The effects of exogenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP, nitric oxide donor) on the growth, yield, photosynthetic characteristics, and antioxidant enzyme activity of kimchi cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt) was studied under the low temperature conditions. Kimchi cabbages were treated with SNP of three concentrations (7.5, 15, 30 mg·L-1) for three times at four-day intervals and exposed to low temperature (16/7°C) stress for seven days. SNP treatment induced increases of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intracellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr) under the stress condition with the highest level after the third treatment. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 were significantly lower in the treatment of SNP compared to the non-treated control. The activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), increased in treated plants by up to 38, 187, 24 and 175%, respectively compared to the non-treated control. SNP-treated and untreated plants had similar growth characteristics. Compared to the control group, SNP-treatment increased fresh weight and leaf area by 5%. Overall, our findings suggest that the application of sodium nitroprusside to the leaves contributes to reducing physiological damage and enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, thereby improving low temperature stress tolerance in kimchi cabbage.

Chinese cabbage or pakchoi (Brassica Rapa subsp. Chinensis) is one of the most popular vegetables in Korea. It is grown and consumed throughout the year because it has many benefits. This study reports on the growth performance of pakchoi grown in the hydroponic system using a Food Juke Box (FJB) under different light compositions. The chlorophyll content (CC), root fresh weight (RFW), and shoot fresh weight (SFW) were measured. Further, various vegetation indices (VIs), such as modified chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index (MCARI1), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI), and structure insensitive pigment index (SIPI), were employed to predict SFW. The study results indicated a significant increase in the CC of pakchoi with different light treatments compared with the control. The CC was highest under treatment with 70% white light, 20% blue light, and 10% red light (T1) than under treatment with 50% white light, 30% blue light, and 20% red light (T2). All used VIs showed significant differences with different light combination treatments. There was no significant change in RFW and SFW between the control and T1. However, a significant reduction in RFW and SFW was observed in T2 compared with the control. A comparison between T1 and T2 demonstrated that RFW and SFW were increased by 23% and 25%, respectively, compared with those in T2. The correlation result showed that SFW had a significant positive correlation with RFW (0.76***). Further, a significant negative correlation was observed with OSAVI (−0.25*), MCARI1 (−0.54***), and CC (−0.19*). In conclusion, our findings implied that different light combinations in pakchoi affected the photosynthetic pigments although they did not improve SFW. This research will pave the way for pakchoi production in hydroponics using smart farming FJB. This will further promote plant development, especially for domestic consumption, and help fulfill the growing demand for leafy vegetables.

배추 재배시기에 따른 품질특성을 비교하기 위해 월별 배추의 생육특성과 이화학특성, 미생물 특성을 분석하고 군집분석을 수행하였다. 군집특성은 5-6월(I), 7월과 10월 (II), 8-9월(III), 11-12월과 1월(IV), 2-4월(V) 총 5그룹으로 분류되는데 이는 배추 작형과도 대부분 일치되었다. 주성분 분석을 통한 그룹별 특성의 경우 I 그룹은 미생물 수, II와 III 그룹은 수분함량, IV, V 그룹은 구중과 유리당 함량이 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 배추 품질특성에서 높은 상관관계를 보이는 항목은 구중과 결구율, 고형분 함량과 유리당 함량이었고, 고형분 함량과 유리당 함량을 회귀식으로 나타내면 Y(유리당) = 0.8195X(고형분 함량) - 1.2451로 나타낼 수 있는데 이를 활용해 배추의 고형분 함량으로 유리당 함량을 추정할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구를 통한 월별 배추의 품질특성은 해당 시기에 김치를 제조할 때 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This experiment was conducted to assess the high antioxidant activity varieties of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) from the 55 accessions. The antioxidant activity of Chinese cabbage were determined by the TPC, TFC, DPPH, ABTS, and chlorophyll, carotenoid contents. The TPC and TFC showed a range of 1.21~4.61 mg GAE/g DW, 0.18~3.09 mg CE/g DW. The DPPH and ABTS assay were in the range of 0.65~4.36 and 1.42~6.91 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (ASCE)/g DW, respectively. The UPLC analysis was performed quantitatively to identify chlorophyll and carotenoid in the Chinese cabbage extract. The levels of the total chlorophyll and total carotenoid were 86.60~1,235.91, and 75.86~490.11 μg/g, respectively. The comprehensive differences in the total and individual chlorophyll contents have also been observed among different varieties. These results will be valuable as basic data for the standardization of Chinese cabbage.

In this paper, the model for predicting yields of chinese cabbages of each cultivar (joined-up in 2015 and wrapped-up in 2016) was developed after the reflectance of hyperspectral imagery was merged as 10 nm, 25 nm and 50 nm of FWHM (full width at half maximum). Band rationing was employed to minimize the unstable reflectance of multi-temporal hyperspectral imagery. The stepwise analysis was employed to select key band ratios to predict yields in all cultivars. The key band ratios selected for each of FWHM were used to develop the yield prediction models of chinese cabbage for all cultivars (joined-up & wrapped-up) and each cultivar (joined-up, wrapped-up). Effective accumulated temperature (EAT) was added in the models to evaluate its improvement of performances. In all models, the performance of models was improved with adding of EAT. The models with EAT for each of FWHM showed the predictability of yields in all cultivars as R2≥0.80, RMSE≤694 g/plant and RE≤28.3%. Such as this result, if the yield can be predicted regardless of the cultivar, it is considered to be advantageous when predicting the yield over a wide area because it is not require a cultivar classification work as pre-processing in imagery.

배추의 뿌리혹병 저항성 품종 개발 및 관련 연구에 활용할 수 있는 자원 탐색을 목적으로 세계채소센터(World Vegetable Center, 대만 소재)와 아시아 지역 5개국에서 도입한 120 유전자원을 대상으로 전라남도 해남군 배추 재배포장에서 발병한 뿌리혹병균(레이스 2)을 접종하여 저항성 반응을 조사함 1. 발병정도가 1 이하로 저항성 반응을 보인 자원은 IT100384와 IT305623로 2개이고, 발병정도가 1 초과 2 미만으로 중도 저항성 반응을 보인 자원은 IT100385, 100439, 135407로 3개임. 그 외 자원은 발병정도가 2 이상으로 감수성 반응을 보임 2. 저항성 반응을 보인 IT100384는 발병정도는 0.3으로 거의 증상을 보이지 않았으며, IT305623은 발병한 식물체가 발견되지 않아 가장 저항성이 높은 자원으로 나왔음 3. 뿌리혹병균에 대해 감수성 반응을 보인 자원들 중 발병 정도가 4.0으로 병 증상이 아주 심한 자원이 IT100349 등 23개이고, 발병정도가 3.0에서 4.0 미만인 자원이 84개로 가장 많았고, 2.0에서 3.0 미만인 자원은 8개임 4. 본 연구결과 배추 뿌리혹병 발병정도가 낮아 저항성 및 중도 저항성 자원으로 예측되는 5개 자원에 대해서, 병 검정이 유묘 단계에서 이루어졌고 한 개의 균으로 검정하였기 때문에 향후 다양한 균주를 이용하여 재평가함으로 활용가치가 높은 유전자원을 제공할 수 있도록 계속 연구 필요

본 연구는 지방산 조성이 우수하고 종실중도 무거운 유채 계통들을 선발하고자 국내에서 육성된 유채 4품종(탐미, 탐라, 한라, 목포CGMS)을 모본으로 이용하고, 대만 AVRDC에서 도입된 3 품종(Sarso, Sarson, Sarsyun)을 부본으로 사용하여 종간교잡을 실시하였다. 교배친, F1 및 F2 세대에서 100립중, 지방산 조성, 및 종피색을 분석하였다. F1 및 F2 세대에서 100립중을 조사한 결과, 교배 모본으로 탐미와 부본으로 Sarsyun이 사용된 경우 평균 100립중이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 지방산 조성 측면에서는 Oleic acid(C18 : 1) 함량이 높은 계통들은 모본의 지방산 조성과 유사한 경향을 보였고, Erucic acid(C22 : 1) 함량이 높은 계통들은 부본의 지방산 조성과 유사한 경향을 보였다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 향후에는 종자가 크고 지방산 조성이 양호한 계통선발이 가능하여 바이오디젤용 고수율·대립 유채 종자 개발이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

내혼계 배추에서 BrSOS1 (3,432개 뉴클레오티드), BrSOS2 (1,341개 뉴클레오티드), BrSOS3 (666개뉴클레오티드) 유전자들을 동정하였으며, 담배를 대상으로 BrSOS3 완전장이 전이되는 pSO3 계통과 RNA interference(RNAi) 기법으로 담배 SOS3(NtSOS3) 유전자의 발현을 억제하는 pSI3 계통을 생산하였다. 두 계통을 200mM NaCl에서 5일동안 염 스트레스 처리를 한 결과, pSO3 계통은 NtSOS3의 발현이 비형질전환체 대비 2.5배 이상 증가하였고, pSI3 계통에서는 4배까지 감소하였다. 표현형 분석에서도 pSO3 계통은 정상적인 생육을 보임으로써 염 스트레스에 저항성을 가지는 것으로 나타났지만, pSI3 계통은 그렇지 못하였다. 위 결과들을 근거로 BrSOS3 유전자의 발현은 작물의 염 저항성 향상에 매우 밀접하게 연관된 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 칼륨의 독성에 따른 배추의 생육과 생리적 특성 그리고 형태적 변화를 관찰하기 위하여 수행하였다. 100mM의 칼륨 농도 처리구까지 전체적인 생육이 증가한 반면, 600mM 처리구에서 생육이 가장 저조하였다. 칼륨 처리 농도가 높을수록 N, P, K, 함량은 증가하였지만 Ca, Mg, Na 함량은 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 미량원소, Fe, Mn, Zn의 경우 100mM의 처리구에서 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 생체중당 Chl a, b와 carotenoid 함량은 600mM에서 가장 많이 증가하였으나 증가한 엽록소 함량에 비해 광합성효율(Fv/Fm)은 처리구간에 차이가 없었고 CO2 동화율은 오히려 감소하였다. 이는 칼륨 과다에 의한 삼투스트레스의 결과로 기공의 퇴화와 CO2 동화능력과 밀접한 관계가 있는 것을 형태학적 관찰로 확인되었다. Total free amino acid의 경우 100mM 처리구까지 칼륨 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 증가한 반면 600mM에서 급격히 감소하였다. 따라서 본 실험에서의 배추는100mM의 칼륨 농도까지는 긍정적인 효과가 있는 것으로 판단되었다.

This study was estimated for cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae in Brassica campestris L. var. rapa (L.) Hartm. in order to institute of Economic injury levels(EILs). B. brassicae was innoculated on April 29, in differently 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 adults per ten plant, respectively. After inoculated of B. brassicae, the density was increased until harvest ing gradually in all plots except non innoculate plot. and Higher inoculation density were increased higher than lower inoculation density. Percentage of damage leaf was higher in plots with higher initial aphid density than in plots with lower initial aphid density. And the leaf weight of commodity were decreased in higher initial aphid density. The decreasing rates of leaf weight of commodity was increased with increasing initial aphid density. The relationship between initial B. brassicae densities and the decreasing rates of leaf weight of commodity was well described by a linear regression, Y=0.8416X-3.5147, R2=0.94. Based on the relationship, the number of adults per 10 plant which can cause 5% loss of yield was estimated to be approximately 10.1. And EILs was estimated to be approximately 1.0 adults/plant in late April.

Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (배추) 근권에 서식하는 종속영양세균의 군집 밀도 및 군집수준 생리활성을 2곳의 지역에서 각각 측정하였다. 근권의 종속영양세균군집 평균 밀도는 수원이 2.65×106CFU g-1 soil, 예산이 3.75×106CFU g-1 soil로 나타났고, 토양은 수원이 2.45×106CFU g-1 soil, 예산이 2.97×106

A series of experiments were carried out for two successive years to investigate the productivity of forage turnip in mid-northern area of Korea. Fresh matter and dry matter yields of 6 foreign cultivars (Purple Top Strap Leaved, Purple Top White Globed,

Brassica rapa is one of the most valuable vegetable crops worldwide. Cultivated varieties of B. rapa exhibit diverse developmental and morphological appearances, which includes important vegetables, oilseeds, and fodder crops. In this study, various phenotypes of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of B. rapa were investigated, including their responses to five different pathogenic Botrytis cinerea isolates, responses to aphid and thrips during flowering stages, days to flowering, and plant heights. Responses of 113 RILs to five different B. cinerea isolates showed variations, suggesting that genetic factors controlling resistance or tolerance against each isolate were dependent on isolate/genotype pairs. Correlation analysis was performed to understand the nature of genetic factors and the relationship among these phenotypes. Although high levels of correlation were not detected between phenotypes assessed in this study, statistically significant correlation was detected for several combinations. Significant positive correlations were found for different B. cinerea isolates, supporting that certain levels of commonality could exist in genetic components controlling resistance against different B. cinerea isolates. Based on correlation analysis using numbers of insects counted on plants, it was speculated that genetic factors responsible for aphid tolerance or repellence might be also involved in the response against thrips. Relationship between vegetative growth and tolerance against B. cinereal or insects is rather more complicated. However, it was observed that shorter plants appeared to have a certain level of tolerance or repellence against both aphids and thrips. Data presented in this study could be used to assist further genetic studies and breeding efforts to obtain Botritis and insect resistance for B. rapa.

Chinese cabbage grown during autumn season is confronted with drought conditions for a certain period, especially during the early growth stage. In this study, we investigated the effects of drought stress on plant growth characteristics, as well as free amino acid, carotenoid, and proline in Chinese cabbage. Chinese cabbage seeds (Bulam Plus) were germinated, and all the seedlings were transplanted into plastic containers (28 ㎝ diameter × 22 ㎝ high) containing a commercial growth medium. The soil water content was measured and maintained at 10% for the drought-stressed plants and at 30% for the control plants, for three weeks. The results revealed that plant growth parameters were lower in the drought-stressed plants than in the control plants. The total free amino acid content tended to decrease in both drought-stressed and control plants with time. The total free amino acid content was found to be lower in the drought-stressed plants than in the control plants and the proline content was unaffected. Moreover, at three weeks after treatment, carotenoid content in drought stressed plants was significantly higher than that in the untreated plants. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because the effects of drought stress on plant growth parameters, free amino acid, carotenoids, and proline accumulation in autumn growing cultivar of Chinese cabbage have not been widely studied in Korea, and our study provides valuable information in this regard, as Chinese cabbage is consumed throughout the year in Korea.

Kimchi cabbage (known as Chinese cabbage) is major vegetable in Korea. An inbred line of ‘Wonkyo20038ho’, was developed by the National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA in Republic of Korea. The microspore culture was carried out using ‘Chunhuigohangwang’ which was introduced from China in 2002. Among 3 DH inbred lines, ‘Wonkyo20038ho’ inbred line was finally selected after field exhibition in 2009. The horticultural traits of ‘Wonkyo20038ho’ inbred line; half-open head, white inner leaf colour, and dark green outer leaf colour. The average (for four years) head weight was 2025.3g, and head width and height were 15.8cm and 32.4cm, respectively. Head shape was narrow elliptic and degree of overlapping leaf was medium. Numbers of outer and internal leaves were 14.1 and 49.8, respectively. Harvest maturity was mid-late maturing type and average of seed yield for five years was 926 seeds. In addition, ‘Wonkyo20038ho’ inbred line is suitable for salad in that it possessed few trichome and narrow elliptic head shape.