본 실험은 농가 관행인 굴삭기를 이용한 뒤집기와 교반기 시제품를 이용한 뒤집기와의 비교 시험을 통해 발효단계별 배지의 특성을 조사하였다. 배지내 온도변화는 굴삭기를 이용한 3차 뒤집기까지는 처리간에 온도의 변화 차이가 거의 없었지만, 4차와 5차 뒤집기에서는 교반기 시제품을 이용하여 뒤집기를 한 처리구에서 온도 상승이 빨라지는 경향을 보였다. 야외발효 단계에서 배지에는 고온성 세균 (Bacillus spp.), 방선균, 형광성 Pseudomonas 속, 사상균 등 다양한 미생물들이 분포하였고, 특히 배지발효 과정에서 배지의 분해와 발열에 호기성 세균의 분포는 2차 뒤집기에서 가장 높은 밀도를 보였고, 발효가 진행되면서 밀도는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 교반기를 활용한 배지의 호기성 세균과 형광성 Pseudomonas 속은 굴삭기 뒤집기와 뚜렷한 차이가 없었고, 고온성 세균과 고온성 방선균은 교반기 뒤집기에서 조금 높은 밀도를 보였다. 처리별 볏짚의 길이는 교반기 시제품을 사용하였을 경우 조금 짧았고, 수분함량도 교반기 시제품을 사용하였을 때 낮았다. pH와 EC는 처리간에 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았으며, L값과 a, b값은 교반기 시제품으로 뒤집기가 진행될수록 높아지는 경향을 보였다.

양송이 수확후 배지에서 분리한 Pantoea rodasill LH-1와 Burkholderia stabilis HS-7간의 단일 접종 및 동시접종에 따른 인산가용화능과 상추생육효과를 조사하였다. NBRIP액체 배지에 분리균을 접종하고 배지에 함유된 인산칼슘으로부터 해리된 가용인산(soluble phosphorus)함량을 측정한 결과, P. rodasill LH-1는 736.59 μg mL-1, B. stabilis HS-7은 743.90 μg mL-1, 그리고 B. stabilis HS-7와 P. rodasill LH-1을 동시 접종한 배지는 783.41 μg mL-1로 가장 높았지만 유의수준의시너지 효과는 나타나지 않았다. 배지 내pH는 초기 pH 7.0에서 배양 3일 후 모든 접종구에서 pH 4.3수준으로 감소하였으며, 또한 배지 내잔류 당 감소율은 P. rodasill LH-1 31.7%, B. stabilis HS-7은 53.7%, 동시 접종한 배지에서는 87.1%로 가장 높은 감소율을 나타냈다. 분리균에 의해 생성한 배지 내유기산을 분석한 결과, gluconic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, acetic acid, citric acid 이 검출되었으며, 이 중 citric acid가 주요 유기산으로 동시 접종한 배지에서 0.96 mg mL-1로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 상추 재배 실험결과 동시 접종구가 대조구에 비해 잎의 길이는 7.7%, 뿌리길이는 15.5% 생육증진효과를 보였다. 이 결과들을 바탕으로 B. stabilis HS-7 와 Pantoea rodasill LH-1이 동시 접종에 의해 유의수준의 인산가용화 시너지 효과는 관찰되지 않았지만, 무 접종구에 비하여 배지 내 인산가용화능과 작물의 생장이 크게 촉진되는 결과를 보임으로서 인산가용화균을 이용한 미생물 비료의 공급으로 염류집적토양의 인산가용화능과 작물의 생육을 향상시킬 수 있다고 생각된다.

Mushroom mites have recently caused severe damage to sawdust beds, mushroom mycelia, and fruiting bodies; therefore, they have reduced the production of the button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, in greenhouses. There are currently no registered pesticides for mushroom mites. It is necessary to selectively control mushroom flies and mites without affecting the growth of the mushroom. We examined biological control of mushroom mites using predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus in button mushroom cultivation. As a result, a three times treatment (1 treatment after water cleaning, 1 treatment after fungus inoculation, and 1 treatment before or after casing) was most effective at controlling mushroom mites, with 3.000 predatory mites (3 bottles) scattered evenly over 165–230 ㎡ every 1–2 m. Predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus could control mushroom flies and mites at the same time and could be used at any time during cultivation.

Twelve strains of bacteria with cellulase and xylanase activities were isolated from spent mushroom substrates collected from button mushroom cultivation farm, Buye, Chungcheongnam-do in Korea. Among them, one strain, designated NO12, with higher cellulase and xylanase activities was selected by agar diffusion method. The strain NO12 was identified to be a Bacillus sp. by biochemical characteristics using Bacillus ID kit and MicroLog system. Comparative 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain NO12 formed a distinct phylogenetic tree within the genus Bacillus and was most closely related to Bacillus subtilis with 16S rDNA gene sequence similarity of 99.2%. Based on its physiological properties, biochemical characteristics, and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain NO12 was classified within the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus subtilis NO12 was proposed. The cellulase and xylanase activities of B. subtilis NO12 were slightly increased according to bacterial population from exponential phase to stationary phase in the growth curve for B. subtilis NO12. The xylanase activity continuously increased from the beginning of the exponential phase and exhibited maximum activity in the middle of the exponential phase.

This study investigated the synergistic effect of single inoculation and co-inoculation of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) Burkholderia metallica JH-7 and Burkholderia contaminans JH-15. Phosphate-solubilizing abilities of these strains were assessed by measuring phosphorus content in culture media that were singly inoculated or co-inoculated with these strains for 7 days. B. metallica JH-7 was found to release the highest content of soluble phosphorus (140.80 μg mL-1) into the medium, followed by single inoculation of B. contaminans JH-15 (135.95 μg mL-1) and co-inoculation of two strains (134.84 μg mL-1). The highest pH reduction, organic acid production, and glucose consumption were observed in the medium inoculated with B. metallica JH-7 alone compared with that in the medium co-inoculated with both the strains. Results of a plant growth promotion bioassay showed 17.4% and 7.48% higher leaf and root growth, respectively, in romaine lettuce inoculated with B. metallica JH-7 alone than in romaine lettuce inoculated with a control strain. However, no significant difference was observed between single inoculation and co-inoculation of these strains with respect to phosphorus release and plant growth. Although the results of the present study did not show the synergistic effect of phosphate solubilization by the PSB strains examined, these results indicate that treatment with PSB exerts a beneficial effect on crop growth.

Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) is the world's leading quality certification for food safety. Since its introduction in Korea in 2006, its importance has been increasing every year. In particular, food safety issues are becoming increasingly important in society, and food safety is directly linked to health. The core of GAP certification is the traceability of the production, distribution, and consumption of hazardous materials, including pesticide residues, heavy metals, and microbes. In the present study, pesticides and heavy metals in button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and associated cultivation materials were analyzed. Tricyclozole (0.0144 ppm), flubendiamide (0.147 ppm), and trifloxystrobin (0.0340 ppm) were detected in rice straw and wheat straw, and carbendazim (0.0142 ppm) was detected in mixed wheat straw and rice straw medium. Lead and cadmium were detected at levels higher than the standard level in rice straw and mixed medium. However, lead and cadmium were not detected in mushrooms, and levels of arsenic and mercury were below the safety limit. Therefore, it was confirmed that the residual pesticides and heavy metals are safely managed in the investigated mushroom species. The results of the present study suggest that if these materials are adequately managed in the surroundings during cultivation, all hazardous materials can be managed during mushroom production.

Cladobotryum mycophilum is the causal agent of cobweb disease of commercial mushrooms. Symptoms were noticed as round, fleshy, yellowish brown lesions on mushroom caps and progressed when the parasitic fungus formed white cobweb circular colonies on dead or damaged pinheads, spread on the surface of the casing. Two gram-positive bacterium were isolated from mushroom media that markedly showed the antagonistic activity against C. mycophilum.. These isolates were identified as Bacillus altitudinis and Bacillus subtilis by analysis of the cultural, morphological and physiological characteristics, and analysis of the 16S rDNA. The isolated bacteria is saprophytic but not parasitic nor pathogenic to cultivation mushroom. The isolated bacteria cell was sufficient for inhibition in vitro for C. mycophilum. Control efficacy of browning disease of Bacillus altitudinis treatment was 78% on Agaricus bisporus. The optimal culture medium was determined as follows: 3% Soluble startch, 10% Soytone, 1% (NH4)2HPO4, 1 mmol KCl, and 0.5% L-asparagin at pH 6.0 at 30°C. Control efficacy of browning disease of Bacillus subtilis treatment was 71% on Agaricus bisporus. The optimal culture medium was determined as follows: 1.5% Xylose, 2% Soytone, 1% NH4H2PO4, 7 mmol CaCl2, and 0.5% Histidine at pH 6.0 at 25°C. Accordingly, the suppressive bacterium may be useful in future for the development of biocontrol system and the construction of genetically modified edible fungi resistant to the disease caused by C. mycophilum.

In order to produce mushroom compost in low-cost and high-efficiency, a self-propelled turner was developed and compared with the uniformity of compost produced by excavator, compost mixer, and self-propelled turner. The material of the compost was mixed with rice straw and chicken manure at a ratio of 3:1 as dry weight. After the final turning, the internal temperature distribution, the water content of the compost pile, the ash ratio and uniformity of the compost pile were examined. After compost was completed, the water contents were 69.9 ± 0.54, 72.1 ± 0.15 and 74.5 ± 0.82%, respectively. The length of rice straw was 47.5 ± 15.4 cm, 24.9 ± 10.1 cm and 31.0 ± 10.6 cm, respectively. The ash content of the dry weight of each compost were 25.0 ± 6.2%, 33.6 ± 4.2% and 28.2 ± 1.1%, respectively. The deviation of the length of rice straw was affected by the linear velocity of the spinner in the compost mixer and the self-propelled turner, which were 9 m/sec for the self-propelled turner and 21.5 m/sec for the compost mixer. As a result, the mushroom compost was the most uniformly produced by the self-propelled turner.

Button mushroom is one of the popular agricultural products and it is cultivated in 70 countries. It has been cultivated more than 50 years in Korea because it is applied many Korean dishes as nutritional foods. The screening criterion for qualities of button mushroom is very strict and difficult for passing evaluation in Korea; therefore, the mushroom growers are burdened with difficulty in production and consumption in price as well. In this study, the contents of crude fat, fiber, ash, and protein were analyzed in three different qualities of button mushroom as normal, immature, and developed button mushrooms. The contents of crude fat, fiber, ash, and protein were 0.21% 8.68% 0.79% and 2.22% normal product, 0.23% 8.95% 0.86% and 2.41% in immature product, and 0.22% 7.79% 0.82% and 2.22% in developed product, respectively. There was no significant difference in basic nutritional values among the products. Therefore, it is expected that will be loosened the screen criterion of button mushroom, and the producers of button mushroom will be more economically benefits for production as well as the mushroom consumers are more economically consumption for button mushroom by reasonable price.

A. bisporus is the fifth most cultivated mushroom in Korea, and approximately 10,757 tons were cultivated in 2015. The genetic diversity of collected strains in Korea and commercial cultivars was analyzed using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. ISSR markers known to be comparable among A. bisporus spp. were selected from various markers. Totally, 16 markers, namely the ISSR markers 807, 808, 810, 811, 834, 835, 836, 841, 842, P3, P8, P17, P22, P30, P38, and P39, were evaluated to discriminate between ASI 1110, 1114, 1115, 1238, 1246, 1365, 1366, and 1369 for selecting suitable markers in 16 markers. The ISSR markers P31, P38 and P39 exhibited various fingerprints that could help classify the strains in species. Using the three markers, genetic relationships among 39 strains, including commercial cultivars, such as SaeA and SaeYeon, were analyzed using the UPGMA method. The results of the analysis of the genetic relationships between commercial cultivars and collected strains in Korea confirmed that the commercial cultivars were different from the collected strains in Korea. These results suggested that the ISSR markers P31, P38, and P30 could be used for selecting the commercial cultivars of A. bisporus.

This study focused on evaluating the phytoextraction of heavy metals (Co, Pb, and Zn) induced by bioaugmentation of button mushroom compost (BMC) in Helianthus annuus (sunflower). When the potential ability of BMC to solubilize heavy metals was assessed in a batch experiment, the inoculation with BMC could increase more the concentrations of water-soluble Co, Pb, and Cd by 35, 25, and 45% respectively, compared to those of non-inoculated soils. BMC-assisted growth promotion and metal uptake in H. annuus was also evaluated in a pot experiment. In comparison with non-inoculated seedlings, the inoculation led to an increase in the growth of H. annuus by 27, 25, and 28% in Co-, Pb-, and Zn-contaminated soils, respectively. Moreover, enhanced accumulation of Co, Pb, and Zn in the shoot and root systems was observed in inoculated plants, where metal the translocation from root to the above-ground tissues was also found to be enhanced by the BMC. Evidently, these results suggest that the BMC could be effectively employed in enhancing the phytoextraction of Co, Pb, and Zn from contaminated soils.

The button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, is one of the major economical crops cultivated in Korea. This mushroom showed the 5th production to 11,493 M/T in 2014. Several fungus are known as the causal agents of diseases of the cultivated button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Trichoderma harzianum is the causal agent of green mould disease of commercial mushrooms. Early symptoms were noticed as round, fleshy, brown lesions on mushroom caps. Late symptoms spread on the surface of the casing, and covered entirely fruiting bodies. A Gram-positive bacterium was isolated from mushroom media that markedly showed the antagonistic activity against Trichoderma harzianum, the destructive pathogen of cultivated mushrooms. The CH518 strain was selected as antagonistic bacterium by inhibition zone method and it was identified as Bacillus methylotrophicus by the cultural, morphological and physiological characteristics, and analysis of the 16S rDNA. The isolated bacterium is saprophytic but not parasitic nor pathogenic to cultivation mushroom. The isolated bacterium for Trichoderma harzianum cell, was sufficient for inhibition in vitro. Inoculation of the isolated bacterium prevents the development of bacterial disease in Trichoderma harzianum. Control efficacy of browning disease of strain CH518 treatment was 77.7% on Agaricus bisporus. The optimal culture medium for the antagonistic bacteria growth was determined as follows: 3.0% saccharose, 1.5% Soytone, 1% NH4H2PO4, 10 mM MgSO4, and 2.0% glutamic acid at pH 6.0 at 25°C. The suppressive bacterium may be useful in future for the development of biocontrol system and the construction of genetically modified edible fungi resistant to the disease caused by Trichoderma harzianum.

An auxin-producing bacterial strain, designated 4-3, was isolated from waste button mushroom compost in Boryeong-si, Chungnam. The strain 4-3 was classified as a novel strain of Leucobacter tardus, based on chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses. TLC and HPLC the isolated L. tardus strain 4-3 produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the auxin. Maximum IAA productionof 94.3 mg L-1 was detected for bacteria cultured in R2A medium with 0.1% l-tryptophan, incubated for 24 h at 35oC. Negative correlationwas observed between IAA production and pH of the culture medium, indicating that the increase inIAA caused acidification ofthe medium. The effect of supplementation with varying concentrations of l-tryptophan, a known precursor of IAA, was also assessed. production was maximal at 0.1% l, but decreased at lconcentrations above 0.2%. To investigate the plant growth-promoting effects of the bacterium, L. tardus strain 4-3 culture broth was used to inoculate water cultures and seed pots of mung bean. We found thatadventitious root induction and root growth were 2.2-times higher in thethan in the non-inoculated plants.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) producing phenyllactic acid (PLA), which is known as antimicrobial compound, was isolated from button mushroom bed and the isolated LAB was identified to Lactobacillus casei by 16 rRNA gene sequence analysis. Cell-free supernatant (CFS) from L. casei was assessed for both the capability to produce the antimicrobial compound PLA and the antifungal activity against three fungal pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, and Collectotricum aculatum). PLA concentration was investigated to be 3.23 mM in CFS when L. casei was grown in MRS broth containing 5 mM phenylpyruvic acid as precursor for 16 h. Antifungal activity demonstrated that all fungal pathogens were sensitive to 5% CFS (v/v) of L. casei with average growth inhibitions ranging from 34.58% to 65.15% (p < 0.005), in which R. solani was the most sensitive to 65.15% and followed by C. aculatum, and B. cinerea. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for commercial PLA was also investigated to show the same trend in the range of 0.35 mg mL-1 (2.11 mM) to 0.7 mg mL-1 (4.21 mM) at pH 4.0. The inhibition ability of CFS against the pathogens were not affected by the heating or protease treatment. However, pH modification in CFS to 6.5 resulted in an extreme reduction in their antifungal activity. These results may indicate that antifungal activities in CFS was caused by acidic compounds like PLA or organic acids rather than protein or peptide molecules.

Button mushroom(Agaricus bisporus) are cultivated on wheat straw or rice straw based compost. In this study different compost formular, sawdust as carbon source and chicken manure as nitrogen source were used for button mushroom cultivation. Two steps of sufficient composting process was required to be successful in the cultivation. 1) the substrates are needed to be mixed periodically under the aerobic condition in the phase I process. 2) the temperature is need to be maintained between 55 and 65? for more than three days in the phase II process. Results showed that button mushroom was possible to grow normally with sawdust based compost. However the mushroom yield was less than that of the conventional compost formular(rice straw or wheat straw). The new compost formular developed from this study may be useful but further research may need to improve button mushroom cultivation more efficiently.

The button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, is one of the major economical crops cultivated in Korea. This mushroom showed the 5th production to 11,493 M/T in 2014. This study examined changes in decomposition-related enzyme activity secreted by the microorganisms isolated from button mushroom composts. Among the isolated microorganisms, bacterial strains CY-36 were the most dominant and had the highest enzyme activities. 16S rDNA sequencing analysis showed 99% similarity of CY-36 to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. To define the optimum conditions for the mass production of CY-36, we have investigated optimum culture conditions and effects of various nutrient source on the bacterial growth. The optimum initial pH and temperature were determined as pH 5.0~8.0 and 30°C, respectively. The optimal culture medium for the growth was determined as follows: 2.0% dextrin, 1.0% yest extract, 0.5% NaNO3, 3 mM MgSO4, and 0.6% valine. Enzymatic activities of CMCase and PGase secreted by CY-36 were the most prominent and CMCase activity were optimal at 40°C and pH 7.0, and PGase activity were 50°C and pH 6.0. The activity of CMCase was rapidly decreased at more than 4°C and pH 5.0, and the activity of PGase was rapidly decreased at more than 30°C but didn’t affect as pH change. Accordingly, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CY-36 was potentially useful on the fermentation stimulation and softening of rice straw in the process of fermentation for mushroom cultivation.

This study examined changes in decomposition-related enzyme activity secreted by the microorganisms isolated from button mushroom composts. Among the isolated microorganisms, bacterial strains CY-24 were the most dominant and had the highest enzyme activities. 16S rDNA sequencing analysis showed 97% similarity of CY-24 to Bacillus licheniformis. To define the optimum conditions for the mass production of CY-24, we have investigated optimum culture conditions and effects of various nutrient source on the bacterial growth. The optimum initial pH and temperature were determined as pH 6.0 and 30°C, respectively. The optimal culture medium for the growth was determined as follows: 0.3% mannose, 1.5% yest extract, 0.8% (NH4)2HPO4, 2 mM MnSO4, and 0.5% asparatic acid. Enzymatic activities of CMCase and PGase secreted by CY-24 were the most prominent and CMCase activity were optimal at 50~60°C and pH 6.0, and PGase activity were 60°C and pH 6.0. The activity of CMCase was inhibited by metal ions including Ca+ and Cu+, while the activity of PGase didn’t affect. The activity of CMCase was rapidly decreased at more than 30°C and pH 7.0, and the activity of PGase didn’t affect as temperature change but was rapidly decreased at more than pH 5.0. Accordingly, This strain was potentially useful on the fermentation stimulation and softening of rice straw in the process of fermentation for mushroom cultivation.

The button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus is one of the most widely cultivated mushroom species. Mushroom growers inoculate compost beds with spawn, which is the vegetative mycelium and serves as the inoculum or seed for cultivating mushrooms. Various cereal grains, such as wheat, millet, barley, sorghum, brown rice, rye, and oat can be used in the spawn production of button mushroom. In this study rice seed bag spawn was compared with wheat grain bottle spawn in the spawn production. When the physical properties of two cereal grains were compared the 1000-kernel weight were 32.0g in wheat grain and 24.9g in rice seed. Number of kernels per milliliter were greater in rice seed compared with wheat grain with 24.5. Wheat grain showed 41.0% of total carbon level and 2.49% of total nitrogen level resulting 16.6 C/N ratio. Nitrogen content of rice seed was lower compared to that of wheat with 0.96 resulting 39.5 C/N. It was possible to produce 50kg of rice seed spawn in 22×49cm polypropylene filter bag with only 1~2 shakings compared to 0.45kg of wheat grain spawn in 1,000mL Ringer bottle with 4~5 shakings. Based on the results obtained, rice seed bag spawn would be appropriate substitute for wheat grain spawn in button mushroom.

White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is the most widely consumed mushroom in the world, and domestic consumption is increasing owing to expansion of the westernized diet in recent years. Before 2000, most Korean mushroom farmers cultivated foreign varieties, but recently, Korean breeders are developing hybrid strains using molecular breeding tools. To produce a better mushroom cultivar, we evaluated some traits of button mushroom Agaricus bisporus strains. Mycelial growth rate at different culture temperatures was investigated by 25>20>15>30>10oC. Recently developed domestic varieties had superior mycelial growth rate compared to the traditionally grown species. In particular, the ASI1338 strain showed excellent mycelial growth rate at different temperatures. Further, we confirmed that ASI1007, ASI1085, ASI1310, ASI1339 were strongly resistant to bacterial brown blotch, whereas ASI1053, ASI1103, ASI1140, ASI1146, ASI1177, ASI1183, ASI1195, ASI1321, ASI1331, ASI1336 were relatively weakly resistant. The average number of days for 16.5, and that for harvest was 5.7; the average yield was 142.7 g/2-kg bag. Mycelial growth rates at 10, 15, 20, 25oC were similar, but that at 30? was lower. The mushroom yield was highly correlated with the number of days for pinheading and harvest.

Mushroom flies are the most serious insect pest problems affecting the cultivation of button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus Lange, and among them sciarid flies are the most common. This study was set out to determine the occurrence of mushroom flies at the mushroom farming areas in Chungnam. The occurrence of mushroom flies were highest in September as temperature increases causing yield loss of up to 27%. Adult flies invade mushroom farms and oviposit in freshly spawned compost. They spoil the appearance of the fruiting bodies, spread various fungal and bacterial disease, and transmit mites etc. Damage is mainly caused by the larvae, which feed on growing mycelium and developing stipes and caps of mushrooms. Out of 32 examined farms most of cultivation years were more than 7 years and environmental friendly cultivating farms were about 28% and conventional cultivating farms were 72%. About 84% of the examined farms selected mushroom flies as a major pests. It was found that sciarid were 71%, phorid were 24% as main mushroom flies. The occurrence density of mushroom flies were highest in September as temperature increases. The occurrence of mushroom flies at the examined farms were serious in general. However insect nets and the hygiene program as basic control were not effective. These results offer good potential for control and could implement for the integrated pest management.