ROK Navy Landing Ship Fast(LSF-II) is equipped with special equipment that is not compatible with other combat ships due to special missions. So there are almost no maintenance capabilities except for simple repair parts replacement and maintenance parts. The researcher determined that the way to solve these problems was to apply Performance Based Logistics (PBL), and reviewed the cases of PBL applications abroad and domestically. To confirm the current maintenance capability, we visited LSF-II operation unit to identify maintenance capabilities for each mounted equipment, and interviews with operators and maintenance practitioners confirmed the limitations of outsourcing maintenance and the need to apply PBL. In order to analyze the effect of PBL application, the measure of effectiveness and measure of performance were selected based on the opinions of LSF-II operation/maintenance practitioners and PBL experts and the practical experience of this researcher. A survey was conducted on operation/maintenance practitioners and professional personnel. Based on the survey results, the effect of applying PBL was analyzed using the AHP technique, and an efficient PBL application plan was proposed for LSF-II.

Zhong Hua Zi Jing is Chinese teaching material promoted nationwide and overseas for the purpose of “fast literacy and early reading”, which covers Level 4 Chinese characters specified in the HSK exam outline. Its content includes knowledge of fifty major categories, including astronomy, geography, human relations, history, and the like. Therefore, this study is based on Xu Tongqiang’s sinogram-based theory. This paper proposes a teaching plan using the Zhong Hua Zi Jing in teaching Chinese as a foreign language in order to achieves positive results in vocabulary and Chinese character learning. A survey was first conducted on Korean students in years three and four of the Chinese language major to demonstrate their level of understanding of Chinese characters included in Zhong Hua Zi Jing, and to elucidate the level of understanding of Chinese characters Zhong Hua Zi Jing. Then, the necessity and specific solutions of using Zhong Hua Zi Jing to teach vocabulary mainly based on Chinese characters was explored.

Liquified hydrogen is considered a new energy resource to replace conventional fossil fuels due to environmental regulations by the IMO. When building tank for the storage and transportation of liquified hydrogen, materials need to withstand temperatures of -253°C, which is even lower than that of LNG (-163°C). Austenitic stainless steel mainly used to build liquified hydrogen tank. When building the tanks, both the base material and welding zone need to have excellent strength in cryogenic condition, however, manual arc welding has several issues due to prolonged exposure of the base material to high temperatures. Laser welding, which has some benefits like short period of exposure time and decrease of thermal affected zone, is used many industries. In this study, laser bead on plate welding was conducted to determine the laser butt welding conditions for STS 304 and STS 316L steels. After the BOP test, cross-section observations were conducted to measure and compare four bead parameters. These tendency result of laser BOP test can be used as conditions laser butt welding of STS 304 and STS 316L steel.

MCCI, one of the ex-vessel phenomena during a severe accident, is generally caused by mutual reactions between molten core and reactor building basemat concrete, but occurs between sacrificial materials made by concrete and corium in APR nuclear power plant with PECS applied. In this paper, MCCI analysis was performed to design and apply a device to block the core melt at the junction connected to the ICI cavity sump from the core catcher installed in the reactor cavity of the APR. Unlike the sacrificial material, which has a cooling effect by inducing erosion of the ex-vessel core melt, the device is composed of concrete applied as a barrier to protect the ICI cavity sump. The decent thickness of the barrier wall of the device was calculated.

기후변화는 연안지역에 심각한 영향을 미치고 있으며 그 영향이 점점 증가할 것이라고 예상되는 바, 최근 기후변화 적응 및 리스크 평가에 있어 많은 연구들이 취약성과 함께 회복탄력성 개념을 이용하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 기후변화 적응을 위한 연안재해 회복탄력성 측정 모형을 개발하는 것이다. 측정 모형 개발에 앞서 연안재해 회복탄력성에 대한 광범위한 문헌검토를 통해 취약성과 회복 탄력성에 대한 조작적 정의와 함께 여러 피드백 메커니즘이 포함된 개념적 프레임워크를 작성하였다. 연안재해 회복탄력성 측정 모형은 네 가지 측정값(MRV, LRV, RTSPV, ND)과 연안재해 회복탄력성 복합 지수(CRI)를 포함하고 있으며, 개발된 지수는 국내 연안침식 사례에 적용되었다. 또한 지수 등급에 따른 지역적 분석이 수행되었다. 연구 결과, 네 가지 회복탄력성 측정값을 통해 각 지점이 가지는 연안침식 회복탄력성의 다양한 특성을 파악할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 연안 회복탄력성 복합 지수의 매핑 결과 서해안 및 남해안 지역에 비해 동해 안 지역들은 연안침식 회복탄력성이 상대적으로 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 회복탄력성 측정 모형은 적응 이후의 이행전략에 대한 논의를 제공하는 도구로 활용될 수 있으며, 서로 다른 취약 지역 그룹 간 정책지원에 대한 우선순위를 결정하는 데 이용 가능하다.

최근 몇 년 동안 중국 불교를 소재로 하는 주얼리 제품과 주얼리 브랜드는 왕성한 기세로 발전되고 있다. 이에 따라 불교를 소재로 하는 주얼리는 중국 주 얼리 브랜드 중에 중요한 새로운 힘을 갖고 있게 된다. 이는 중국 불교문화가 주얼리에 활용될 전망이 크다는 것을 잘 보여준다. 불교의 신비한 색채를 제거 하고 불교를 소재로 하는 주얼리는 불교 예술과 중국 전통 문화의 결합체이기 도 하고 불교 신앙이 세속 생활에 융합되는 중요한 표현이기도 하다. 또한 세속 민중들이 불교 정신에 대한 옹호하는 것이기도 하다. 그러면 불교를 소재로 하 는 주얼리는 어떻게 탄생했을까? 불교를 소재로 하는 주얼리의 패션화(时尚化) 와 대중화의 발전 과정에서 최초의 불교 칠보(七宝)를 활용함을 빼놓을 수 없 다. 불교 칠보를 돌이켜보는 것은 중국 불교를 소재로 하는 주얼리에 대해 중요 한 역사적 의미와 현실적 의미를 가지고 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 문헌 연구 방 법과 역사 연구 방법을 통해 중국 역사상 불교 칠보를 연구하고 현재 중국 주얼 리 시장 중의 관련 제품들과 결합하여 중국 불교문화가 주얼리에 활용되는 것 에 대해 체계적이고 전면적인 정리 및 연구를 진행하고자 한다. 본 연구는 중국 불교를 소재로 하는 주얼리가 중국 주얼리 업계에서 발전하는 데 큰 의미를 가 지며 중국 불교 문화가 중국 주얼리의 발전을 촉진시키는 데 이론적 근거를 제 시낼 것이다.

현대사회에서 미술교육과 미술작품 제작 현장은 정보와 이미 지를 비롯한 폭발적인 성장 속에서 새롭게 전개되고 있다. 이 러한 사회·문화적 방향성의 모색이 필요하고 새로운 관점의 재정립이 요구되는 상황에서 인간과 교육을 둘러싼 사회에서의 미술교육에 대한 새로운 방법론적 접근이 필요하다. 현재 우리 나라 미술교육현장에서 수채화는 점점 도태되어 간다. 화랑가 의 유화 선호, 재료와 도구 사용에 대한 인식, 기법의 난이도 등으로 인해 다른 장르의 그림보다 소외되고 있다. 그 이유 중 가장 큰 문제점은 기초과정을 넘어선 작품 만들기 과정에서 드 러나는데 그것이 바로 보조재료 사용에 대한 미숙함이다. 수채화 제작은 기름을 사용하는 유화와는 달리 물을 사용함으 로 예술의 표현형식과 감상 효과에서 동양인의 체취에 더 친근 감을 주는 매체이다. 수채화 물감을 이용한 작업은 그 자체로 하나의 도전이라고 할 수 있을 정도로 어렵지만, 보조재료를 이 용한 기법을 활용한다면 더 수준 높은 작품성을 발휘할 수 있을 것이다. 수채화에서 중요한 점은 수채화 물감이 투명체 매체라 는 것인데 미세한 입자로 이루어져 있어 어두운색 위에 밝은색 을 덧칠할 수 없다는 것 때문에 작품제작 시 상당한 난관에 부 딪혀 쉽게 작업을 포기하게 되는 것이 현실이다. 본 연구에서는 그런 점을 개선하기 위해 현대미술에서 수채 화 채색작업을 중심으로 <마스킹 액(Masking fluid)> 보조재 료의 활용방안을 제시하고자 한다. 마스킹액을 이용한 여러 가 지 수채화 채색방법과 보조재료의 활용법을 제안함으로써 현장 에서 갖는 문제점에 대해 논의하고, 더욱 질 높은 미술교육과 작품제작에 이바지할 방안을 새롭게 모색하고자 한다.

This review paper aimed to comprehensively assess the ventilation methods and ventilation rates of livestock sheds, various livestock odor mitigation technologies, and the design flow rate of odor mitigation devices. The most efficient ventilation method for livestock odor control was found to be mechanical ventilation. When livestock odor is at its most severe during summer, ventilation systems are operated at the maximum ventilation rate, which is 5-25 times higher than the ventilation rate in winter. Therefore, the mitigation facilities of livestock odor must be designed while considering the maximum ventilation rate. There is a significant amount of research data on various livestock odor control technologies using various physical, chemical, biological, and complex technologies applied to livestock farms. Biofiltration and photocatalytic oxidation are considered the most promising methods due to their cost-effectiveness and simplicity. Biofiltration is effective for removing hydrophilic odors, but requires improvement for the efficient removal of hydrophobic odors and the control of accumulated excess biomass. The advantages of the photocatalytic oxidation method include its excellent hydrogen sulfide and ammonia removal rates and relatively low ozone emissions. However, it requires technology to reduce nitrous oxide emissions. Investment in installing and operating these odor mitigation technologies is only realistic for large-sized farms. Therefore, it is imperative for small and medium-sized livestock farms to develop odor mitigation technology that is inexpensive and has low installation, operation, and maintenance costs.

Water utilities are making various efforts to reduce water losses from water networks, and an essential part of them is to recognize the moment when a pipe burst occurs during operation quickly. Several physics-based methods and data-driven analysis are applied using real-time flow and pressure data measured through a SCADA system or smart meters, and methodologies based on machining learning are currently widely studied. Water utilities should apply various approaches together to increase pipe burst detection. The most intuitive and explainable water balance method and its procedure were presented in this study, and the applicability and detection performance were evaluated by applying this approach to water supply pipelines. Based on these results, water utilities can establish a mass balance-based pipe burst detection system, give a guideline for installing new flow meters, and set the detection parameters with expected performance. The performance of the water balance analysis method is affected by the water network operation conditions, the characteristics of the installed flow meter, and event data, so there is a limit to the general use of the results in all sites. Therefore, water utilities should accumulate experience by applying the water balance method in more fields.

In Korea, as part of the Green New Deal project toward a carbon-neutral society, it is necessary to build a climate-resilient urban environment to green the city, space, and living infrastructure. To this end, SWMM-ING was improved and the model was modified to analyze the carbon reduction effect. In addition, I plan to select target watersheds where urbanization is rapidly progressing and evaluate runoff, non-point pollution, and carbon reduction effects to conduct cost estimation and optimal design review for domestic rainwater circulation green infrastructure. In this study, green infrastructure facilities were selected using SWMM-ING. Various scenarios were presented considering the surface area and annual cost of each green infrastructure facility, and The results show that the scenario derived through the APL2 method was selected as the optimal scenario. In this optimal scenario, a total facility area of 190,517.5 m2 was applied to 7 out of 30 subwatersheds to achieve the target reduction. The target reduction amount was calculated a 23.50 % reduction in runoff and a 26.99 % reduction in pollutant load. Additionally, the annual carbon absorption was analyzed and found to be 385,521 kg/year. I aim to achieve additional carbon reduction effects by achieving the goal of reducing runoff and non-point pollution sources and analyzing annual carbon absorption. Moreover, considering the scale-up of these interventions across the basin, it is believed that an objective assessment of economic viability can be conducted.

This study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics, yield and chemical compositions of whole crop barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) according to mixing ratio of chemical fertilizer (CF) and liquid swine manure (LSM) in the paddy field cultivation. The experimental design was arranged in a randomized block design with five treatments and three replications. The manure fertilizer ratio of five treatments were CF 100% (T1), CF 70% + LSM 30% (T2), CF 50% + LSM 50% (T3), CF 30% + LSM 70% (T4), and LSM 100% (T5) of whole crop barley. At this time, the application of liquid swine manure was based solely on the nitrogen. Plant length was higher at T1 as compared to other treatments (T2, T3, T4 and T5). Fresh yield, dry matter yield and total digestive nutrients (TDN) yield were the highest in T1, whereas the lowest in T5 treatment (p<0.05). Chemical compositions (crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and TDN) did not show significant difference among treatments. Ca and Na contents were significantly lower at T1 as compared to other treatments (T2, T3, T4 and T5). However, Mg and P contents were significantly higher at T1 as compared to other treatments(p<0.05). There was no significant difference in total free sugar content among T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments, but the chemical fertilizer (T1) was significantly lower than the other treatments (p<0.01). Considering the above results, liquid swine manure application showed lower dry matter yield and TDN yield than chemical fertilizer, but higher free sugar content. Therefore, in order to increase the productivity of whole crop barley, it is considered desirable to mix liquid fertilizer with chemical fertilizer, taking into account the decomposition rate and insufficient components (P, K) of the liquid swine manure.

eDNA (environmental DNA)란 특정 환경에 서식하는 생물로부터 유래한 DNA를 의미한다. 환경 시료로부터 추출한 eDNA를 활용하면 해당 환경에 서식하는 생물들의 효율적이고 정확한 모 니터링을 수행할 수 있다. 해수 시료로부터 얻은 eDNA를 기반으로 해양생물 다양성 연구를 수행할 수 있다. 해수 시료를 채집하고 이로부터 eDNA를 추출한 뒤, metagenome 분석을 통 해 서식하는 해양생물의 종 동정과 다양성 분석이 가능하다. 본 리뷰에서는 이처럼 해수의 eDNA를 활용하여 해양 지역의 생물 다양성 연구를 수행하는 전체적인 과정을 제시하고 있다. 아직 국내에는 해양생물 다양성 연구를 위해 eDNA를 적용하는 방법이 보편화 되어있지 않으 며, 본 리뷰를 기반으로 이와 같은 eDNA 연구 방법을 정립하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다.

The asphalt concrete industry, accounting for >90% of road pavement, is a crucial contributor to construction waste. This study focuses on the recycling of asphalt concrete recycled aggregates, which currently exhibits a low rate. We investigated the application of these aggregates, combined with hardener and mixing water, in the development of ecofriendly road base materials using circular aggregates. Results revealed that the 13-mm asphalt concrete recycled aggregates met all quality standards. However, the 25-mm aggregates did not conform to the reclaimed asphalt content standard; however, they met other quality standards. Moreover, the experimental results for the hardener and mixing water indicated compliance with all quality standards.

Based on the experience of building ‘Waegwan(倭館)’ in Busan, Japanese paper wallpapering, the use of square rafters, and the installation of sliding windows were used in the construction of Joseon palaces from the 17th century onwards. Elements that could be applied through observation alone were applied first, and sliding windows that required precise skill acquisition were installed later. ‘Yeongchang(影窓)’, which refers to a sliding window that brightens an interior, has spread rapidly, and its types and structures have also become more diverse. Gradually, ‘Yeongchang’ came to refer only to additional windows installed by attaching grooves to the lintel of existing casement windows. The sliding window that is installed independently and acts as an interior partition was renamed ‘Chujangja(推障子)’. Japanese architectural elements such as ‘Yeongchang’ and ‘Chujangja’ have become an element of traditional Korean architecture.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to investigate the tendency of material property estimation under different concrete distress conditions and curling conditions when non-destructive tests such as rebound hammer and surface deflection test are applied to concrete pavement. METHODS : Nondestructive tests using Schmidt hammer and Falling Weight Deflectometer were performed to inspect the expressway concrete pavements constructed more than 20 years ago. Some results were compared with core tested elastic modulus and compressive strength. RESULTS : As a result of the rebound test, the section with Alkali-Silica Reaction(ASR) distress was outside the range of the existing estimation formula, but the control section was found to be within the range of the existing estimation formula. As a result of the physical property estimation through deflection test, the section with ASR distress showed greater fluctuations in the estimated material properties and deflection ratio compared to the control section, showing that the ASR damage seems to affect the slab deflection behavior. CONCLUSIONS : The rebound test may not sufficiently reflect the decline in material properties due to concrete damage. The deflection test can obtain results that reflect the deterioration of material properties, but it was confirmed that significant variability may occur, so it seems to necessary to perform complementary indoor core tests with nondestructive testing(NDT) tests.

This research uses the Balanced Scorecard framework to create comprehensive performance indicators for foodservice programs in senior welfare centers. The study evaluates these programs in South Korean senior welfare centers from financial, customer, learning and growth, and internal business process perspectives. Thirty-five evaluation indicators were developed and validated through the Delphi study used for the survey study nationwide, and 115 were collected. Thirty elderly welfare centers participated in on-site evaluation by the expert. The results of the survey study, 81.4, indicate overall favorable performance, with social workers scoring slightly lower than dietitians and directors. On-site evaluations showed better performance, 84.4, compared to the survey study. The learning and growth perspective showed a significantly higher score on on-site evaluation, and the score was 20.9, which was 3.1 points higher than 17.8 from the survey study (p<0.001). However, there is room for improvement, including adopting nutrition management programs, defining roles for dietitians and cooks, enhancing food sanitation regulations, and providing financial support. Additional recommendations involve recruiting nutrition personnel, collaborating with local governments, and integrating centers for children’s foodservice management at the local level. This research provides valuable insights into enhancing the foodservice in elderly welfare centers to improve the nutrition and well-being of the elderly population.

ZnO/Cu/ZnO (ZCZ) thin films were deposited at room temperature on a glass substrate using direct current (DC) and radio frequency (RF, 13.56 MHz) magnetron sputtering and then the effect of post-deposition electron irradiation on the structural, optical, electrical and transparent heater properties of the films were considered. ZCZ films that were electron beam irradiated at 500 eV showed an increase in the grain sizes of their ZnO(102) and (201) planes to 15.17 nm and 11.51 nm, respectively, from grain sizes of 13.50 nm and 10.60 nm observed in the as deposited films. In addition, the film’s optical and electrical properties also depended on the electron irradiation energies. The highest opto-electrical performance was observed in films electron irradiated at 500 eV. In a heat radiation test, when a bias voltage of 18 V was applied to the film that had been electron irradiated at 500 eV, its steady state temperature was about 90.5 °C. In a repetition test, it reached the steady state temperature within 60 s at all bias voltages.

This study aimed to apply rice flour Baromi 2 (B2) varieties developed by the Rural Development Administration in low-sugar baguette products. To achieve this, baguettes were produced using B2 at 10%, 20%, and 30% levels. As the content of B2 increased, the mixing time decreased, and the dough became sticky. Additionally, the dough fermentation ability was reduced. The finished products showed no significant difference in the external structure with varying B2 contents. However, the crust color containing B2 was darker than that of the control. In color value, the L* value decreased as the amount of added B2 increased, while the a* value and b* value increased. Furthermore, the sensory evaluation revealed that baguettes with a higher amount of B2 had a softer crumb and a crunchy crust, and with 20% substituted for B2, the sample obtained the highest score. From these results, it has been determined that B2 can substitute for up to 20% of wheat flour in bakery products.

본 연구는 영 케어러의 가족돌봄 경험을 보다 새롭고 깊이 있게 탐색 하기 위한 목적으로 질적 해석적 메타통합 방법(QIMS, Qualitative Interpretive Meta Synthesis)을 적용하였다. QIMS는 최근 사회과학분야에 서 새롭게 소개된 질적 연구방법으로, 개별 질적연구의 저자와 참가자들 이 설명하는 무결성과 본질을 유지하면서 질적 연구결과를 통합, 종합, 해석하기 위한 체계적인 접근방식이다. QIMS의 시너지적 이해경로를 통 해 도출된 풍성한 결과는 질적 연구가 갖는 한계를 극복할 수 있다. 2022년 10월부터 2023년 6월까지 국내에서 발표된 7편의 질적 논문을 최종분석에 포함하였고, 총 52명의 영 케어러가 진술한 내용을 시너지적 이해로 분석하였다. 자료범위 축소와 주제 추출 및 통합의 반복과정을 통해 새롭고 의미 있게 생성된 중요주제는 (1) 가족돌봄 상황 전개, (2) 돌봄 노동, 고단한 삶과의 직면, (3) 세상 속 돌봄 상황 가운데 나의 대 응노력과 변화들, (4) 새롭게 발견한 돌봄의 의미, 그리고 성장 총 4개의 범주로 구분하였다. QIMS 분석방법으로 도출해낸 결과를 바탕으로 영 케어러에 대한 실천 및 정책방안을 모색하였다.