Oxidative stress has been reported to be one of causes of neuritis. This study examined antioxidative activities of methanol extracts of six amphibian species known to be medicinal animals (Rana catesbeiana, R. coreana, R. rugosa, R. dybowskii, R. nigromaculata, and Hyla japonica) and investigated their effects of inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production and cytotoxicity on the murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. As inflammation is closely associated with reactive oxygen species, assays on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity and NO scavenging activity of the extracts of the six species were performed to investigate their antioxidative activity. The results obtained were as follows; All extracts showed antioxidative activity, and the activity of R. dybowskii was the highest in comparison among those. Anti-inflammatory effects of the extracts were also examined, the five extracts except that of R. rugosa did not show cytotoxicity for RAW264.7 cells at the maximal concentration (1,000 μg mL-1). Selectivity index, meaning NO scavenging activity compared to cytotoxicity, showed the highest level in the extract of R. dybowskii. These results will be very useful basic data for future studies on prevention and treatment of human diseases to understand the biological roles of amphibian extracts throughout the antioxidative or anti-inflammatory pathways.

The objectives of this study were to form comparisons of total polyphenol compounds, the antioxidant activities and the urushiol contents of lacquer tree(Rhus verniciflua) bark and the sensory properties of chicken soup was made with lacquer tree bark that was cultivated from different cultivation areas; Hamyang, Wonju and China. Total polyphenol contents of Hamyang, Wonju and China were estimated as 375.28±3.48, 403.60±6.6 and 311.06±4.99 ㎎/g. The total flavonoids contents of Hamyang, Wonju and China were measured as 374±14.12, 683.70±12.64 and 334.64±18.40 ㎎/g. The total phenolic compounds and flavonoids concentration, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and ABTS radical scavenging of lacquer tree cultivated in Wonju were higher than the others; Hamyang and China. The urushiol content of lacquer tree bark from Hamyang was 4.59±0.04 ppm and higher than others. Urushiol was not detected in China lacquer tree bark. Sensory evaluation tests for chicken soup containing lacquer tree bark showed that the scores of Wonju lacquer tree bark chicken soup was highest, however there are no differences between Hamyang, Wonju, and China significantly(p<0.05).

본 연구는 고농서 농법 중 부추를 황아재배하여 생장량과 무기물, 아미노산, 유리당 및 항산화 등을 조사하여 앞으로의 재배방법에 활용가능여부를 알아보고자 수행하였다. 15oC의 암상태(황아재배)와 광상태(관행재배)의 조건하에서 부추 뿌리 파종 후 초장, 지상부 생체중 및 재생장율을 조사하였다. 1. 부추 황아재배는 관행재배에 비해 초장 및 지상부 생체중이 높았을 뿐만 아니라 1, 2차 재생장한 지상부 생체중도 황아재배가 관행재배 보다 약 2배 많았다. 2. 일반적으로 황아재배 부추는 Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Mn 등의 함량이 관행재배 비해 적었으나 Na 함량은 많았다. 그러나 광 및 암조건하에서 생장한 부추의 Cu, Zn 함량 차이는 없었다. 3. 황아재배에 의해 생장한 부추의 구성아미노산 aspartic acid, serine, proline, glycine, alanine, methionine, tyrosine, histidine, lysine은 관행재배에서 생장한 부추에 비해 유의적으로 많았다. 그러나 valine과 phenylalanine은 관행재배에서 생장한 부추에서 많았다. 4. 구성아미노산 전체 함량에서도 황아재배에서 관행재배 보다 1.7배 많았고, 필수아미노산 종류의 전체 함량도 다소 많았다. 일부 유리아미노산의 함량은 관행재배가 황아재배에 비해 많으나 전체 유리아미노산 함량은 황아재배에서 많았다. 구성과 유리아미노산 전체함량에서도 황아재배에서 생장한 부추가 관행재배에서 생장한 부추에 비해 약 1.6배 많았다. 유리당의 경우 fructose와 maltose는 황아재배와 관행재배에서는 차이가 없으나 glucose와 sucrose 함량은 황아재배에서 생장한 부추에 서 관행재배에서 생장한 부추에 비해 유의적으로 많았다. 5. 부추 재배방법별 DPPH 소거효과는 암상태에서 재배한 부추에 비해 광상태에서 재배한 부추에서 약 1.8∼4.7배 높은 것으로 나타났다.

미강으로부터 분리 정제된 피틴산을 식육에 적용하여 식육에서의 항균활성과 항산화능을 조사함으로써 식품보존제로서의 가능성을 확인하였다. 피틴산이 첨가된 Tryptic soy broth에 S. Typhimurium KCCM 11806을 배양하였을 경우 1%(w/v) 피틴산 첨가 시 S. Typhimurium의 생육을 완전히 저해시켰다. E. coli O157:H7에 대한 항균 효과는 1.0%(w/v) 피틴산 첨가 시 약 3.0 log 단위의 생육저해효과를 확인하였다. 신선한 닭고기, 돼지고기, 소고기에 S. Typhimurium을 접종하고 피틴산을 첨가하여 37oC에서 24시간 배양하여 피틴산의 항균효과를 조사한 결과 모든 식육에서 항균효과가 피틴산 농도에 의존적으로 나타났으며 1%(w/v) 피틴산 첨가 시 약 3.0 log 단위의 항균효과를 나타내었다. 생육인 닭고기, 돼지고기, 소고기에 피틴산을 여러 농도로 첨가한 결과 E. coli O157:H7에 대한 항균효과는 모든 생육에서 0.5% 피틴산 첨가 시 약 2.0 log 단위의 생육저해 효과를 보여 주었으며, 가열 처리된 식육에서도 첨가된 피틴산 농도에 의존적으로 유의성 있게 증식을 억제하였다. 생육에 피틴산을 첨가하여 4oC에서 3일간 저장할 경우 저장기간이 증가함에 따라 TBARS(thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) 값이 증가하였으며 피틴산을 5 mM 첨가하였을 때 TBARS 값이 유의적으로 감소하여 식육에서의 항산화능을 확인하였다.

In this study red ginseng was extracted with ethanol and then fermented by yeasts including Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium longum. Fermented red ginseng extracts(FRGE) were found to be more effective antioxidants in vitro with regards to 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging activity than red ginseng extracts(RGE). In FRGE, the contents of ginsenosides Rb1, -Rb2 and -Rc were much lower than in RGE, however, the contents of ginsenosides 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3 and compound K were higher than RGE. FRGE was added to Yanggaeng(0, 5, 10, 15, 20%), and physicochemical and sensory evaluations of the Yanggaeng were conducted. The L and b values of Yanggaeng with added FRGE were decreased by increasing the ratio of FRGE, while the a value was increased. Sensory evaluations for, taste, color, flavor, texture and overall acceptability of Yanggaeng with addition of FRGE (10%) were applicable for improving the Yanggaeng product.

It is well known that sunflower (SF) sprout has more beneficial effects than SF seed due to increased levels of phytochemical components such as vitamins, total phenolics, and isoflavones during germination. This study investigated the physicochemical properties and antioxidative activities of SF seed during both germination and cultivation. In a proximate analysis, the water content of SF groat was 9.17% and then increased to 15.32% on the 11th day after seeding. On a dry weight basis, crude fat content decreased while the contents of carbohydrates, crude protein, and crude ash increased. As cultivation proceeded, the contents of minerals were in decreasing order of K, Mg, Ca, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu, in which SF sprout cultivated for 9 or 11 days contained the highest mineral contents. Though vitamin C was not detected on SF groat, the content of vitamin C continuously increased up to the 5th day of cultivation and then decreased gradually. Vitamin E content in SF groat was higher than that in SF sprout. It was also found that the vitamin E content in SF sprout was the highest on the 5th day of cultivation. Daidzin was not detected in SF groat, but its concentration reached a maximum on the 5th day of cultivation in SF sprouts. Furthermore, higher amounts of daidzein were observed on the 3rd, 5th, and 9th days of cultivation. The highest total isoflavone content was observed on either the 3rd or 5th day of cultivation. The highest content of total phenolics was observed on the 5th of cultivation. When DPPH radical and peroxyl radical scavenging activities of SF sprout were measured in order to measure antioxidant efficacy, it was found that 5 day-cultivated SF sprout had the highest scavenging activities. In conclusion, SF sprout cultivated for 9 or 11 days was found to be a good source of minerals. Furthermore, the fifth-day after seeding was the optimal time for the production of SF sprout with effective natural antioxidant activity and high amounts of functional components such as vitamins, total phenolics, and isoflavones.

In this study, the antioxidative effects and inhibitory effects on tyrosinase and elastase of Sorbus commixta (S. commixta) twig extracts were investigated. The aglycone fraction of S. commixta twig extract showed the prominent free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity(FSC50, 13μg/mL). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities of S. commixta twig extracts on ROS generated in Fe3+-EDTA/H2O2 system were investigated by the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The 50 % ethanol extract among extracts showed the most prominent ROS scavenging activity (OSC50, 0.189μg/mL). The cellular protective effects of extract/fractions of S. commixta twig on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The 50 % ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction showed the cellular protective effects against ROS in a concentration dependent manner (5~50μg/mL). The inhibitory effect of S. commixta twig extract on tyrosinase was investigated to assess the whitening efficacy. The ethyl acetate (IC50, 113.2μg/mL) and aglycone fraction(IC50, 105.3μg/mL) on tyrosinase showed more remarkable inhibitory effect than arbutin(IC50, 226.88μg/mL), known as the whitening agent. The inhibitory effect of aglycone fraction (IC50, 6.9μg/mL) on elastase was simillar to quercetin(IC50, 6.1μg/mL), flavonoid known as reference compound. These results indicate that extract/fractions of S. commixta twig can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging 1O2 and other ROS, and protect cellular membranes against ROS. S. commixta twig extracts can be applicable to new functional cosmetics for anti-aging products.

Optimization study of the hot water extraction for enhancing antioxidative activity from Auricularia auricula was performed by Taguchi approach using orthogonal matrix L9(34) method. The correlation between DPPH radical scavenging activity and the components of samples extracted from different extraction conditions were also analyzed. The correlation coefficient between DPPH radical scavenging activity and melanin content of A. auricula was 0.93, indicating 'good correlation'. The optimum extraction conditions were obtained at the extraction time of 1 hr. temperature of 85oC, solid: water ratio of 1: 40(w/v) and frequency of 2 times. Under these conditions, values of maximum DPPH free radical scavenging activity and melanin contents of A. auricula were 67.21±2.17 and 52.94±2.10 mg/g, respectively. Melanin content of 1.6 times and DPPH free radical scavenging effect of 130% were enhanced by optimization.

Physiological characteristics of brown rice and black rice were investigated to provide the fundamental information of physiological property of rice and to show the potential of rice as a functional ingredient. Bioactive compounds were extracted from brown and black rices with aqueous solvents like 80% ethanol. Total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidative capacity of brown and black rices’ extracts were determined. Brown rice showed much higher amount of total phenolics and flavonoid contents as well as antioxidative capacity than those of milled rice indicating that most of bioactive compounds are located in the bran layer. Black rice showed higher total phenolics and flavonoid contents and antioxidative capacity than those of brown rices. The highest antioxidative capacity was obtained from Heugjinju followed by Heugseol, Sinnongheug-chal, Hopum and Samkwang. This result indicated that antioxidative capacity is affected by total phenolics and flavonoid contents. Both brown and black rices contained higher amount of ferulic acid than that of p-coumaric acid.

In this study, we evaluated the anti-oxidative, whitening and anti-wrinkle effect of Tetrapanax papyriferum extract. Tetrapanax papyriferum was extracted by two different solvents which were n-Hexane, ethyl acetate. The anti-oxidant activity was measured by free radical scavenging activity using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical). And the inhibitory activities of tyrosinase for whitening effect and collagenase, elastase for anti-wrinkle were investigated. For anti-oxidant activity, ethyl acetate fraction of Tetrapanax papyriferum extract showed more significant activity than n-Hexane fraction of Tetrapanax papyriferum extract. For whitening activity, n-Hexane fraction of Tetrapanax papyriferum extract exhibited strong inhibition effects compared with reference. Therefore, Tetrapanax papyriferum extract may be useful as a new antioxidant and whitening agent.

Modern people have begun to have the nationwide interest in the rice wine called Makgeolri which is one of the traditional Korean alcoholic liquors. This study was performed to investigate the effects of Sansung Makgeolri extract (SM) on antioxidation together with the determination of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) in the progress of fermentation in the lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-treated rats. We examined the levels of SOD (superoxide dismutase),CAT (catalase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase) in liver homogenates and the histopathological observations in liver tissue. LPS-treated group markedly decreased the levels of SOD, CAT and GPx. But SM + LPS-treated group significantly increased the levels of them. Furthermore, the antioxidative effects of SM were supported by the histopathological observations in liver tissue which showed severe inflammation and necrosis in LPS-treated group,compared to the attenuated inflammation and necrosis in SM + LPS-treated group. This results suggested that SM could be a candidate of antioxidative material in spite of alcoholic liquors.

In this study, the antioxidative effect, cellular protective effect and inhibitory effect on tyrosinase of Cosmos bipinnatus extracts were investigated. The ethyl acetate fraction of Cosmos bipinnatus flower extract (11.48 μg/mL) showed more excellent free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, DPPH) scavenging activity (FSC50) than those of leaf and stem extracts (17.45 μg/mL). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity (OSC50) of Cosmos bipinnatus extracts on ROS generated in Fe3+-EDTA/H2O2 system were investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The ethyl acetate fraction of Cosmos bipinnatus flower extract (0.56 μg/mL) showed 3 times more excellent ROS scavenging activity than L-ascorbic acid (1.50 μg/mL). The protective effects of the ethyl acetate fractions of extracts from different parts of Cosmos bipinnatus on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The ethyl acetate fractions of leaf and stem extract and flower extracts suppressed photohemolysis in a concentration dependent manner (10~50 μg/mL). The inhibitory effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Cosmos bipinnatus flower extract (62.75 μg/mL) on tyrosinase was investigated to assess the whitening efficacy. The ethyl acetate fraction of Cosmos bipinnatus flower extract showed 3.5 times higher tyrosinase inhibitory effect than arbutin (226.88 μg/mL) known as an effective whitening agent. These results indicate that fractions of Cosmos bipinnatus extracts can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging 1O2 and other ROS, and protect cellular membranes against ROS. Fractions of Cosmos bipinnatus extracts can be applicable to new functional cosmetics for antioxidant and whitening.

In this study, we evaluated the anti-oxidative, anti-wrinkle and whitening effect of Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke extract. Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke was extracted by two different solvents which were n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The anti-oxidant activity was measured by free radical scavenging activity using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical). And the inhibitory activities of tyrosinase for whitening effect and collagenase for anti-wrinkle were investigated. For anti-oxidant activity and whitening activity, ethyl acetate fraction of Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke extract showed more significant activity than n-hexane fraction of Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke extract. For anti-wrinkle activity, ethyl acetate fraction of Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke extract exhibited strong inhibition effects compared with reference. Therefore, Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke extract may be useful as a new antioxidant and anti-aging agent.

초고압 처리가 홍삼의 진세노사이드 함량 및 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 조사하였다. 전통적 인 방법으로 제조한 일반 홍삼과 초고압 처리 홍삼의 조사포닌 함량은 각각 21.93 및 27.29 mg/g이었 고, 총 페놀성 화합물과 조사포닌 및 진세노사이드 함량은 초고압 처리에 의해 증가하였다. 일반 홍삼과 초고압 처리 홍삼에 가장 많이 함유되어 있는 진세노사이드는 Rb1으로 각각 14.10 mg/g과 17.71 mg/g 이었으며, 초고압 처리에 의하여 25.60% Rb1이 증가하였다. 또한 홍삼의 특징적인 유효 성분인 Rg3는 일반 홍삼에 비하여 초고압 처리한 홍삼에서 10.46% 증가하였다. DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성을 측정한 결과, 열수 추출물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성이 증가하는 경향 을 보였으며 초고압 처리 홍삼이 일반 홍삼 열수 추출물에 비해 높은 라디칼 소거 활성을 보였다. 환원 력과 FRAP 활성도 분획물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 환원력과 FRAP 활성이 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 일반 홍삼과 초고압 처리 홍삼 열수 추출물의 FRAP 활성은 농도 10 mg/mL일 때 각각 0.30 및 0.36의 흡광도를 보였다. 따라서 초고압 처리 홍삼 열수 추출물은 자유 라디칼에 의해 유발된 산화적 스트레스 를 효과적으로 방어할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The colored sweet potato, particularly purple sweet potato, has been well known to contain anthocyanins abundantly. This study was conducted to examine the antioxidant properties of purple sweet potato. The chopped purple sweet potato was extracted 2 times with water or acetone for 18 hours at . The antioxidative potential of each solvent extract was assessed by DPPH free radical scavenging activity assay, FRAP assay, and total phenolic contents. The results showed that both extracts had not only high DPPH free radical scavenging activity but had high level of total phenolic compounds. Furthermore, both solvent extracts were found to have antioxidative effects in human colon cancer cells (HCT 116, HT 29) in DCFDA assay. The notable antioxidant activity of purple sweet potato suggests its significant health benefit and deserves further study to develop into functional food ingredient.

핑크팝 보리수 열매와 잎을 기능성 식품의 재료로 활용하기 위하여 항산화 및 총 페놀성 화합물 함량을 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. DPPH 및 ABTS radical 소거활성을 측정한 결과 분획물의 농 도가 증가함에 따라 DPPH 및 ABTS radical 소거활성이 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 특히 잎의 부 탄올 분획물에서 가장 높은 DPPH radical 소거활성을 보였다. 또한 ABTS 라디칼 소거활성도 열매 와 잎의 여러 분획물 중 잎의 부탄올 분획물에서 가장 높은 소거활성을 보였다. 환원력과 FRAP 활 성도 분획물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 환원력과 FRAP 활성이 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 잎의 부탄 올 분획물에서 가장 높은 환원력과 FRAP 활성을 보였다. Linoleic acid를 이용한 자동산화 억제활 성을 실험한 결과 다른 분획물에 비하여 부탄올 분획물에서 가장 높은 과산화 억제활성을 나타내었 으며, 총 페놀성 화합물은 잎과 열매의 부탄올 분획물에서 각각 106.34 및 252.46 mg/g으로 가장 높은 함량을 보였다. 핑크팝 보리수 잎 부탄올 분획물의 항산화 활성은 페놀성 화합물에 의한 것이 며, 이는 자유 라디칼에 의해 유발된 산화적 스트레스를 효과적으로 방어할 수 있을 것이다.

In this study, the anti oxidative effects, inhibitory effects on elastase, and components of Securinega suffruticosa extracts were investigated. The free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activities (FSC50) and reactive oxygen species ROS) scavenging activities (OSC50) of extract/fractions from Securinega suffruticosa were measured. The aglycone fraction (9.04 ± 0.51 μg/mL) and 50 % ethanol extract (1.05 ± 0.41 μg/mL) showed the most effective scavenging activities. The protective effects on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The aglycone fraction exhibited the most prominent cellular protective effect (τ50, 102.77 ± 5.37 min at 10μg/mL). The inhibitory effect of ethyl acetate fraction on tyrosinase were of examined (210.0 ± 1.02 μg/mL). The inhibitory effect of aglycone fraction on elastase were also investigated (17.6 ± 1.26 μg/mL). These results indicate that extract/fractions of Securinega suffruticosa can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging 1O2 and other ROS, and protect cellular membranes against ROS. Securinega suffruticosa extract could be used as a new cosmeceutical ingredient for whitening and anti-wrinkle products.

한우 고급육 생산을 위한 사양관리에 있어 기능성 사료의 활용 가능성을 규명하기 위해 뽕나무 사일리지의 기능성 성분 및 항산화 활성효능을 분석하였다. 뽕나무 사일리지의 일반 성분을 분석한 결과, 건물함량 , 조단백질 함량 , 조지방 함량 , 조섬유 함량 및 조회분 함량 였다. 뽕나무 사일리지에 함유된 활성성분의 분석 결과, 대표적 활성성분으로 혈당강하성분인 1-deoxynojirimycin(1-DNJ)의 함량이 0.568mg/g으로 검량되었으며 혈압강하성