A total of six species in the subgenus Uroleucon (Uromelan) is revised from the Korean Peninsula. Uroleucon adenophora (Matsumura, 1918) is recognized for the first time in Korea, collected on the young upper stem of Adenophora sp. (Campanulaceae). It is described, illustrated, and measured for apterous viviparous females.

The genus Periphyllus is tree-dwelling group, mostly on maple tree (Acer spp.). In this study, we discovered one species new to Korea, P. loricatus (Pashtchenko 1987) on A. ginalla. In prior to Pashtchenko(1987), Periphyllus ginallae Paik in Szelegiewicz (1974) seems the same species, nevertheless, treated as 'nomen nudum' without any description. As a result of our revision, totally seven species belong to this genus in the Korean peninsula.

Ten novel microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines. The soybean aphid was recently introduced into North America where it has become a serious pest of soybeans. This invasive pest has rapidly spread throughout the midwestern United States and southern Canada since 2000. The isolated loci were polymorphic, with two to 18 alleles in 20 individuals from a single population in Korea. The analyses revealed that 19 individuals had different multilocus genotypes, showing expected heterozygosity values ranging from 0.180 to 0.891. We report the development of microsatellite markers for A. glycines potentially suitable for further studies of population structure, dispersal, and host alternation.

The species-rich genus Aphis consists of more than 500 species, many of them host-specific on a wide range of plants, yet very similar in general appearance due to morphological resemblance toward particular morphological types. Most species have been historically clustered into four main phenotypic groups (gossypii, craccivora, fabae, and spiraecola groups). To confirm whether these morphological relationships are correlated with the genetic relationships, we compared the morphometric dataset of 28 characters measured/counted from 33 representative species with a phylogeny reconstructed from the combined dataset of four DNA regions (3,842 bp). The correlation of the rates of evolution between morphological and DNA datasets was highly significant in their diversification. Analysis of trait evolution revealed that the morphological traits found to be significant based on the ANOVA were confidently correlated with the phylogeny. The dominant patterns of trait evolution resulting in increased rates in short branches and temporally later evolution are likely suitable for the modality of Aphis speciation because they have adapted species-specifically, rapidly, and more recently for many different host plants.

We performed molecular and morphological analyses to determine generic limit of the genus Aulacorthum including several species with controversial taxonomic histories. The sequences of four mitochondrial genes, COI, COII, srRNA and lrRNA, and one nuclear gene, EF1a, implied that Aulacorthum is not monophyletic, with Aulacorthum magnoliae and Aulacorthum nipponicum forming a clade that is not sister to other currently recognized Aulacorthum species. Morphometric analysis based on 20 morphological characters also showed that A. magnoliae and A.nipponicum exhibited morphological characteristics distinct from congeneric species. Based these results, we propose a new genus, Neoaulacorthum ge. n. for A.magnoliae and A.nipponicum.

Aphid is relatively young group among insects, which radiated contemporaneously with the host plants in angiosperm. Based on recent molecular phylogenetic studies, the tribe Aphidini has been strongly suggested as a primitive group sister to two other tribes, Macrosiphini and Pterocommatini, in the subfamily Aphidinae which is most diversified aphid group. These ideas have been proposed due to the phylogenetic relationships between the groups and the relatively simple morphological characters. Our study is aimed to confirm the evolutionary process of this primitive group in order to understand the diversification of the modern aphids. Firstly, we obtained the phylogenetic relationships for 59 ingroup species plus 10 outgroup species (6 macrosiphine species, 1 hormaphidine species, and 3 adelgids) based on the combined sequences (2,899 bp) of three mitochondrial genes (COI, COII, CytB) and one nuclear gene (EF1α). The optimal tree topology is obtained by the ML analysis in GARLI 0.95b with Kishino-Hasegawa and Shimodaira-Hasegawa tests in PAUP*4b10, and the posterior probabilities on each node were estimated by MrBayes 3.1.1 under the best fit model (GTR+I+G) tested by MrMODELTEST 3.0. Then, the node ages of the obtained tree were calibrated using the relaxed-clock model implemented in BEAST 1.4.8 and its package programs based on one node fixation of 150 MYA (million years ago) for Aphididae+Adelgidae, and two node constraints as 80-100 MYA for Aphididae crown and 50-70 MYA for Aphidinae crown according to the fossil related publications. As results, we found four major facts on their evolution: 1) Aphidini radiated from the early Eocene in the Tertiary, 2) however, most lineages rapidly radiated during the late Eocene, 3) common ancestor of the subtribe Aphidina maybe fed on herbs or shrubs in asterids, 4) host alternation trait was lately acquired on Rosaceae- or Rhamnaceae-feeding aphids.

Woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum, overwintered as adult or nymph stage on rootstocks, and crown- and root sucker in the soil. In an unsprayed apple orchard, the number of E. lanigerum colony started to increase from mid-April, showed the 1st peak between late June and early July, thereafter decreased followed by the 2nd peak in late July, and then again peaked in late September as the size in the 1st peak. In this orchard, the number of E. lanigerum colonies per tree did not exceed 3.5 colonies during the peak occurrence period, and was maintained around 2 colonies throughout seasons. In all seasons, parasitism of Aphelinus mali on E. lanigerum was much lower on root colonies than on aerial colonies that located on shoots and tree trunks above the ground. The parasitism of E. lanigerum was high in most orchards examined, showing parasitism of > 70% in maximum in most cases. In the laboratory bioassay for the mortality effects of several insecticides on E. lanigerum, fenitrothion, dichlorphos, machine oil, methidathion, thiacloprid, and imidacloprid showed 97.8, 96.8, 95.4, 91.5, 26.7, and 7.8% morality, respectively. Also, the adult emergence rates from A. mali mummies were 51.2, 72.6, 14.2, 3.5, 72.2, and 85.4% in the treatment of the above insecticides, respectively. Insecticides belong to neonicotinoid, which are newly developed to control aphids, showed low mortality against E. lanigerum. Fenitrothion and dichlorphos were effective on E. lanigerum control and had a low toxic to A. mali. Consequently, the insecticides should be useful in integrated pest management system for E. lanigerum in apple orchards.

For the comparing of mortality of the resistance and susceptible population of Myzus persicae, etofenprox was treated in the recommended concentration of 200ppm. Mortalities of resistance population were 16.7 and 36.7%, and susceptible population were 86.7 and 86.7% after 24 and 48 hours treatment, respectively. For the detect of cross resistance to other pyrethroids, 6 pyrethroids were examined. Mortalities of susceptible and resistance populations were 90 and 31% to deltamethrin, 92 and 23% to lambda cyhalothrin, 81 and 14% to cypermethrin, 70 and 20% to α-cypermethrin, 29 and 28% to fenpropathrin, 84 and 29% to fenvalerate, respectively. It was showed that resistance populations were generally resistive to other pyrethroids. On the other hands, for recognized ecological characteristic of M. persicae susceptible and resistance populations life table was tested on the pepper leaves in the petri dish and on the plant in the pot. This results were showed that intrinsic rate of increase (r<SUB>m</SUB>), net reproduction number (R₀) and generation time in day (T<SUB>c</SUB>) were significantly different between two population in both tested. However, life span and reproduction period were slightly different between them. Otherwise, feeding behaviors were tested using EPG technique with non- and treated etofenprox. First potential drop time of susceptible and resistance population was 73.5 and 257.9 sec with non-treated and 93.3 and 1076.2 sec after treated, respectively. Electrical probing signals were 8.2 and 48.8 times with susceptible and resistance individuals after treated etofenprox, respectively. It was supposed that the resistance is more probings than susceptible population. After treated, total feeding time have more 6,728.9 sec on resistance than 965.5 sec on susceptible population. So, total non penetration time of susceptible population was 3,000 sec longer than resistance population.

The changes of feeding pattern and the amount of insecticide penetrated into the leaf were monitored for 420 min after treatment of three concentrations of dinotefuran. At about 30 min after treatment of insecticide, the overall feeding pattern in EPG (Electrical Penetration Graph) monitoring was started to change, and there was significant difference in proportions of NP (non-penetration), PA (pathway activity), and phloem-feeding patterns among the different concentrations of dinotefuran treatment. Especially, as the amount of insecticide penetrated into a leaf increased, the reactive behaviors against this insecticide such as withdrawal of proboscis and movements of stylet of aphid were more quickly exhibited. And also, total time at which the proboscis of the aphids did not penetrate the plant was getting longer. The amount of dinotefuran penetrated into a leaf was monitored with HPLC. When the recommended concentration (100 ㎎/L) of the insecticide was treated, 5.24~7.24 ㎎/L of the insecticide was detected from the leaf, and the proboscis of the aphids was apparently withdrawn from the leaf at approximately 60 minutes after treatment of this insecticide.

Geographic clines in genetic polymorphisms are widely believed as an evidence of climate change. We hypothesized green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer, one of the major insect pests in highland chinese cabbage cultivation, may also have some interactions with climate change. As the first step, we tried to find the available markers from six local strains (five collected at different heights in Hoengseong and Pyeongchang area and one from laboratory). A strain from Jeju island was used as an out-group. Although there was no significant difference in sequences of partial ribosomal RNA fragment and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I, and esterase isozyme pattern, we found four inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers in 22 used ISSR primers (+AGA, +CCA, +CGA, CGA+). These primers can be used as good markers to trace the M. persicae gene flow because they showed specific bands according to local strains.

The members of the genus Chaitophous(Hemiptera: Aphididae) has limited host specificity on two genera of the family Salicaceae, Salix and Populus. In this study, as a result, we discovered 5 species new to Korea: C. Horii Takahashi 1939, C. leucomelas Koch 1854, C. salijaponicus Essig & Kuwana 1918, C. tremulae Koch 1854, and C. populialbae yomefuri Shinji 1941.

Fourteen species of the genus Aulacorthum Mordvilko 1914 (Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae) are recognized from the Korean Peninsula. One new species, Aulacorthum artemisiphaga sp. nov. on Artemisia princeps and Artemisia stolonifera (Asteraceae) was compared with the seven congeneric species based on their morphological and molecular characteristics. Morphometric analysis using 29 morphological characters shows that A.artemisiphaga sp. nov. can be distinguished from the seven congeneric species. In comparisons of COI and CytB genes, A. artemisiphaga sp. nov. had inter-specific genetic distances (average 7.5% for COI and average 7.4% for CytB) similar to those of other congeneric species. Host plants of the Korean Aulacorthum are reviewed.

After treatment with imidacloprid, there were clear differences in the time to the first reaction of Myzus persicae among the concentrations treated. The time taken for the proboscis of the aphids to penetrate, during the recording plants increased as the imidacloprid concentration increased. Imidacloprid concentration inflow into a leaf was investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography, and the residues of the imidacloprid varied slightly with the different concentrations treated. However, the inflow rates of this insecticide into a leaf increased as the dipping times increased. Furthermore, it was shown that there was no relationship in inflow concentration between the concentrations and times of treatment. However, the concentration in the leaf differed according to the dipping time. Judging from the fact that the first reaction behavior against imidacloprid displayed at an inflow concentration of 0.32-0.35 ㎎/L, we concluded that inflow concentrations causing the first reaction of the aphids to the insecticide were much lower than the concentration treated. The general feeding characteristics of the aphids indicated that xylem and/or phloem feeding behavior continued after a series of probing behaviors and stylet activity during the first 3 h from the start of EPG recording. After 90 min treatment with imidacloprid, feeding behavior over the next 30 min indicated a significant increase in the withdrawal of the stylet from the plant at all treated concentrations. Xylem and/or phloem feeding patterns were significantly decreased during this time. In particular, the proportion of xylem feeding differed according to the concentration of imidacloprid.

This study was conducted to estimate the economic injury level (EIL) and economic threshold (ET) of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, on Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris var). The changes of biomass of Chinese cabbage and M. persicae density were investigated after introduction of M. persicae at different density (0, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 per plant, inoculated at 10d after planting). The densities of M. persicae largely increased from the above initial densities to 0, 92.3, 177.4, 406.9, 440.4, and 471.3 aphids per plant at 18d after the initial inoculation, respectively. The biomass of Chinese cabbage significantly decreased with increasing the initial inoculated density of M. persicae: 602.0, 264.2, 262.0, 109.3, 151.0, and 67.3 g in above plots with different initial densities, respectively. The relationship between cumulative aphid days (CAD) and yield loss (%) of Chinese cabbage was well described by a nonlinear logistic equation. Using the estimated equation, EIL of M. persicae on Chinese cabbage was estimated 25 CAD per plant based on the yield loss 13%, which take into account of an empirical gain threshold 5% and marketable rate 92% of spring Chinese cabbage. Also, ET was calculated at 80% of EIL: 20 aphids per plant. Until a more elaborate EIL-model is developed, the present result may be useful for M. persicae management at early growth stage of Chinese cabbage.

Multivariate morphomatric analyses were conducted to cluster the morphologically similar group using species units within the tribe Aphidini. Some species of the genus Aphis are morphologically very similar each other and, mentioned by aphid taxonomists as well, possibly grouped by some characteristics. To cluster the morphologically related groups and find some significant characteristics to define morphological groups for 59 Aphidini species, we perform two statistical analyses of 30 morphomatric characters, Principle Component Analysis (PCA; SAS Procedure PRINCOMP) and Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA; SAS Procedure CANDISC) using SAS/STAT version 9.1.3 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina). The results of the morphological clustering analyses were compared with the molecular phylogeny of Aphidini obtained from the previous study using three molecular gene fragments: partial mitochondrial tRNA-leucine + cytochrome oxidase II (tRNA/COII), partial mitochondrial 12S + tRNA-valine + 16S (12S/16S), and nuclear elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1α) (total 3,289bp) for 37 representative species among them. The congruence or difference between morphological and molecular analyses is also discussed in Aphidini group

The turnip aphid is a worldwide pest, damaging mainly to crucifers. In order to understand the life parameters of Lipaphis erysimi for the eventual goal of control, the developmental periods, survival rates, lifespan, and fecundity of the species were investigated under five temperature regimes (15℃ - 35℃). Furthermore, the efficacy of several environment-friendly agricultural materials (EFAMs) that are on the market was subjected to test in order to obtain further accurate information. The developmental period of the turnip aphid nymph was longest at 15ºC as 16.9 days, shortened as temperature goes up to 25ºC (5.4 days), and then somewhat increased at 30ºC (5.9 days), suggesting that the most efficient temperature for nymphal development could be around 25ºC. Mortality of the nymphal turnip aphid was obvious at 35ºC, whereas it was minimal at other temperature schemes. The longevity of adults shortened as temperature goes up to 30ºC. In particular, the maximum lifespan for adults continued for 55 days at 15ºC, but shortened to 21 days at 30ºC. The total fecundity per day was 35.7 at 15ºC, 81 at 20ºC, 64.2 at 25ºC, and 6.6 individuals at 30ºC, showing the highest fecundity at 20ºC. After the turnip aphids were successfully stabilized in indoor environment the insecticidal activity was tested and mortality was determined 12, 24, 36, and 48 hrs after EFAMs are treated. Several on-the-market EFAMs showed more than 90% of insecticidal activity within 24 hrs or 48 hrs, but a few showed less than 90% activity, signifying importance of selection of proper EFAMs.

A phylogeny of the tribe Aphidini (Hemiptera: Aphididae) was reconstructed using three molecular gene fragments: partial mitochondrial tRNA-leucine + cytochrome oxidase II (tRNA/COII), partial mitochondrial 12S + tRNA-valine + 16S (12S/16S), and nuclear elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1α) for a total of 41 species consisting of 37 representative species in Aphidini and 4 outgroup species in the tribe Macrosiphini. Also, to compare with the molecular analyses, a second phylogenetic reconstruction was performed using 41 morphological characters for equally weighted analysis. Minimum evolution, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, Bayesian phylogenetic analyses, and Bremer support test were performed for the phylogenetic construction. As our phylogenetic results were compared with the classical taxonomy based on morphological characteristics and biological data, we newly confirmed the following phylogenetic relationships within Aphidini: (1) each monophyletic subtribe of Aphidina and Rhopalosphina was supported by significant P values in the combined analysis, (2) contrary to the classical taxonomic position, Cryptosiphum should be moved to Macrosiphini because it is more closely related to Lipaphis and Brevicoryne in the myzine group of Macrosiphini, (3) The genus Toxoptera was possibly considered as a non-monophyletic group because three species were separately positioned in Aphidina, (4) In Rhopalosiphina, the genus Melanaphis was relatively divergent from three genera, Rhopalosiphum, Schizaphis and Hyalopterus, clustered in a strongly supported clade, (5) in the relationships among four the Aphis species-groups, which are accepted by most aphid taxonomists, most species except for some morphologically distinct species were separated to the two main lineages; the fabae-group was confirmed to be closely related with the spiraecola-group and craccivora-group, but the gossypii-group diverged as a monophyly from those three group.

The development of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) was studied at various constant temperatures ranging from 15 to 32.5℃, with 65±5% RH, and a photoperiod of 16L:8D. Mortality of the 1<SUB>st</SUB>-2<SUB>nd</SUB> and the 3<SUB>rd</SUB>-4<SUB>th</SUB> stage nymphs were similar at most temperature ranges while at high temperature of 32.5℃, more 3<SUB>rd</SUB>-4<SUB>th</SUB> stage individuals died. The total developmental time ranged from 13.8 days at 15℃ to 4.9 days at 30.0℃ suggesting that the higher the temperature, the faster the development. However, at higher end temperature of 32.5℃ the development took 6.4 days. The lower developmental threshold temperature and effective accumulative temperatures for the total immature stage were 6.8℃ and 105.9 day-degrees, respectively and the nonlinear shape of temperature related development was well described by the modified Sharpe and DeMichele model. The normalized cumulative frequency distributions of developmental period for each life stage were fitted to the three-parameter Weibull function. The attendance of shortened developmental times was apparent with 1<SUB>st</SUB>-2<SUB>nd</SUB> nymph, 3<SUB>rd</SUB>-4<SUB>th</SUB> nymph, and total nymph stages in descending order. The coefficient of determination r² ranged between 0.80 and 0.87.

To construct a life table and development model Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), its adult longevity and fecundity were studied at various constant temperatures ranging from 15 to 32.5℃, with 65±5% RH, and a photoperiod of 16L:8D. Adult longevity of the greenbug gradually increased with decreasing temperature below 32.5℃. Total fecundity was not significantly different at all temperatures except at 32.5℃. Daily fecundity gradually increased from 25.0℃. It was 3.6 at 27.5℃ and as temperatures either went down or up, it decreased to 1.4 at 15.0℃ and 0.4 at 32.5℃. Net reproduction rate (Ro) was highest with 47.6 at 25.0℃. The intrinsic rate of increase per day (r<SUB>m</SUB>) and the finite rate of increase per day (λ) were highest with 0.4 and 1.5 at 30.0℃, respectively and the doubling time (Dt) was shortest with 0.98 at 32.5℃. The mean generation time (T) was 8.41 at 30.0℃.

According to the preceding survey on insect pests of the green perilla, Perilla frutescens var. japonica HARA, The major pests were Aphis egomae Shinji, Pyrausta panopealis (Walker), Tetranychus urticae Koch, Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks, Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida at Guemsan, Chungnam, 2004. Aphis egomae causes nearly 100% injury of the green perilla in uncontrolled green houses. A field study was conducted to estimate economic injury levels (ElLs) and control thresholds (CTs) for A. egomae injuring green perilla in green houses. Different densities of A. egomae ranged from 1 to 80 aphids per 100 plants in early inoculation. The mean injurying rate of plant was 2.4% to 40.5% at the end of June at differently inoculated levels. The economic loss time calculated by the ratio of cost managing aphid to market price (C/V) (C: cost managing aphid, V: Market price) in early season (from May to 13. June) was 5.8% and in peak season (from 13. June to 30. June) was 9.3%. Economic injury level in early and peak season was 5.3 aphids per plant and economic injury levels in peak season were 0.6 aphids per plant and 7.6% injured rate of plant. The control thresholds calculated by 80% level of economic injury level in peak season were 0.5aphids per plant and 6.1% injury rate of plant, respectively.