본 연구의 목적은 기존의 하드 타입의 관성 센서를 대체할 수 있는 소프트 원단 기반 팔꿈치 굽힘 각 센서를 개발하 고, 이를 이용하여 굽힘 각도를 추정하는 시스템을 개발하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 비교 선정을 위하여 Bergamo, E-band, Span cushion, Polyester의 서로 다른 역학적 특성을 가진 4종류 원단에 SWCNT (Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes) 함침을 통해 전도성을 부여한 후 성능 평가를 통하여 하나의 원단을 선정하여 팔꿈치 굽힘 각 센서로 제작 하였다. 성능을 평가하는 지표로 게이지율(Gauge factor), 이력현상(Hysteresis) 및 센싱 범위를 사용하였다. 제작된 센 서를 통해 얻은 데이터는 bending 동작에서의 각도에 대한 센서 출력값의 변화와 extending 동작에서의 각도에 대한 센서 출력값의 변화가 다른 경향을 갖고 있기 때문에 두 가지 동작을 나누는 것을 1-step으로 하였다. 2-step으로, 데이 터의 복잡한 비선형 관계를 처리하고 높은 데이터 정확도를 달성하기 위해 MLP (Multi-Layer Perceptron)를 활용하였 다. 따라서 소프트 텍스타일 굽힘 센서를 제작하였고, MLP를 통해 비선형 관계를 처리하고 각도 추정이 가능해졌다. 본 연구 결과를 기반으로 다양한 스마트 웨어러블 및 헬스케어 분야에서 효과적으로 활용되기를 기대한다.

More than 20,000 bundles of spent nuclear fuel are stored in the spent nuclear fuel storage pool of domestic nuclear power plants, and the dry storage facility project in the nuclear power plant site is being promoted as the saturation of the wet storage pool is imminent. Since bending or twisting of spent nuclear fuel is an important item in order to load spent nuclear fuel into a dry storage cask, PSE (Pool Side Examination) was performed to verify this. This paper describes whether it can be safely loaded into a dry storage cask based on the measurement results of bending or twisting of spent nuclear fuel. The nuclear fuel assembly is designed to prevent excessive assembly bending and twisting because it can cause interference during dry storage and handling due to factors such as differences in depletion of nuclear fuel rods, irradiation growth, and coolant flow during reactor operation. The bending of the nuclear fuel assembly is measured by establishing a Plumb Line to photograph the nuclear fuel assembly based on it, and calculating a pixel that images the distance between the support grid and the Plumb Line. The twisting of the nuclear fuel assembly is measured by forming a virtual vertical plane with two Plumb Lines, and based on this, the twisting angle of the lower fixed compared to the upper fixed. As a result of the measurement, the bending of spent nuclear fuel was about 0.0-10.2 mm, much lower than the reactor loading criteria of 15.0 mm, and in the case of twisting, about 0.0~2.2° much lower than the reactor loading criteria of 5.0°. Therefore, it was confirmed that spent nuclear fuel at domestic nuclear power plants was not affected by bending and twisting when loading into dry storage cask.

PURPOSES : The evaluation of the low-temperature performance of an asphalt mixture is crucial for mitigating transverse thermal cracking and preventing traffic accidents on expressways. Engineers in pavement agencies must identify and verify the pavement sections that require urgent management. In early 2000, the research division of the Korea Expressway Corporation developed a three-dimensional (3D) pavement condition monitoring profiler vehicle (3DPM) and an advanced infographic (AIG) highway pavement management system computer program. Owing to these efforts, the management of the entire expressway network has become more precise, effective, and efficient. However, current 3DPM and AIG technologies focus only on the pavement surface and not on the entire pavement layer. Over the years, along with monitoring, further strengthening and verification of the feasibility of current 3DPM and AIG technologies by performing extensive mechanical tests and data analyses have been recommended. METHODS : First, the pavement section that required urgent care was selected using the 3DPM and AIG approaches. Second, asphalt mixture cores were acquired from the specified section, and a low-temperature fracture test, semi- circular bending (SCB) test, was performed. The mechanical parameters, energy-release rate, and fracture toughness were computed and compared. RESULTS : As expected, the asphalt mixture cores acquired from the specified pavement section ( poor condition – bad section) exhibited negative fracture performances compared to the control section (good section). CONCLUSIONS : The current 3DPM and AIG approaches in KEC can successfully evaluate and analyze selected pavement conditions. However, more extensive experimental studies and mathematical analyses are required to further strengthen and upgrade current pavement analysis approaches.

선박 및 교량 구조물은 일종의 길이가 긴 박스형 구조로서 수직 굽힘 모멘트에 대한 저항력이 설계의 주요 인자이다. 특히 선박 거더는 반복적으로 불규칙적인 파랑하중에 장시간 노출되어 있기 때문에 구조부재의 연속 붕괴 거동을 정확하게 예측하는 것이 무엇보다 도 중요하다. 본 논문에서는 순수 휨모멘트를 받는 박스거더의 하중 변화에 따른 좌굴을 포함한 소성 붕괴 거동을 수치해석적 방법을 이용 하여 분석하였다. 분석대상은 Gordo 실험에서 사용한 세 가지 박스거더로 선정하였다. 구조강도 실험 결과와 비선형 유한요소해석에 의한 결과를 비교하여 차이가 발생하는 원인에 대해서 고찰하였다. 본 논문에서는 카본스틸 재료의 제작 시 필연적으로 사용하는 용접열에 의한 초기 처짐의 영향을 반영하기 위하여 전체와 국부적인 처짐 형상의 조합을 제안하였고, 이 결과는 실험 결과와 거동 및 최종강도 추정율이 7% 이내에서 잘 일치하고 있었다. 논문에서 검토한 절차 및 초기 처짐 구성에 대한 내용은 향후 유사 구조물의 최종강도를 분석하는데 좋 은 지침으로 사용할 수 있다.

In this study, the structural integrity of the composite rocket motor case of a space launch vehicle was evaluated by conducting compression and bending tests. Two composite rocket motor case specimens with different stacking patterns were prepared for each test, and a dedicated jig was designed and manufactured. The test procedure was developed and applied separately for compression and bending tests. By performing these tests, the composite rocket motor case structural safety was assessed.

경주 및 포항 지진으로 인한 수도관의 파열 및 누수로 배관 시스템용 신축이음부의 내진 안전성 확보가 강조되고 있 다. 일반적으로 금속 벨로우즈에 스테인리스강을 이용한 금속 벨로우즈가 사용되며 목적에 따라 다양한 주름 형상과 단층 및 다층 형태로 제작된다. 그러나 벨로우즈의 불규칙한 산의 형상에 대한 휨 거동 및 피로 파괴에 대한 연구는 미비하다. 본 연구 에서는 벨로우즈의 불규칙한 산의 형상을 고려한 휨 거동을 검토하기 위하여 단조시험, 준정적 반복재하시험 및 피로시험을 수 행하였다. 시험을 위해 제작된 벨로우즈는 단층(1ply)과 다층(3ply)으로 제작되었다. 다층 벨로우즈의 최대하중과 최대변형이 단 층 벨로우즈보다 크게 평가되었다. 단층 벨로우즈는 산과 산 사이에서 파괴가 되었으며, 다층 벨로우즈의 경우에는 산에서 파괴 가 발생하였다. 주름의 높이와 전체 두께가 다른 벨로우즈의 휨 파괴 거동을 평가하였으며, 단층의 초기 피로 균열은 고정 플랜 지와 첫 번째 산의 곡률에서 관찰되었다. 다층의 경우에는 첫 번째 산과 두 번째 산 사이의 곡률에서 관찰되었다.

For a member model in nonlinear structural analysis, a lumped plastic model that idealizes its flexural bending, shear, and axial behaviors by springs with the nonlinear hysteretic model is widely adopted because of its simplicity and transparency compared to the other rigorous finite element methods. On the other hand, a challenging task in its numerical solution is to satisfy the equilibrium condition between nonlinear flexural bending and shear springs connected in series. Since the local forces between flexural and shear springs are not balanced when one or both springs experience stiffness changes (e.g., cracking, yielding, and unloading), the additional unbalanced force due to overshooting or undershooting each spring force is also generated. This paper introduces an iterative scheme for numerical solutions satisfying the equilibrium conditions between flexural bending and shear springs. The effect of equilibrium iteration on analysis results is shown by comparing the results obtained from the proposed method to those from the conventional scheme, where the equilibrium condition is not perfectly satisfied.

The underground environment has an advantage to minimize the external influences because it is isolated space with surrounded rock medium. Therefore, underground rock has been used recently as the target for a disposal system of spent fuel with high-level radioactive. The disposal system mainly consists of natural barrier (i.e., surrounded rock medium) and engineered barrier (i.e., concrete lining, plug, backfill, canister, and buffer). In particular, the engineered barrier is important for long-term storage because it has to preferentially block the leakage of radioactive nuclide. Non-destructive technologies (NDT) have been utilized to monitor the state of disposal system for considering the limitation in deep depth conditions such as limited environment for direct damage inspection. Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring technique is an effective method to monitor the damage (crack) magnitude, history (i.e., crack evolution), and location using high-frequency elastic waves. To apply the AE monitoring method in the disposal system, the characteristics of damaged materials should be considered. The concrete lining has multi-failure behavior (i.e., brittle and ductile) resulted from composition as cement and reinforcing steel bar. Therefore, it important to investigate the AE characteristics according to the failure level of reinforced concrete for damage monitoring of the disposal systems. In this study, the four-point bending tests were carried out to measure the AE signals from the cracking of reinforce concrete specimens in laboratory. The test specimens were prepared with different strength. After the experiment, the AE characteristics were analyzed using the AE parameters with loading and failure state in the curve of time-stress. This study will be helpful for damage monitoring using AE technique in the field of high-level radioactive disposal system.

Structural characteristics have been analyzed for gear system in a commercial iron bending machine which is widely used at many building construction sites. This complicated gear system in the bending machine is fundamental power transfer unit from electrical motors, and it is composed of various configuration structure including various spur and helical gear assembly. Main structural characteristics of the gear system such as stress and deformation distributions are predicted with numerical simulation of FEM method for various operating conditions of torque and rotation speed. Results show that there is large deformation in lower region of driving gear, and high stress near those contact area which is greatly affected by motor torque. These results can be applied for the design improvement of efficient gear system in the iron bar bending machine.

The design of the corner joints in furniture structures is very important to firmly support the loaded structure and to sufficiently maintain the durability and stability. Therefore, the strength of the corner joints and the rigidity of the connected panels play a very important role in the structural performance of the assembled furniture. The structural properties can be measured or calculated experimentally or numerically, and compared by representing the applyed forces or bending moments as a function of deformed value. This paper shows the numerical models to determine the strength and stiffness of the 3-types of corner joints for simple designed furniture. Based on the finite element results, the maximum stresses are concentrated on the corner joints designed with MDF panels. And the deformation resistances and maximum applied loads are calculated for furniture corner joints under tensile and compressive moment.

본 논문에서는 폭발하중을 받는 부재의 저항성능 평가를 위한 모멘트-곡률 관계 기반 수치해석 기법을 소개한다. 직접전단 파괴 모 드를 고려하기 위하여 경험적인 직접전단응력-슬립양 관계를 기반으로 하는 무차원 스프링 요소를 도입하였다. 재료에 대해 정의된 동적증가계수 식을 바탕으로 단면의 모멘트-곡률 관계에 직접적으로 적용가능한 단면의 곡률 변화율에 따른 동적증가계수 식을 제작 하였다. 또한 부착슬립의 영향을 고려하기 위하여 소성힌지영역 내에 등가 휨강성을 도입하였다. 제안된 수치해석 모델의 타당성 검 증을 위하여 실험결과와의 비교연구를 수행하였으며, 단자유도계 모델의 해석결과와의 비교를 통해 본 수치해석 모델의 우수성을 확 인하였다. P-I 선도를 제작하여 부재의 휨 파괴 및 직접전단 파괴에 대한 저항성능을 평가하였으며, 매개변수 연구를 수행하여 P-I 선 도 및 저항성능의 변화를 확인하였다.

This paper aims to evaluate the mechanical integrity for Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF) cladding under lateral loads during transportation. The evaluation process requires a conservative consideration of the degradation conditions of SNF cladding, especially the hydride effect, which reduces the ductility of the cladding. The dynamic forces occurring during the drop event are pinch force, axial force and bending moment. Among those forces, axial force and bending moment can induce transverse tearing of cladding. Our assessment of 14 × 14 PWR SNF was performed using finite element analysis considering SNF characteristics. We also considered the probabilistic procedures with a Monte Carlo method and a reliability evaluation. The evaluation results revealed that there was no probability of damage under normal conditions, and that under accident conditions the probability was small for transverse failure mode.

코이어 배지를 이용한 파프리카 재배에서 직접 정식 시 절곡 방법에 따른 정식 후 초기 생육과 수확량을 비교하였다. 절곡 방법은 I-type(절곡각도 0°), 옆으로 뉘인 L-type(절곡각도 90°), 뒤집어서 뿌리가 위로 향하도록 하는 U-type(절곡각도 180°)로 하였다. 줄기 신장 및 직경, 엽면적의 주간 평균 발달량은 정식 후 초기에 다른 처리구에 비해 영양생장이 왕성하였던 I-type에서 가장 높았다. 정식 후 46주째의 뿌리 무게도 I-type 처리구에서 다른 처리구들에 비해 약 1.3－1.7배 정도 무거웠다. 처리구별로 330주에서 생산된 수확량은 각각 약 510, 420 및 480kg으로 I-type에서 가장 높았다. 따라서 코이어 배지를 활용한 파프리카 재배에서 직접 정식 시 정식 초기의 뿌리 활착 및 세력 확보, 그리고 이후 착과 안정성에서 I-type이 적합할 것으로 판단된다.

Single-layered grid space steel roof structure is an architectural system in which the structural ability of the nodal connection system greatly influences the stability of the entire structure. Many bolt connection systems have been suggested to enhance for better construct ability, but the structural behavior and maximum resistance of the connection system according to the size of bolt clearance play were difficult to identify. In particular, the identification of bending stiffness of the connection system is very important due to the characteristics of shell structures in which membrane stresses based on bending force effect significantly. To identify effective structural behavior and maximum bearing force, four representative nodal connection systems were selected and nonlinear numerical analysis were performed. The numerical analysis considering the size of the bolt clearance were performed to investigate structural behavior and maximum values of the bending force. In addition, the type of effective nodal connection system were evaluated. As a result, the connection system, which has two shear plane, represented high bending stiffness.

With the current increase in national income, consumers are favoring expensive home appliances. Many aluminum parts are used to improve the appearance of TV products. However, many losses are incurred due to production defects. There are many flaws in the bending process. This study studied the improvement of bending defects during fault handling. The material used is an aluminum alloy (6063), and the product is a serrated component on the surface of an aluminum part. After the bending process, it was identified how the sawtooth area was twisted. Then, while bending, experimented to find the main cause of the defect. The study tried to find maximum effectiveness with a minimum experiment using 6 sigma techniques. The experiment showed that there were many defects depending on the bending speed of the part and the distance it was fixed. The experiment used a method of finding optimal conditions by combining variables from each item. As a result, the failure was minimized when the distance between the two axes was maintained at 4.5-5mm and the bending speed was maintained at 15mm/sec. The component fixation force has a fixed hook in the middle of the product, and therefore it is found that changes in the amount of byte for the fixed part do not result in significant improvements in the defect.