Background: Stroke patients have weak trunk muscle strength due to brain injury, so a single type of exercise is advised for restoring functionality. However, even after intervention, the problem still lies and it is suggested that another intervention method should be applied with exercise in order to deal with such problem. Objectives: To Investigate the effect of bridge exercise combined with functional electrical stimulation (FES) on trunk muscle activity and balance in stroke patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: From July to August 2020, twenty stroke patients was sampled, ten patients who mediated bridge exercises combined with functional electrical stimulation were assigned to experiment group I, and ten patients who mediated general bridge exercises were assigned to experiment groupⅡ. For the pre-test, using surface EMG were measured paralyzed rectus abdominis, erector spinae, transverse abdominis/internal oblique muscle activity, and using trunk impairment scale were measured balance. In order to find out immediate effect after intervention, post-test was measured immediately same way pre-test. Results: Change in balance didn’t show significant difference within and between groups, but muscle activity of trunk was significant difference rectus abdominis and erector spinae within groups I (P<.01), also between groups was significant difference (P<.05). Conclusion: Bridge exercise combined with FES could improve trunk function more effectively than general bridge exercise due to physiological effect of functional electrical stimulation.

이 연구의 목적은 8주간의 코어 훈련이 프리스타일 스키 선수들의 배근력, 서전트 점프, Y- 자 검사 및 평형감각 조절 능력에 미치는 영향을 보고자 하였다. 14명의 프리스타일 선수를 무작위로 운동군 7명과 통제군 7명으로 분류하였다. 훈련군은 8주간의 코어 훈련을 하였고, 통제군은 일반적인 훈 련을 하였다. 연구 결과 배근력과 서전트 점프에서 효과를 보였고, 집단 간 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았다. Y-자 검사의 경우 좌측 앞쪽에서 효과를 보였고, 좌·우측 좌측 후방 안쪽에서 집단 간 차이를 보였다. 종합점수의 경우 운동군은 사전의 좌·우 차이 7.5cm, 사후에서 1.66cm로 감소하였으나 통제군은 사전 3.73cm에서 사후 7.01cm로 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 평형감각 조절 능력에서는 조건 2, 5, 6에서 유의한 효과를 보였으나 집단 간의 차이는 없었다. 결론적으로, 8주간의 코어 훈련은 프리스타일 스키 선수들의 자세 조절 능력에서 유익한 효과를 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

Background: Theoretically, balance is affected by the height of center of mass (COM) during quiet standing. However, no one examined this in humans with variables derived from the center of pressure (COP). Objects: We have conducted balance experiment to measure COP data during quiet standing, in order to examine how the COP measures were affected by the height of COM, vision, floor conditions, and gender. Methods: Twenty individuals stood still with feet together and arms at sides for 30 seconds on a force plate. Trials were acquired with three COM heights: 1% increased or decreased, and not changed, with two vision conditions: eyes closed (EC) and eyes open (EO), and with two floor conditions: unstable (foam pad) and stable (force plate) floor. Outcome variables included the mean distance, root mean square distance, total excursion, mean velocity, and 95% confidence circle area. Results: All outcome variables were associated with the COM height (p < 0.0005), vision (p < 0.0005), and floor condition (p < 0.003). The mean velocity and 95% confidence circle area were 5.7% and 21.8% greater, respectively, in raised COM than in lowered COM (24.6 versus 23.2 mm/s; 1,013.4 versus 832.3 mm2). However, there were no interactions between the COM height and vision condition (p > 0.096), and between the COM height and floor condition (p > 0.183) for all outcome variables. Furthermore, there was no gender difference in all outcome variables (p > 0.186). Conclusion: Balance was affected by the change of COM height induced by a weight belt in human. However, the effect was not affected by vision or floor condition. Our results should inform the design of balance exercise program to improve the outcome of the balance training.

본 연구는 JD-R 이론, WH-R 모형을 기반으로 기혼 여성근로자들의 프로틴 경력지향성이 경력만족에 미치는 영향을 보다 세부적으로 탐색하기 위해 일-가정 균형과 업무 후 모바일기기 사용의 조절된 매개 효과를 검증하였다. 이를 통해, 일-가정 균형의 단순 매개효과, 업무 후 모바일기기 사용의 단순 조절 효과를 검증하는 것이 아니라 조절된 매개효과라는 하나의 종합적 모형으로 실증 분석하였다. 국내 제조업과 주요 서비스업 등에 종사하고 있는 기혼 여성 직원 278명을 대상으로 한 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 프로틴 경력지향성은 일-가정 균형과 경력만족에 긍정적 영향을 주었다. 둘째, 프로틴 경력지향성과 경력만족에서 일-가정 균형에 의한 업무 후 모바일기기 사용의 조절된 매개효과가 검증되 었다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 시사점과 연구 한계점 및 향후 연구 방향이 논의되었다.

Background: Compared with normal people, stroke patients have decreased voluntary craniocervical motion, which affects their balance. Objects: This study was conducted in order to examine the effects of active craniocervical movement training using a cognitive game on stroke patient’s cervical movement control ability, balance, and functional mobility. Methods: The subject of this study were 29chronic stroke patients who were randomly allocated to either an experimental, cognitive game group (n = 15), or control group (n = 14), to which only neuro-developmental treatment (NDT) was applied. The intervention was conducted 5 times per week, 30 minutes per each time, for a total of 4 weeks. Active angle reproduction test, static stability test, limits of stability test, and Time up and Go (TUG) test, respectively, were carried out in order to evaluate cervical movement control ability, static balance, dynamic balance, and functional mobility. Paired t-test was used in order to compare differences between prior to after the intervention, along with an independent-test in order to compare prior to and after-intervention differences between the two groups. Results: After the craniocervical training with a body-driven cognitive game, the experimental group showed significant differences in flexion, extension, and lateral flexion on the affected side, and rotation on the affected side in the active angle reproduction test. The experimental group indicated significant differences in sway length both with eyes-open and with eyesclosed in the static stability test and in limits of stability test and TUG test. The control group to which NDT was applied had significant differences in flexion in the active angle reproduction test and in limits of stability test and TUG test. Conclusion: The above results mean that craniocervical training using a body-driven cognitive game positively influences stroke patient’s cervical movement control ability and as a result their balance and functional mobility.

이 연구는 65세 이상의 골관절염을 앓고 있는 여성 노인(실험군: 67.2±5.4세; 13명)과 건강한 일반 노인여성(통제군: 66.73±9.7세; 15명)을 대상으로 12주간의 요가 운동 전.후의 평형성(동적평형성 및 정 적평형성)의 변화를 알아보고 골관절염 노인여성의 요가 운동의 효과성을 알아보고자 실시되었다. 이 연구에서 측정된 동적평형성 및 정적평형성은 시각정보(개안, 폐안)의 유무에 따른 2번의 측정이 진행 되었다. 동적평형성 측정은 Spacebalance 3D, (Korea) 기기를 이용하여 측정하였고, 정적평형성 측정 은 주로 사용하는 발의 눈감고 외발서기로 측정하여 결과를 도출하였다. 12주간 요가 운동에 따른 동적평형성(폐안)은 골관절염 실험군(p(.05)에서는 유의한 증가가 나타났으나, 통제군에서는 유의한 변화가 나타나지 않았다. 또한, 동적평형성(개안) 측정에 따른 변화는 실험군(p(.001) 및 통제군(p(.05) 두 그룹 모두에서 유의한 향상 결과가 나타났다. 정적평형성 결과 두 집단(실험군, 통제군) 모두 시기 별로 유의한 향상이 나타났다. 이 연구의 결과로 12주간의 요가 수련은 골관절염을 앓고 있는 여성 노인의 평형성을 증가시키는 유익한 운동임을 알 수 있었다.

Background: Thera-Band, Narrow squats, Kinesiology taping helps in the reduction of loading on the knee joints. Despite the fact that the varus knee negatively affects the alignment of the lower extremities, most of the studies have analyzed each independently. Objectives: To investigate the effects of a complex exercise program consisting of elastic band exercises and squat exercises on the distance between the inner knees and balance in young adults with genu varum. Design: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Methods: The complex exercise group performed resistance exercises using an elastic band. The taping group used kinesiology tape on the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris. To select those to be included in the study, we measured the distance between the knees using digital Vernier calipers and to measure the balance ability, we used a balance training system. The data were analyzed with the independent t-test and paired t-test. Results: The study indicated a significant difference in the distance between the knees between the two groups, but no significant differences in the dynamic balance between the groups. Also, the static balance comparison between the groups according to the intervention method included the trace length, C90 area, C90 angle and velocity. There were no significant differences in the static balance between the groups. In addition, the complex exercise program was more effective than taping. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that the complex exercise program and taping decrease the between both the knee and increase the balance.

Background: If there is a difference in leg length, the center of gravity shifts unilaterally toward the short leg, causing loss of balance and secondary postural imbalance, trunk muscle tone changes, gait abnormalities and pelvic imbalance. Objectives: To investigate effects of self exercise program on leg length, balance in adults with leg-length discrepancy. Design: Single blind randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty-eight participants were selected and divided into resistance exercise, flexibility exercise, and core exercise. Each exercise was performed for 40 minutes, 3 times a week for 6 weeks. Leg length and balance before and after exercise were measured and analyzed. Results: Following the interventions, resistance exercise group showed significant improvement in balance, but leg length difference did not show significant results. Flexibility exercise group showed significant improvement in leg length difference, but balance did not show significant results. Core exercise group showed significant improvement in leg length difference and balance. There was no significant difference in the comparison between the three groups. Conclusion: This study suggests that customized exercise according to the patient's level is beneficial to the patients.

Background: Ankle sprain is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries in the sports population or during usual daily life activities. The sprain can cause functional ankle instability (FAI), and it is very important to treat FAI. However, the optimum intervention method for FAI has yet to be determined. Objects: This study investigated the impact that virtual reality (VR) training program on balance with ankle kinesio taping for FAI. Methods: Twenty-two people were selected for the study and randomly divided into the experimental (n = 11) and the control group (n = 11). The experimental group had attached kinesio taping on the ankle and then implemented a virtual reality exercise program for 30 minutes a day. Nintendo Wii Fit Plus was used for the VR intervention three times a week for four weeks. The control group performed only two measurements without intervention. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in overall, anterior-posterior (AP), medial-lateral (ML) index of the static balance, and significant differences in overall, AP, ML index of the dynamic balance when taping and VR exercise were applied at the same time (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in overall and ML index of static and dynamic balance compared with before and after assessment between the experimental and the control group, and found differences in AP index of static and dynamic balance (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Kinesio taping may not influence the balance of FAI as great as people expected. VR approach does not affect the static balance of FAI, but it influences dynamic balance in overall, AP, ML index. The authors suggest that VR-based exercises can be used as an additional concept in clinicians for FAI or as part of a home program because the exercises still have limitations.

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) causes a reduction in the balance of the lower extremities. Static and dynamic balance were evaluated separately to confirm the decrease in balance in patients underwent ACLR. The commonly used methods include the Biodex Balance System (BBS) for static balance and the Y balance test (YBT) for dynamic balance. No study has evaluated whether the static and dynamic balance of the involved side recovers as much as the uninvolved side one year after ACLR. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the recovery of static and dynamic balance between the involved and the uninvolved sides. Methods: The BBS (overall, anteroposterior index, and mediolateral index) and YBT (anterior, posterolateral, and posteromedial) of 58 patients underwent ACLR were measured one year postoperation. Both sides of the BBS and the YBT were compared using the paired t-test. Results: All the index of the BBS showed no difference between the involved and the uninvolved sides, while all the scores of the YBT showed a significant difference in both sides. The YBT anterior result was 54.64 ± 5.62 cm in the involved side and 56.90 ± 5.41 cm in the uninvolved side (p = 0.001). The YBT posterolateral results were 90.12 ± 10.51 cm and 92.34 ± 9.85 cm (p = 0.013). The YBT posteromedial results were 93.72 ± 8.84 cm and 96.14 ± 9.37 cm (p = 0.002). Conclusion: A year after ACLR, the static balance showed no difference, while the dynamic balance showed a significant difference in the involved and the uninvolved sides. The static balance of the involved side recovered as much as the uninvolved side, but the dynamic balance did not. Therefore, dynamic balance training should be considered in the rehabilitation program for patients underwent ACLR.

Background: Unstable surface-based core training can significantly enhance core strength, but no studies have compared the effects of balance pad- and sling-assisted exercises. Objects: To study the effects of unstable surface-based balance pad- and sling-assisted core strength exercises on muscle activity. Methods: Twenty male students aged 20–25 years participated in this study. The effects of three types of core strength exercises, performed with a sling or balance pad, on the activities of three muscles, i.e., the right musculus obliquus externus abdominis (EO), right erector spinae (ES), and right gluteus maximus (GM), were examined. Results: 1) In the glute bridge exercise, the percentage of maximum voluntary contraction of the EO, ES, and GM were significantly different between the balance pad- and sling-assisted exercises. The relative contribution of the ES and GM activities to all muscle activity were not significantly different between the two training types, whereas that for EO showed a significant difference. 2) There was no significant difference in the percentage value of maximum voluntary contraction (%MVC) among the EO, ES, and GM during the “leg-lifting with flat support”exercise, and there were no significant difference in the relative contributions between the two training types. 3) In the “side bridge leg separation exercise”, the %MVC of the ES, EO, and GM were significantly different between the two training types. Conclusion: Sling training for core muscles was generally better than balance pad assist training. The majority of physiotherapy patients require core training. Our results could guide physiotherapists in the choice of targeted exercises for these patients.

Background: Stroke patients have multiple disorders, but most have problems with balance and gait. Post-stroke rehabilitation exercise has been shown to be very important for functional recovery. Objectives: To systematically review and meta-analyze the effects of sling exercise (SE) on patients with stroke in studies published in Korea. Design: Meta-analysis. Methods: Five databases, namely, RISS, KISS, NDSL, DBpia and Earticle, were used to collect articles on vibration. Keywords such as “Stroke,” “Hemiplegia,” “Sling,” and “Sling Exercise” were used in the search for published articles. Interventions and comparisons were SE and other exercise (OE). Outcome measures were berg balance scale (BBS) and timed up and go (TUG). Consequently, eight studies were selected in the second screening using meta-analyses. Results: Based on the results of the meta-analysis, SE was effective for BBS in the comparison of SE and OE [2.71, 95% CI (1.42, 4.01)]. It was effective for TUG in the comparison of SE and OE [-1.89, 95% CI (-3.01, -0.77)]. Conclusion: Based on eight limited studies, SE improved BBS and TUG over OE, suggesting improved stroke balance and gait. Therefore, more studies and large-scale sample randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm clinical application.

Background: Therapeutic climbing training, which originated in Germany, is a wall-hanging rock climbing-based therapy to increase the body's coordination through movement of the upper and lower limbs against gravity. However, there are no studies examining the effectiveness of therapeutic climbing training to treat balance and gait ability in patients with chronic stroke. Objectives: To investigate therapeutic climbing training program on balance and gait in patients with chronic stroke. Design: Pretest-posttest control group design. Methods: Fourteen patients with chronic hemiplegic stroke participated. Participants were randomized into the therapeutic climbing training group (TCTG, n=7) and the standard rehabilitation program group (SRPG, n=7) group. All subjects participated in the same standard rehabilitation program consisting of 60 minutes 5 times a week for 6 weeks. TCTG participated additionally in the therapeutic climbing program consisting of 30 minutes sessions 3 times a week for the same 6 weeks. Berg balance scale (BBS), Gaitview Measure, Timed up and go test (TUG) were measured. Results: In the TCTG, revealed a statistical difference in BBS between the groups; in the difference of plantar pressure ratio in the static standing position revealed a statistical difference between the groups after training; the balance ability in the one-leg standing tests increased significantly; the time in TUG decreased significantly after training in both groups; The changes in the difference of dynamic plantar pressure ratio were reduced significantly in the TCTG. Conclusion: Therapeutic climbing training contribute to improve balance and walking function in patients with chronic stroke.

목적 : 몸의 균형 능력 저하는 낙상과 매우 밀접한 관계에 있어, 본 연구에서는 낙상 위험이 높은 노년층을 대 상으로 시력과 균형 능력간의 상관성을 분석하고자 하였다. 방법 : 성남시 S복지관에서 본 연구에 참여 의사를 밝힌 고령자 중 시야에 문제가 없는 고령자 총 24명(남4, 여20, 평균 나이 74.79±4.85세)을 대상으로 하였다. 시야검사는 OPTOS로 측정하였고, 시력은 ETDRS(early treatment diabetic retinopath study)시표를 이용하여 저대비(low contrast)시력과 고대비(high contrast)시력을 측정하였다. 균형 검사는 Tetra-ataxiometric posturography(Tetrax) 프로그램을 사용하여 안정성 지수, 푸리에 지수, 체중분포율을 산출하였다. 이후 산출된 균형능력 데이터와 시력 간에 상관분석은 SPSS 26.0 프로그램을 사용하여 시행하였다. 결과 : 시력과 관련된 NO자세와 PO자세에서 고대비시력은 푸리에지수(F6~F8)와 유의한 상관성을 보였고, 저 대비시력은 푸리에지수(F6)과 안정성지수와 유의한 상관성을 보였으며(p＜0.050), 고대비 및 저대비 시력이 감소 할수록 안정성지수와 퓨리에지수가 증가하여 균형능력이 저하되는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 시야이상이 없는 고령자에서는 시력이 낮으면 균형능력이 저하되기 때문에 낙상위험을 낮추기 위해서는 정기적인 시력검사와 굴절교정이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

The extension of MFN clauses to dispute settlement under BITs is one of the most controversial areas in investment treaty law. Currently, the area is divided into two streams of case law. The award in Tze Yap Shum v Peru and other recent Chinese investment arbitral awards did not side the Maffezini stream. The question on which stream works the best for China is complicated and essentially a balancing exercise. This article examines the question from a Chinese perspective and adopts the analytical framework of the New Haven School. It identifies the issue of comparability of more preferential treatment as the key criterion in determining the question. It reviews the previous case law and assesses the economic, social and cultural factors shaping the Chinese investment policy. From there, the article seeks to discover if the current law helps fulfil China’s policy goals and proposes recommendations accordingly.

본 연구의 목적은 정적 스쿼트 동작 시 발란스 보드와 전신 진동자극기 적용이 신체 근육의 근활성도 변화에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 검증하는 것이었다. 본 연구의 대상자는 20대 남성 20명을 대상으로 실시하였고(연령, 21.90±0.36 세; 신장, 174.30±1.09 cm; 체중, 66.50±1.00 kg; 신체질량지수, 21.90±0.31 kg/m2), 3가지의 기본 정적 스쿼트 동작, 발란스 보드를 적용한 정적 스쿼트 동작 및 전신 진동자극기를 적용한 정적 스쿼트 동작을 수행하였으며, 표면전극을 부착한 부위는 신체 근육의 우측 복직근, 내복사근, 외복사근, 대퇴직근, 외측광근 및 내측광근으로 설정하였다. 실험을 통해 획득된 본 연구의 결과 는 다음과 같다. 복직근, 내복사근 및 외복사근의 근활성도는 발란스 보드와 전신 진동자극기를 적용한 정적 스쿼트 동작 시 통계적으로 높게 나타났고(p=.001, p=.004, p=.000), 대퇴직근, 외측광근 및 내측광근의 근활성도는 전신 진동자극기를 적용한 정적 스쿼트 동작에서 통계적으로 가장 높게 나타났다(p=.000). 본 연구의 결과는 향후 정적 스쿼트 훈련 적용 시 효과적인 신체 근육을 강화시키기 위한 프로그램의 기초 자료가 될 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구는 기업 구성원의 자발적 이직률에 관하여 인적자원관리 대표적 체계인 고성과작업시스템 (HPWS) 관행과 사회적 패러다임의 변화에 따른 일과 삶의 균형(WLB) 관행이 미치는 영향 및 고성과작 업시스템 관행과 일과 삶의 균형 관행과의 상호작용이 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 연구의 표본은 한국노동연구원의 사업체 패널자료 4차(2011년)부터 7차(2017년)까지 조사된 데이터를 사용하였으며, 변수측정을 위한 번들 구성은 AMO(Ability, Motivation, Opportunity) 이론에 기반한 HPWS 12개의 관행과 고용 노동부에서 WLB 정책에 대해 3대 핵심분야로 분류한 유연근무, 모성보호, 휴가지원의 관행으로 각각 구성하여 변수측정에 활용하였다. 연구의 결과는 HPWS와 유연근무제도가 자발적 이직률을 낮추는 것으로 나타났고, HPWS와 유연근무제도의 상호작용은 대체(Substitute)적 조절 관계가 있음을 확인하였다. 이에 반해 유연근무제도를 제외한 모성보호지원제도, 휴가지원제도는 자발적 이직률에 유의한 영향을 주지 않았고 또한, 자발적 이직률과 HPWS와의 부(-)적 관계에 유의한 조절 작용을 하지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 본 연구표본의 대부분을 차지하는 제조업에서의 WLB 정책시행과 활성도의 차이(decoupling)와 여가 보다는 생산성 중심에 익숙한 조직문화 등이 복합적으로 작용한 것으로 추측되며 이러한 결과들은 향후 유연근무제도 등 일과 삶의 조화를 추구하는 관행들과 고성과 작업체제 관행들과의 적절한 균형을 추구 하는 방향으로 인적자원관리 정책이 요구되는 현실을 반영하고 있다고 본다.

Background: Stroke patients have reduced trunk control compared to normal people. The ability to control the trunk of a stroke patient is important for gait and balance. However, there is still a lack of research methods for the characteristics of stroke control in stroke patients. Objects: The aim of this research was to determine whether trunk position sense has any relation with balance and gait. Methods: This study assessed trunk performance by measuring position sense. Trunk position sense was assessed using the David back concept to determine trunk repositioning error in 20 stroke patients and 20 healthy subjects. Four trunk movements (flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation) were tested for repositioning error and the measurement was carried out 6 times per move; these parameters were used to compare the mean values obtained. Subjects with stroke were also evaluated with clinical measures of balance and gait. Results: There were significant differences in trunk repositioning error between the stroke group and the control group in flexion, lateral flexion to the affected side, lateral flexion to the unaffected side, rotation to the affected side, and rotation to the unaffected side. Mean flexion error: post-stroke: 7.95 ± 6.76 degrees, control: 3.32 ± 2.27; mean lateral flexion error to the affected side: 6.13 ± 3.79, to the unaffected side: 5.32 ± 3.15, control: 3.57 ± 1.92; mean rotation error to the affected side: 8.25 ± 3.09, to the unaffected side: 9.24 ± 3.94, control: 5.41 ± 1.82. There was an only significant negative correlation between the repositioning error of lateral flexion and the Berg balance scale score to the affected side (–0.483) and to the unaffected side (–0.497). A strong correlation between balance and gait was found. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that stroke patients exhibit greater trunk repositioning error than age-matched controls on all planes of movement except for extension. And lateral flexion has correlation with balance and gait.