송은 과거를 통해 많은 인재를 선발하였다. 과거 선발 인원의 확대는 많은 과거 준비생을 탄생시켰고 이들은 새로운 사대부 계층을 형성해 송대 사회의 주역이 되었 다. 송 황실은 士大夫들의 宴會나 畜妓에 대한 관용적 태도를 취하였고 이는 사대부 와 歌妓의 만남을 촉진시켰다. 만남에는 歌妓의 노래와 연주가 있었고 여기에 맞춘 塡詞의 풍조를 탄생시켰다. 이런 사회적 환경 속에서 사의 창작도 급속도로 늘어났 다. 숭문정책으로 과거급제자가 급격히 늘어났는데 늘어난 진사급제자 숫자만큼 같 은 시기 사 작품의 숫자도 비례하여 증가한다. 송사의 대표작가 30명을 분석해보면 사가 흥성한 북송시기 사인이 17명이다. 그 중 진사출신이 13명으로 76프로를 차지 한다. 인구에 회자되는宋詞三百首를 분석해 보아도 북송시기 진사출신 詞人이 60 프로에 달한다. 즉 송사는 숭문정책으로 인한 사대부계층의 확대와 그에 따른 도시 문화, 음악문화, 歌妓문화가 어우러져 흥성했음을 알 수 있다.

본 논문은 정전의 해석 중 찬미와 풍자의 대응 구도를 통해 시를 해석하고 설명 하려는 美刺說에 대해 논술한다. 시경의 작품을 미자의 관점에서 설명하려는 생각은 원시사회 천인관계에서 巫의 역할인 祝辭와 嘏辭로 길흉을 말하는 것에서 비롯되었 다. 후에 君民關係에서 중개자로서 매개체인 臣이 공덕과 과실을 시를 통해 말하는 것이다. 간언을 통해 정치득실을 반영하여 君에게 국가존망의 문제와 관련한 권선징 악의 필요성을 깨닫게 하는 것이다. 漢代 지식인들은 漢代 이전부터 지배자나 피지 배자가 통치에 대해서 역사적인 사실과 관련지어 시비를 판단하고, 시를 이용하여 찬미와 풍자를 통하여 간언한 것을 알았다. 이런 시경의 미자개념은 꾸준히 계승됨 을 확인할 수 있다. 모시서는 시경의 작품을 찬미와 풍자를 통해 설명하기 시작한 가장 빠른 시기의 해석체계라고 할 수 있다. 미자개념은 모시의 해석체계가 선진시 기부터 유가의 경전해석체계가 성립되기 시작하면서 양한시기에 이르러 모전과  모시서가 완성되고 정현이 箋을 완성하는 과정을 통해 점차 구체화 되는 과정을잘 보여준다. 정현의 미자설은 前人의 詩敎사상을 總結한 기초에서 경학가로서의 학 식과 문인의 정치열정으로 나타난 것이다

프로문학이 갖는 정치성은 어떤 스펙트럼을 보여줄 수 있을까? 蔣光慈는 기존의 평가(혁명+연애의 클리셰)와는 달리 색다른 소재와 콘셉트를 시도하여 프로문학의 地境을 넓혀간 작가임을 기억할 필요가 있다. 존재의 외연을 확장하는 일. 감정의 파 동이 일어나는, 가장 내밀한 실존으로의 침잠. 이 모순된 방향의 움직임이 蔣光慈의 서사에서는 동시에 포착된다. 蔣光慈는 혁명의 파고를 관통하면서 첨예한 아이덴티티의 ‘경계’를 경험했던 문제적 인물들을 그려낸다. 주류 서사와 비주류 서사가 공존 하는 蔣光慈의 세계는 좌익문학사에서 독특한 위치를 점한다. 무엇보다 혁명의 관습 과 윤리가 힘을 잃는 내면의 깊은 곳, 그곳에서 마주하게 되는 공허함은 혁명 서사의 圖式을 뛰어넘는 어떤 울림을 선사한다. 본고는 그 울림과 함께 ‘이데올로기’를 초월하는 ‘개체’의 존립 가능성을 蔣光慈의 『菊芬』 속에서 탐색해 보고자 한다.

1928년 벽두 좌익문단을 뜨겁게 달군 이른바 ‘속도’와 ‘정서’의 이슈는 혁명문학에 대한 근본적인 질문을 던지며 폭발적인 반응을 일으켰다. 논쟁의 도화선이 된 蔣光慈의 『현대중국문 학과 사회생활』은 혁명을 ‘속도전’이 아닌 모종의 감정 상태로 규정한 점에서 문제적이다. 여기서 蔣光慈는 理性만으로 환원되지 않는 혁명의 또 다른 양상을 포착하고, 혁명은 일거에 판을 바꾸는 데서 끝나지 않으며, 일상에서 그 情緖를 꾸준히 길러 舊習을 무력화하는 데까지 나가야 한다는 점을 역설한다. 숙성의 시간이 담보될 수 없는 속전속결의 시대에 蔣光慈 의 진단은 매우 흥미롭다. 그것은 물론 기성의 프로문학과는 차별화된 ‘또 하나의 프로문학’ 으로 자리매김할 것이다. 본고는 蔣光慈의 시도가 어떻게 기성 문단과는 차별화된 혁명을 연 출했는지 評論과 作品을 함께 읽어가면서 새로운 논의의 불씨를 지펴보고자 한다.

This transport cask for radioactive materials will be used in the Gijang reactor. It will transport the Ir-192 10,000 Ci or I-131 80 Ci. In this case, the safety evaluation, such as protection of leakage of radioactive material, and radiation shield should be carried out before it is used in the research reactor. The safety regulation requires various tests, such as water spray, free drop, penetration, and water immersion. But this paper considers only the regulations related with thermal-stress and drop impact under the normal conditions because it will be used only in the research reactor building. In this paper, coupled numerical analysis was performed using finite element simulation to investigate the effect of position of tungsten and lead to enhance the safety of transport cask. As a result of simulation, it was verified that the Tungsten-Lead structure is the most durable among the cases considered in the study with a viewpoint of thermal-stress and drop impact.

북송초기 詞는 반세기 이상의 침체기를 맞는다. 그 원인을 분석하면 다음 몇 가지 사실에 기인했음을 할 수 있다. 첫째로 송을 건국한 통치자들은 남방 제국이 멸망한 이유를 남방의 퇴폐적 음악과 사에 있다고 보았다. 그래서 그들은 의도적으로 남방의 사를 배척했다. 북송 초기 사 작가 대부분이 남방 사람들이었음이 이를 증명한다. 또 송 이전까지 사는 남방에서 흥성한 남방문학이었다. 둘째, 송 건국초기 남방 문인들을 등용하지 않았다. 남방왕조의 문신 들을 송조에 등용되지 못했고 자연스럽게 남방 문학인 사가 북방 지역에 거점을 둔 북송시대 에 발전할 수 없었다. 셋째, 송은 초기에 남방 여러 나라와의 통일전쟁을 했다. 남방 각 지역 에서 일어나는 민란과 전쟁은 사가 발전할 사회적 환경을 제공하지 못했다. 넷째 정책적으로 사를 금했다. 따라서 사의 발전은 송이 안정되는 북송 중기까지 기다릴 수밖에 없었다.

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of operating conditions on the performance of small HSDI compression ignition engine. Combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of engine were studied by using CFD simulation with ECFM-3Z combustion model. The conditions of simulation were varied with injection timing, injection pressure, and operating speed, and the results were compared in terms of combustion pressure, rate of heat release, NOx and soot. It was found that as injection timing was advanced and injection pressure is increased, combustion pressure and rate of heat release were increased. As a result, NOx generation is increased. Soot generation is also increased due to the wall film caused by the increase of the injection pressure and locally the rich mixture caused by the effect of the advancing of injection timing.

Xin Qi-ji advocated war through all his life, he contacted with those elite society to get the opportunity to win favor and vote his Against of the Jin Dynasty. However, he suffered a lot of attacks and plots of the reconcilable party, since his special identity and their Government's corruption. In his homebound and official career for about sixty years, Jiaxuan leaved much wealth for others. This article analysed the historical background of Jiaxuan, combined with expressions of his life, and put forward to the opinion about his poem style.

We secured the high dispersion spectra of the symbiotic star CI Cyg. The HI, HeI, and HeII line profiles were analyzed using the relatively long exposure data including 1800 sec (Sep. 12, 1998, phase=0.90), 3600 sec (Aug. 12, 2002, φ=0.47), and 1800 sec (Oct. 21, 2009, φ=0.54). Although a minor outburst was reported in 2008, our three observation periods were generally known to be quiescent in earlier photometric studies. With the help of hydrodynamic simulations, we identified the two emission zones responsible for the blue- and red-shifted line components: (a) an accretion disk around a hot white dwarf star which consists of the outer cool HeI emission zone and the inner hot HeII emission part, and (b) a high density zone near the inner Lagrangian point responsible for the HeI line flux variation and the broadening of its line profile. The HeII line fluxes indicate that the HeII emission zone of the accretion disk is relatively stable, implying a constant gas inflow from the giant star throughout the quiescent period. The 2002 HeI data showed that the notable mass flow activity through the inner Lagrangian point occurred during this period and its flux intensity became strongest, whereas the HeII line width in the same period indicates that its flow activity forced the accretion disk to expand. The [OIII] lines were observed in 1998 but not detected in 2002 and 2009, implying the disappearance of the low density zone. Based on our kinematical studies upon the line profiles, we conclude that CI Cyg was stable in 1998 among the three observation periods selected in this research.

Injection rate characteristics of biodesel fuels according to the blending ratio was described in this work. The injection rate measuring system based on the Bosch's method was utilized to measure and compare the fuel injection rate characteristics. Three different types of biodiesel which were derived from seed, unpolished-rice, and soybean were blended with the diesel fuel in 20% and 40% of volumetric ratio. The fuel properties, injection mass, and injection rate characteristics were obtained and compared in various injection conditions. It is expected that this observations provide important insights into the effect of fuel properties on the biodiesel fuel injection rate performance in a CI engine

在《2011年香港中學會考(中國語文)考試報告及試題專輯》指出:「基本文言字詞和句式仍然是閱讀能力的基礎。」即是說在學習文言文的時候，我們應以基礎為本，而文言文中虛詞的學習就是最基本的導入。 《史記》正正蘊含了大量豐富而簡單的虛詞，實在是非常作為教材教導學生；因此本研究以「之」、「乎」、「者」、「也」四個虛詞作為教學研究重點，並透過對筆者任教的一班中四級學生(18人)進行相關的教授、測試及問卷調查，以探討《史記》作為文言虛詞教學的成效。 結果顯示，以《史記》作為文言文教授的材料及工具，能使高中學生更容易掌握虛詞的運用，並且亦能有效提升學生的基礎文言能力。

This paper explores the concept of leanness in Tang Song Ci in three aspects; external leanness, internal leanness derived from longingness, and internal leanness triggered by perceiving lean objects. As for external leanness, Tang Song Ci refers to apricot flowers and chrysanthemums - symbolic plants which persevere the winter cold and come into bloom. The first spring blossoms of apricot flowers symbolizes hope, so without any additional metaphors or emotional expressions, the implication and metaphorical nature of the image itself becomes an excellent medium for describing external objects and articulating thoughts in Ci. On the other hand, the Ci of the Subtle & Concise School in the age of late Tang and the five dynasty period abounds in poetry that depicts leanness caused by inner longing. The early Cis take the form of subtlety and conciseness and have the motif of ladies' longingness; the longing emotions between man and woman are portrayed in the image of leanness. The internal leanness triggered by perceiving lean objects is found in the Cis of late Tang and the five dynasty period as well as those in Song dynasty. Among them all, Li Qing Zhao's distinguished work stands out as they reflect her unique emotions regarding leanness, which developed from her feminine nature as well as her personal tragedy of being widowed and witnessing North Song fall. The same lean objects can be verbalized through different emotions by different poets, creating various meanings; the introspection by the self regarding the object leads to a variety of expressional forms.

This paper explores the concept of leanness in Tang Song Ci in three aspects; external leanness, internal leanness derived from longingness, and internal leanness triggered by perceiving lean objects. As for external leanness, Tang Song Ci refers to apricot flowers and chrysanthemums - symbolic plants which persevere the winter cold and come into bloom. The first spring blossoms of apricot flowers symbolizes hope, so without any additional metaphors or emotional expressions, the implication and metaphorical nature of the image itself becomes an excellent medium for describing external objects and articulating thoughts in Ci. On the other hand, the Ci of the Subtle & Concise School in the age of late Tang and the five dynasty period abounds in poetry that depicts leanness caused by inner longing. The early Cis take the form of subtlety and conciseness and have the motif of ladies' longingness; the longing emotions between man and woman are portrayed in the image of leanness. The internal leanness triggered by perceiving lean objects is found in the Cis of late Tang and the five dynasty period as well as those in Song dynasty. Among them all, Li Qing Zhao's distinguished work stands out as they reflect her unique emotions regarding leanness, which developed from her feminine nature as well as her personal tragedy of being widowed and witnessing North Song fall. The same lean objects can be verbalized through different emotions by different poets, creating various meanings; the introspection by the self regarding the object leads to a variety of expressional forms.

苏东坡一生数次被贬適或外放，其中因"乌台诗案"而被贬至黄州的一 次，使他的人生观起了新的变化。他原有的儒学的价值观在经过任职黄州之 后，逐渐归依佛老思想、开始有了较达观的人生态度。这种人生观的变化在 他的词作有所表达。以‘江’为形象的词作中，被贬適之前作品中江的形象与 其他诗人的作品一样是离别与相会的"江";但在经历人生曲折与艰难后，就变 成以怀古的和历史的侧面去看的、超越的"江"。苏轼就是在这样的词作超脱 的境界中去诠释他人生中遭遇到的挫折与绝望，并通过江水去表达大自然悠 久与永存的法则。所以，东坡在一生经历无数的桎梏岁月、越是直面艰辛的 命运时，其诗词、尤其是词作，越是发出宝石般的光芒，象滚滚长江一样东 流不尽。总之東坡詞所描写的"江"以王國維的境界說来说的话"春色三分, 二 分塵土, 一分流水”是其第一境也。"人生如夢，一樽還酹江月”是其第二境 也。"小舟從此逝, 江海寄餘生”是其第三境也。

The role of Cl channels in regulatory volume decrease (RVD) in human salivary gland acinar cells was examined using a whole-cell patch clamp technique. Human tissues were obtained from healthy volunteers or from patients with oromaxillofacial tumors. During the measurements, K+-free solutions were employed to eliminate contamination of whole-cell conductance by K+ currents. When the cells were exposed to a 70% hypotonic solution, outward-rectifying currents, which were not observed in the resting state, were found to have significantly increased both in human labial and parotid gland acinar cells. The amplitudes of the currents were reduced in a low CI bath solution. Furthermore, the addition of 100μM 5-Nitro-2- (3-phenyl propylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB) or 100μM 4,4'-diisothio cyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (DIDS), known to partially block Cl channels, significantly inhibited these currents. Its outward-rectifying current profile, shift in reversal potential in a low Cl bath solution and pharmacological properties suggest that this is a Cα2+ independent, volume activated Cl current. We conclude therefore that volume activated Cl channels play a putative role in RVD in human salivary gland acinar cells.