였다. 영상획득은 1.5T 초전도 자기공명영상 장치와 4채널 loop large 코일을 사용하여 표준 T1과 T2 영상을 획득하였으며, 획득한 영상의 신호강 도는 영상평가프로그램을 이용하여 측정하였고 측정된 신호강도는 일원배치분산 분석과 사후분석을 이용하여 신호강도가 급격히 저하되는 기준 각도를 알아보았다. 결 과 : 연구결과 신호강도는 T1, T2 영상 모두 90°(X-Y 평면)에 가까울수록 높게 측정 되었고 멀어질수록 감소하였다. 신 호강도가 급격히 저하되는 기준 각도를 알아보기 위해 일원배치분산분석과 Duncan의 사후분석을 시행한 결과 유의수준 0.05에 대한 부 집단 중 T1, T2 강조영상 모두 70°, 80°, 100°가 통계적으로 90°와 유의한 차이가 없어 동일한 신호강도임을 알 수 있다. 결 론 : 결론적으로 몸통이나 사지 등 body 코일을 사용하여 검사를 시행할 경우, 머리 쪽으로는 10°, 발쪽으로는 20° 이상 기울어지지 않는다면 보상이 필요 없으므로 보상 물질을 사용해 신호강도를 감소시키는 것보다 사용하지 않는 것이 최적의 신호강도를 얻을 수 있는 방법이라 사료된다

본 연구는 두꺼운 난류경계층 내에 놓인 구조물의 높이와 방위각이 달라짐에 따라서 나타나는 구조물 주위의 유동특성을 파악하고자 하였다. 구조물 주위의 유동특성을 파악하기 위해 대기경계층 풍동실험을 수행하었다. 구조물의 높이는 3가지로 변화시켰으며, 방위각은 0∼90°까지 변화시켰다. 풍동실험의 레이놀즈수는 각 구조물 높이에 따라 다르게 나타나며 각각의 레이놀즈수는 10.4×104(H1), 29.4×104(H2), 43.2×104(H3) 이다. 연구결과로서 높이와 방위각이 변화함에 따라 모서리에서 발생하는 박리현상이 변화하고 이는 구조물의 표면압력과 섭동압력에 상당한 영향을 끼치는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

목 적 : 2014년 우리나라의 3대 사망원인 중 하나는 뇌혈관 질환이다. 그 중 큰 비중을 차지하고 있는 뇌혈관 폐색은 venogram으로 진단을 할 수 있다. venogram은 크게 PC기법과 TOF기법으로 나뉘는데 우리는 TOF기법에 대해 연구해 보았다. 2D TOF-MRA는 검사방향과 혈류의 방향이 같을 경우 계속되는 RF pulse의 영향으로 혈액 내 spin들이 포화되어 혈류신호가 감쇄하게 된다. 그래서 2D TOF-MRA검사시 oblique angle을 주고 검사를 진행한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 oblique angle의 유용성을 평가하고자 angle을 0°, 10°, 20°로 변화시켜 가며 각각의 영상을 비교 분석하여 보았다. 대상 및 방법 : 2015년 5월부터 2015년 10월까지 본원 내원해 Brain MRI을 시행한 환자중 뇌에 질병이 없는 30명(남성12명, 여성18, 연령분포 20~55세, 평균연령 35세)을 대상으로 하였다. 사용된 장비는 Skyra 3T(Siemens, Germany)이고 신호수집은 20 channel Head/Neck coil을 사용하였다. TR은 19ms, Thickness는 2.5mm, Matrix는 256×256, TE는 4.56ms, Bandwidth는 219kHz으로 설정하여 사용하였다. axial 단면에서 oblique angle을 0°, 10°, 20°로 주면서 sagittal단면으로 영상을 획득하였다. 결과 분석은 정량적과 정성적 두 가지로 하였다. 정량적 분석은 검사 후 얻은 영상에 세 곳을 정해 SNR을 측정하여 비교하였다. 정성적 분석은 영상의학과 전문의 1명과 전공의 1명 그리고 방사선사 1명이 3가지 평가항목에 대하여 Likert’s 5-point scale로 분석을 하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS 19K를 사용하였다. 결 과 : 정량적 분석의 결과 SSS의 SNR측정치 평균값은 0°-27.4155, 10°-35.4500, 20°- 44.3650으로 각도가 커질수록 SNR값도 증가 되었다. 다중비교결과 세 경우 모두 유의확률이 0.05이하로 각각의 값들이 유의한 차이를 보였다. SSC의 SNR측정치 평균값은 0°-16.6900, 10°-20.2600, 20°-26.6405으로 각도가 커질수록 SNR값도 증가 되었다. 다중비교결과 0°와10°는 0.05이상으로 차이가 없었고, 20°만 0.05이하로 유의한 차이를 보였다. DTS의 SNR측정치 평균값은 0°-82.3150, 10°-86.2850, 20°-92.5200으로 각도가 커질수록 SNR값도 증가 되었다. 하지만 다중비교결과 세 경우 모두 유의확률이 0.05이상으로 각각의 값들이 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 정성적 분석의 결과 SSS는 평가자 1,2,3이 모두 각도가 커질수록 점수가 증가 되었다. 유의확률은 각각의 다중비교 결과 1,3은 유의확률이 모두 0.017이하로 유의한 차이를 보였으나 2만 10°-20°간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. SSC는 평가자 1,2,3이 모두 각도가 커질수록 점수가 증가 되었다. 유의확률은 각각의 다중비교 결과 1,3은 유의확률이 모두 0.017이하로 유의한 차이를 보였으나, 2만 0°-10°간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. DTS는 평가자 1,3은 모든값이 같게 나왔고 2만 각도가 커질수록 점수가 증가 되었다. 유의확률은 각각의 다중비교 결과 세 경우 모두 0.017이상으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결 론 : 정량적 분석과 정성적 분석 모두에서 대체적으로 각도가 커질수록 영상의 질이 좋아짐을 알 수 있었다. 각도의 변화는 숙련 기간이 필요하지도 않고 특별히 재구성하는 것도 없었으며 검사 시간도 늘어나지 않는다. 뿐만 아니라 검사 영상의 화질도 더 좋아진다. 그러므로 각도를 기존보다 더 크게 20° 주는 방법은 유용한 검사법이라 사료된다.

Background: Squatting is one of the best functional exercises to strengthen the quadriceps muscle in independent gait and activities of daily living. Although the use of a gym ball during squat exercise is the most common way of strengthening the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) muscle, published data on this subject are limited. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the sequential muscle activation of the VMO and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles during squat exercise using a gym ball at different knee flexion angles. Methods: Forty healthy adults were randomly divided into experimental (squat exercise using a gym ball) and control (squat exercise alone) groups, in which squats were performed at 45° and 90° knee flexion. Electromyographic (EMG) activity data were collected over 10 seconds under the 2 angles of knee flexion (45° and 90°). Results: There was significant group and time interaction effect for VMO and VL muscle activation at 45° knee flexion. This was similarly demonstrated at 90° knee flexion. No significant group main effect and time main effect for VMO and VL muscle activation were noted at 45° knee flexion, respectively. In contrast, there was significant group main effect and time main effect for VMO and VL muscle activation at 90° knee flexion. These significant differences were demonstrated through two-way analysis of variance over repeated measurements, suggesting that the EMG activity of the VMO muscle during squatting with a gym ball showed remarkable improvement compared to that of the VL muscle. Conclusion: This research suggests that squat exercise using a gym ball may be more beneficial in improving the activity of VMO than of the VL muscle at both 45° and 90° of knee flexion, respectively. We highly recommend squat exercises with a gym ball for selective strengthening of the VMO muscle in knee rehabilitation.

In order to provide the basis data for broad use and safe design of carbon fiber reinforced plastic, this paper aims at investigating the fracture behavior on CFRP specimen composed of one directional fiber through three point bending test. On the basis of experimental result, the improvement of composite layer specimen can be secured with the other data to compare the existing specimen. The fracture behavior happened at the experimental procedure is investigated in this study. The maximum loads of 1200 N, 1700N and 1600N are shown respectively at the specimens with the layer angles of 30°, 45° and 60°. The highest load is shown at the layer angle of 60° among all specimens and the longest displacement is maintained until each of the layer structure is broken down. The fracture due to the force applied from the outside can be prevented by applying the result of this study to the real structure. As structural safety can be evaluated and anticipated through this study, it is thought that the safe design is devoted.

The purpose of this article was to investigate the effects of Maitland’s transverse movement on change of pain, trunk flexion movement and Cobb’s angle in patient with upper thoracic scoliosis. The subject are 37 years old with chronic low back pain participated in this study and has no experience surgery within the last six months due to back pain. 10 set was applied 10 times on the T3-T5 applied the transverse movement with grade Ⅳ to each segment by skilled physical therapist. Transverse movement was applied convex toward the concave side. Pressure pain threshold was reduced from 4/10 to 2/10. Trunk flexion range that is the distance between the middle finger and floor was increase from 7.3cm to 2cm. Cobb’s angle was decreased from degree 18 to 16. This result demonstrated that the Maitland’s transverse movement was benefit to reduce the pain and Cobb’s angle, and to increase the trunk flexion movement.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the screen size of smart devices on the bending angle of the cervical spine. The subjects of this study were 30 healthy adults(15 men and 15 women) who used smartphones and tablet PC(personal computer). The changes in the bending angle of the upper and lower cervical spine were measured in the subjects after they had used a smartphone and a tablet PC for 300 seconds each. To make sure that all subjects began in the same starting position, an angle-measuring instrument was used to set the angles of the ankle, knee, hip, and arm joints to 90 degree. The subjects were asked to keep the trunk straight. They were asked to hold a smartphone in their hand and to bend their neck so that they could look down at the screen. Once they began using the smartphone in this manner, they were free to change their posture. We used a paired t-test to compare the bending angle of the cervical spine on subjects who used smartphones and tablet PC in the longterm and short-term there production error of cervical and the significance level was cervical. The results showed that, when using a smartphone and a tablet PC for 300 seconds, there was no significant difference in the bending angle of the upper cervical spine(p>.05), although there was a significant difference in the bending angle of the lower cervical spine(p<.05).

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Maitland mobilization and Kaltenborn-Evjenth mobilization on the SLR angle. Subjects randomly divided into Kaltenborn-Evjenth group(n=8) and Maitland group(n=7). The mean height, age, body weight was 176.00±5.10 cm, 22.75±1.83 years, 72.63±10.65 kg respectively in Kaltenborn-Evjenth group. The mean height, age, body weight was 175.00±5.60 cm, 22.29 ±3.68 years, 78.00±12.36 kg respectively in Maitland group. Hip joint accessary movements with Grade Ⅲ or IV were applied depend on the patient’s condition to the restricted direction for 1 minute each set, and performed 5 set in a Maitland group. Hip joint anteroposterior gliding with Grade Ⅲ were applied 60 for 1 minutes each set, and performed 5 set in a Kaltenborn-Evjenth group. The angle of first pain was referred to as P1 and subjects were pointed out that they could not bend the knee anymore, then examiner measure SLR angle. The SLR was significantly increased in the Maitland group compared to the Kaltenborn- Evjenth group after intervention(p<.05). In a within group difference, SLR significantly increased in the both groups(p<.05). These results indicated that Maitland mobilization could be recommended the excellent technique to increase the hip flexion in patient with hip hypo-mobility.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of combined wedge on the range of motion in ankle and knee joint, ankle eversion moment and knee adduction moment, and center of pressure excursion of foot for genu varus among adult men during gait. This study was carried out with 10 adult men for genu varus in a motion analysis laboratory in J university. The subjects of the experiment were measured above 5cm width between the knees on contact of both medial malleolus of ankle while standing. The width of their knees in neutral position was measured without the inversion or eversion of the subtalar joint by the investigator. The subjects of the experiment were ten who were conducted randomly for standard insole, insole with 10° lateral on rear foot wedge, insole at 10°lateral on rear foot and 5° medial on fore foot wedge. Before and after intervention, changes on the range of motion in ankle and knee joint, ankle eversion moment and knee adduction moment, and center of pressure excursion were measured. In order to compare analyses among groups; repeated one-way ANOVA and Scheffé post hoc test were used. As a result, combined wedge group was significantly decreased compared to control wedge group in terms of knee varus angle in mid-stance(p<.05). Combined wedge group was significantly decreased compared to lateral wedge group in terms of ankle eversion moment in whole stance(p<.05). Combined wedge group was significantly decreased compared to lateral wedge group in terms of knee adduction moment in whole stance(p<.05). Combined wedge group was significantly decreased compared to lateral wedge in terms of center of pressure excursion in whole stance(p<.05). The results of this study suggest that combined wedge for genu varus decreased ankle eversion moment and knee adduction moment upon center of pressure excursion. We hypothesize that combined wedge may also be effective in the protection excessive ankle pronation.

In this study, the buckling restoration at CFRP 3-Point bending specimen composed of 30°, 45°and 60° is investigated when the pressure at the lowest position on the compressed specimen is eliminated. The fracture configuration and stress contour of the specimen can be seen according to the laminate angle of fiber. The result of this study is thought to apply the data for the safe design of CFRP structure.

The steel I-girder inserted circular steel pipe is a new structural cable-anchorage system that the circular guide pipe is connected and welded to the web of the I-girder for cable-stayed bridge. This guide pipe-anchor system has many merits of the structural and aesthetic performances. However, there has been little research into the behavior mechanism with respect to anchor angles and the strengthening methods against the sectional area reduction caused by the penetration of guide pipe. Therefore, this paper investigates an experimental behavior of the steel I-girder with circular steel tube which is fabricated 1/3 scale model as fundamental study to examine the flexural behavior and failure mode in the laboratory. Based on the comparison of test results and nonlinear FE analyses, it is found that FEM is suitable to estimate the stiffness of I-girder with circular tube in order to design the cable-stayed bridge.