1995년 WTO 체제가 출범한 이후 전통적인 무역장벽 이외에 기술규정, 표준 및 적합성평가절차 등과 같은 비관세 기술장벽이 국가 간 교역의 중요한 이슈로 대두되었다. 본 연구는 무역기술장벽의 제거에 필요한 기술기반을 마련하기 위하여 국가측정표준기관 (NMIs) 간에 체결된 국제도량형위원회 상호인정협정(CIPM MRA)의 이행이 한국의 교역에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대하여 분석하였다. 국가측정표준의 동등성에 관한 자료인 CMC 를 대용변수(proxy)로 중력모형을 활용하여 실증분석한 결과, CMC는 한국의 교역에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 소득이 높은 국가의 CMC가 낮은 국가에 비하여 더 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 우리나라와 같이 무역의존도가 높은 국가의 경우, 공공재로 인식되고 있는 국가측정표준의 확립과 향상을 위하여 지속적인 자원투입을 하는 것이 경제성장에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있다는 점을 시사한다.

Process quality control, which prevents problems and risks that may occur in products and processes, has been recognized as an important issue, and SPC techniques have been used for this purpose. Process Capability Index (PCI) is useful Statistical Process Control (SPC) tool that is measure of process diagnostic and assessment tools widely use in industrial field. It has advantage of easy to calculate and easy to use in the field. Cp and Cpk are traditional PCIs. These traditional Cp and Cpk were used only as a measure of process capability, taking into account the quality variance or the bias of the process mean. These are not given information about the characteristic value does not match the target value of the process and this has the disadvantage that it is difficult to assess the economic losses that may arise in the enterprise. Studies of this process capability index by many scholars actively for supplement of its disadvantage. These studies to evaluate the capability of situation of various field has presented a new process capability index. Cpm is considers both the process variation and the process deviation from target value. And Cpm + is considers economic loss for the process deviation from target value. In this paper we developed an improved Expected Loss Capability Index using Reflected Normal Loss Function of Spring. This has the advantage that it is easy to realistically reflect the loss when the specification is asymmetric around the target value. And check the correlation between existing traditional process capability index (Cpk) and new one. Finally, we propose the criteria for classification about developed process capability index.

본 연구는 벤처창업기업의 대표자 기술혁신역량과 경영진의 전문화, 기술사업 투 자계획의 타당성 등이 기업의 경영성과인 재무건전도와 나아가 부실화가능성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 구조방정식 모델(SEM)을 이용한 실증분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구는 2011년∼2012년 2 년 동안 1,419개 표본기업에 대한 기술보증기금 기술평가 전문가들의 현장평가 데이터와 기업 현황 조사정보 및 재무정보 등을 활용하였으며, 설립후 7년이내 기술력 기반의 벤처기업들 속성 상 ‘고위험⋅고수익’으로써 여타기업보다 부실화가능성이 높은 기업군인 점을 감안하여 이들 기 업을 연구대상으로 설정하였다. 분석 결과, 대표자의 풍부한 경험과 기술지식 등 기술혁신역량 과 경영진의 분야별 전문화를 바탕으로 한 체계적 조직운영, 그리고 적정규모의 기술사업 투자 ⋅재무관리 계획수립 및 합리적 추진 등을 통하여 기업의 성장성과 수익성 등 기업의 전반적인 재무건전도를 향상시키고, 나아가 단기적 부실화리스크도 감축시키는 것으로 확인되었다.

본 연구는 퇴비에 함유된 영양소 및 중금속 함량을 파악하고 상추 재배시 퇴비의 적정 시용 비율을 알아보고자 수행되었다. 실험을 위해 두가지 퇴비를 이용하였다. 첫 번째 퇴비는 미완숙 퇴비(CA)이며 두 번째 퇴비는 시중에서 판매되고 있는 완숙 퇴비(CB)이다. 각각의 퇴비는 인공토양을 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%로 혼합하여 사용하였다. 50%와 75%의 비율로 혼합한 CA의 pH는 각각 5.39, 5.50으로 측정되었으며 약 산성으로 나타났다. CA 및 CB를 75% 비율로 혼합할 경우, 총 탄소 함량은 각각 14.5%와 6.5%로 다른 비율의 퇴비에 비해 높았고 대조구에 비해 총 질소와 인 농도가 유의하게 증가하였다. 총 탄소함량은 CA퇴비를 인공토양에 75% 혼합한 실험구에서 가장 높게 나타났다. CA는 CB와 비교하여 퇴비화율, 질소, 인의 농도가 크게 증가하였다. CB 75% 혼합한 실험구에서 구리(128 mg kg-1), 아연(260 mg kg-1), 납(0.32 mg kg-1), 카드뮴(0.48 mg kg-1) 의 함량은 다른 혼합구에 비해 가장 많은 증가하였다. 특히 비소는 CA퇴비를 25% 혼합한 실험구와 CB퇴비를 75%, 50% 혼합한 실험구에서 가장 높았다(6.69 and 6.28 mg kg-1). CA실험구 중에서 상대적으로 낮은 염분 및 중금속 함량을 함유한 CA 25% 혼합한 실험구는 상추의 성장속도 및 엽면적 등이 CB에 비해 낮게 측정되어 최적의 성장조건은 아닌 것으로 사료된다. 따라서, CA를 사용하여 상추재배에 이용할 경우, 더 낮은 농도의 CA를 이용하는 것이 적당할 것으로 판단된다.

Activated carbon was synthesized from coconut shells. The Brunauer, Emmett and Teller surface area of the synthesized activated carbon was found to be 1640 m2/g with a pore volume of 1.032 cm3/g. The average pore diameter of the activated carbon was found to be 2.52 nm. By applying the size-strain plot method to the X-ray diffraction data, the crystallite size and the crystal strain was determined to be 42.46 nm and 0.000489897, respectively, which indicate a perfect crystallite structure. The field emission scanning electron microscopy image showed the presence of well-developed pores on the surface of the activated carbon. The presence of important functional groups was shown by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum. The adsorption of methyl orange onto the activated carbon reached 100% after 12 min. Kinetic analysis indicated that the adsorption of methyl orange solution by the activated carbon followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic mechanism (R2 > 0.995). Therefore, the results show that the produced activated carbon can be used as a proper adsorbent for dye containing effluents.

리튬이온 이차전지는 리튬이온이 이동하면서 전기화학적 충방전사이클을 완성하는 에너지변환장치를 의미한다. 리튬이온 이차전지는 높은 에너지밀도와 낮은 자가방전률, 상대적으로 긴 수명주기 등 다양한 장점을 갖는다. 최근 전기차 수 요증가는 고용량 리튬이온 이차전지 개발을 촉진하고 있으나 음극에서의 dendrite 형성으로 인한 전기적 단락 현상과 전지 폭 발 문제와 같은 심각한 안전문제를 야기한다. 또한, 리튬이온 이차전지 구동시 상승된 온도에서 폴리올레핀계열(예 : 폴리에 틸렌과 폴리프로필렌) 격리막의 열수축 문제가 발생한다. 이와 같이 낮은 열 안정성은 리튬이온 이차전지의 성능과 수명의 감소로 이어진다. 본 연구에서는 폴리올레핀계열 함침격리막 제조를 위한 중요한 소재로서 술폰화 폴리아릴렌에테르술폰 랜 덤 공중합체를 사용하였으며, 제조된 격리막을 이용하여 dendrite 형성과 관련된 금속이온 흡착 능력과 리튬이온전도성, 열적 내구성이 평가되었다.

We propose that while EMFs’ international diversification promotes new product performance, technological capability actually mediates the relationship between international diversification and new product performance. We further argue that focusing on more developed markets strengthens the positive effect of EMFs’ international diversification on their technological capability accumulated over the process of internationalization, whereas it weakens the impact of EMFs’ technological capability on their new product performance because EMFs have to compete with local and global firms in the more developed target countries. Analysis on Chinese manufacturers’ international efforts provides support for these hypotheses.

The target of this paper is to introduce a general brand experience measurement scale that can be used to measure brand experiences of the stakeholders of a company. It is proposed that also stakeholders’ brand experiences can be measured with a measurement scale developed for consumer marketing research. In literature, there are various different kinds of individual brand constructs and measurement frameworks that have been developed for tracking consumers’ brand perceptions; however, these models have not been frequently used to measure brandrelated aspects outside consumer-centric situations. The tracking of stakeholders’ brand experiences can help companies to position their brands better in the tightening global competition where also stakeholders have a critical role and can influence the performance of the company (Hult, Mena, Ferrell, & Ferrell, 2011). Brands are experienced via stimuli that can be either controlled by the company, including, for example, advertisements, logos, sales environments, sales packages, and services, or then they are out of their control, for example, brand related information can spread freely on the social media or by word-of-mouth (Brakus, Schmitt, & Zarantonello, 2009; Keller, 2013). Thus, it can be said that the measurement of brand experiences can give valuable information to the company on what is the status and reputation of the brand. However, it is not only the customers or consumers that have brand experiences, also stakeholders encounter brands and the way they experience them on the personal level can have a major impact on how they interact and promote the brand in other contexts. Some B2B marketing theories have brought up the importance of understanding long-term relationships between buyers and sellers, including experiences associated with the relationship (Hadjikhani & LaPlaca, 2013) as well as purchase risks (Brown, Zablah, Bellenger, & Johnston, 2011). Brands are experienced via stimuli that can be either controlled by the company, including, for example, advertisements, logos, sales environments, sales packages, and services, or then they are out of their control, for example, brand related information can spread freely on the social media or by word-of-mouth (Brakus, Schmitt, & Zarantonello, 2009; Keller, 2013). Thus, it can be said that the measurement of brand experiences can give valuable information to the company on what is the status and reputation of the brand. However, it is not only the customers or consumers that have brand experiences, also stakeholders encounter brands and the way they experience them on the personal level can have a major impact on how they interact and promote the brand in other contexts. Some B2B marketing theories have brought up the importance of understanding long-term relationships between buyers and sellers, including experiences associated with the relationship (Hadjikhani & LaPlaca, 2013) as well as purchase risks (Brown, Zablah, Bellenger, & Johnston, 2011). Brand experiences can be measured, for example, with a measurement scale (Brakus et al., 2009) that has been extended with an eco-friendliness dimension (Saari, 2016). This model has been tested with consumers, and this paper argues that the same scale can be useful for monitoring the brand experiences of other stakeholders as well. The extended brand experience scale can be used to monitor whether consumers and stakeholders experience a certain brand to be ecofriendly, and how positively or negatively they are inclined towards the eco-friendliness of the brand experiences. With the raising focus on stakeholders’ important role in solving environmental problems, the role of stakeholder marketing becomes more critical for a company (Homburg, Stierl, & Bornemann, 2013). And in this situation it becomes also more crucial to follow up what are the brand experiences of stakeholders. The stakeholders’ brand experiences can give a strong indication is the company implementing its strategy correctly and are all the essential elements transparently and authentically communicated to the stakeholders, especially with regard to the environmental development activities that are reflected in the eco-friendliness dimension of brand experiences.

Inclusive design is increasingly gaining attention, as some people find using products difficult after becoming physically impaired, despite daily use. However, making inclusive products is a challenge for designers or companies, as a lack of knowledge and tools stems their low involvement in it. Developing inclusive design tools is thus needed. This study developed criteria to assess upper extremity capabilities corresponding to specific daily activities. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 58 physiatrists and orthopedists. Non-parametric statistics were employed and medians were adopted as representative scores in the assessment criteria based on normality and reliability test results, non-normal data, and strong reliability of respondents in ranking. Consequently, an assessment tool was developed with 14 criteria (divided into range of motion and strength) and capability scores between 0 and 100, which discerned the moderately impaired from the severely disabled and fully capable. Since the doctors agreed to adopt the criteria but assign numeric values, especially for mild impairments, their capability assessment perception was likely influenced by dichotomy. To compensate for these deficits, qualitative or ergonomic approaches are considered simultaneously.

As technology has developed and cost for data processing has reduced, big data market has grown bigger. Developed countries such as the United States have constantly invested in big data industry and achieved some remarkable results like improving advertisement effects and getting patents for customer service. Every company aims to achieve long-term survival and profit maximization, but it needs to establish a good strategy, considering current industrial conditions so that it can accomplish its goal in big data industry. However, since domestic big data industry is at its initial stage, local companies lack systematic method to establish competitive strategy. Therefore, this research aims to help local companies diagnose their big data capabilities through a reference model and big data capability assessment system. Big data reference model consists of five maturity levels such as Ad hoc, Repeatable, Defined, Managed and Optimizing and five key dimensions such as Organization, Resources, Infrastructure, People, and Analytics. Big data assessment system is planned based on the reference model’s key factors. In the Organization area, there are 4 key diagnosis factors, big data leadership, big data strategy, analytical culture and data governance. In Resource area, there are 3 factors, data management, data integrity and data security/privacy. In Infrastructure area, there are 2 factors, big data platform and data management technology. In People area, there are 3 factors, training, big data skills and business-IT alignment. In Analytics area, there are 2 factors, data analysis and data visualization. These reference model and assessment system would be a useful guideline for local companies.

This study intended to exploratively depict both the influence of Environmental Turbulence, Market Orientation, and Learning Orientation of IT companies on Marketing Capability which is one of the organizational performance, and the moderating effects of Learning Orientation and Environmental Turbulence of IT companies on the relationship between Market Orientation and Marketing Capability as well as the relationship between Learning Orientation and Marketing Capability based on respective interactions among related variables. Through this study, several factors contributing to the enhancement of organizational performance such as competitor orientation, shared vision, and open-mindedness were highlighted as major ones, with the fact that competitive intensity, market and technological turbulence of environmental turbulence dimension make effects on organizational performance through interaction effect.

The work presented in this report was a detailed comparative study of the electrochemical response exhibited by graphite anodes in Li-ion batteries having different physical features. A comprehensive morphological and physical characterization was carried out for these graphite samples via X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Later, the electrochemical performance was analyzed using galvanostatic charge/discharge testing and the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique for these graphite samples as negative electrode materials in battery operation. The results demonstrated that a material having a higher crystalline order exhibits enhanced electrochemical properties when evaluated in terms of rate-capability performance. All these materials were investigated at high C-rates ranging from 0.1C up to 10C. Such improved response was attributed to the crystalline morphology providing short layers, which facilitate rapid Li+ ions diffusivity and electron transport during the course of battery operation. The values obtained for the electrical conductivity of these graphite anodes support this possible explanation.

This study is concerned about the process capability index in single process. Previous process capability indices have been developed for the consistency with the nonconforming rate due to the process target value and skewness. These indices calculate the process capability by measuring one spot in an item. But the only one datum in an item reduces the representativeness of the item. In addition to the lack of representativeness, there are many cases that the uniformity of the item such as flatness of panel is absolutely important. In these cases, we have to measure several spots in an item. Also the nonconforming judgment to an item is mainly due to the range not due to the standard variation or the shift from the specifications. To imply the uniformity concept to the process capability index, we should consider only the variation in an item. It is the within subgroup variation. When the universe is composed of several subgroups, the sample standard deviation is the sum of the within subgroup variation and the between subgroup variation. So the range R which represents only the within subgroup variation is the much better measure than that of the sample standard deviation. In general, a subgroup contains a couple of individual items. But in our cases, a subgroup is an item and R is the difference between the maximum and the minimum among the measured data in an item. Even though our object is a single process index, causing by the subgroups, its analytic structure looks like a system process capability index. In this paper we propose a new process capability index considering the representativeness and uniformity.

본 연구는 2005년과 2007년에 시행한 중소기업기술통계조사에 모두 응한 중소 기업 중 전자부품, 영상, 음향, 통신 장비 업체(KSIC 32) 142개사를 대상으로 외부 자원 활용 과 흡수능력이 2년 후 경영성과와 혁신성과에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지, 또한 흡수능력이 이 들 관계를 어떻게 조절하는지를 실증 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 공동기술개발 여부와 정부지원액으로 측정한 외부 자원 활용은 성과에 유의미 한 영향을 미치지 않았고, 매출액에 대해서만 R&D투자비는 정(+)의, R&D인력비는 부(-)의 영향을 끼쳤다. 그리고 흡수능력의 조절효과는 측정방식과 독립변수에 따라 다르게 나타났 다. 즉, 공동기술개발을 수행할 때의 성과는 R&D투자비가 증가할수록 향상했지만, R&D인 력비는 반대로 작용했다. 그리고 정부의 자금지원이 늘어날수록 성과가 향상하는 기업은 R&D투자비가 낮거나 R&D인력비가 높은 기업이었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 중소기업의 외부 자원 활용이 내부 역량을 대체하지 못하며 오히려 흡수능력을 축적하여 외부 자원 활용의 효과를 극대화 할 필요가 있음을 보여준다. 또한, 공 동기술개발을 수행할 때에는 중소기업의 적극적인 R&D투자가 필요하며 정부의 자금지원은 R&D인력을 보유하고 있으나 자금을 확보하지 못해 독자적인 기술개발이 어려운 기업에 더 욱 효과적이다. 본 연구는 제한된 산업과 표본에서 이루어진 한계가 있지만, 종단적 자료를 통해 인과관계를 규명함으로써 기존 연구들의 한계를 극복하였다.

본 연구는 일본 다국적 기업의 해외 연구소에 관한 실증 연구를 통하여 다국적 기업 해외 R&D 자회사의 조합 역량, 습득 역량, 자율성이 자회사의 혁신 성과에 미치는 영향에 관하여 검증하는 논문이다. 본 논문에서는 혁신 의 성과에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 요인으로 다양한 지식의 원천에서 어떻게 지식을 골고루 습득하고 조합하여 활용 하는지가 중요하다는 점에 주목하였다. 본 연구에서는 해외 자회사의 혁신 역량의 원천을 습득 역량(sourcing capability)과 조합 역량(combinative capability)으로 구분한 후 이 역량들이 혁신 성과에 미치는 영향을 심 층 분석하였다. 특히 조합 역량을 본국과 현지, 그 외의 국가의 지식들을 조합하는 역량과 다국적 기업 내부의 지식과 외부의 지식을 조합하는 역량으로 세분하고 각각의 조합 역량이 혁신 성과에 미치는 영향에 관한 가설을 수립하였다. 또한 조합 역량이 습득 역량과 혁신 성과 간의 관계를 강화할 수 있는지와 자율성이 조합 역량과 혁 신 성과 간의 관계를 강화할 수 있는지를 검증해 보았다. 일본 다국적 기업의 해외 연구소에 관한 설문 자료와 특허 자료를 결합하여 실행한 음이항 회귀 분석 결과 해외 자회사의 본국-현지-그 외의 국가의 지식을 조합하는 역량과 습득 역량, 자율성이 해외 자회사의 혁신 성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 본국- 현지-그 외 국가의 지식을 조합하는 역량이 해외 자회사의 습득 역량이 혁신 성과에 미치는 긍정적 영향을 강화 하는 것으로 나타나 습득 역량과 조합 역량은 상호 보완적인 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 공동기술개발의 성과결정요인으로 파트너 특성과 관리과정 특성이 공동기술개발의 성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였으며, 나아가 파트너 특성 및 관리과정 특성과 공동기술개발 성과와의 관계에서 지식흡수역량의 조절효과에 대하여 연구하였다. 이를 위하여 기술개발 업무와 관련이 있는 대기업과 중소기업의 기업부설연구소 및 공공기관인 정부 출연 연구기관과 관리기관의 연구원들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 387명을 대상으로 실증분석하였다. 실증분석 결과 첫째, 파트너 특성의 기술개발역량과 공동기술개발경험이 모두 공동기술개발 성과에 유 의한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 이는 공동기술개발 파트너의 선정과정에서 주관기관은 기술개발경험과 필 요기술의 전문성을 보유한 파트너를 선호한다는 것이다. 둘째, 관리과정 특성에서는 목표의 명확성과 원 활한 의사소통이 공동기술개발성과에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 이는 공동기술개발의 목표가 구체 적이고 측정 가능해야 하고, 연구원들 간의 원활한 의사소통이 전제되어야만 공동기술개발 성과를 높일 수 있다는 것이다. 셋째, 독립변수와 조절변수간의 상호작용 효과를 분석한 결과, 공동기술개발경험과 지 식흡수역량 간의 관계에서 상호작용 효과가 있다. 즉, 지식흡수역량이 높을수록 파트너 특성의 공동기술 개발경험이 성과에 더욱 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다.

철모깍지벌레의 생물적 방제를 위한 애홍점박이무당벌레의 포식능력과 기초 생태특성을 25℃± 2℃, 70% ± 5%, 16L : 8D로 설정된 사 육실에서 검정한 결과, 애홍점박이무당벌레 성충은 하루에 77.5마리의 철모깍지벌레를 포식하여, 깍지무당벌레 포식력의 2.9배, 어리줄풀잠자 리 포식력의 2.8배 이상의 뛰어난 포식능력이 관찰되었다. 1령 ~ 4령 유충 기간 동안 659.0마리의 철모깍지벌레를 포식하였고, 애홍점박이무당 벌레와 철모깍지벌레의 밀도 별 상호작용을 조사한 결과 Holling (1959)의 기능반응곡선 제 II 형과 유사한 포식반응을 확인하였다. 애홍점박이 무당벌레는 철모깍지벌레를 먹이로 공급했을 때 알에서 성충까지 21.1일 ~ 27.9일이 소요되었으며, 72.3%, 77.8%, 83.3%의 높은 부화율, 용화 율과 우화율을 보였다.

The Korean very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) network (KVN) and VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry (VERA) Array (KaVA) is the rst international VLBI array dedicated to high-frequency (23 GHz (K-band) and 43 GHz (Q-band)) observations in East Asia. To evaluate the imagine capability of KaVA, we performed imaging observations of three bright active galactic nuclei (AGNs) known for their complex morphologies: 4C 39.25, 3C 273, and M87 by KaVA at K-/Q-band. Our KaVA images reveal extended out ows with complex substructure such as knots and limb brightening, in agreement with previous observations by other VLBI facilities. Angular resolutions are better than 1.4 and 0.8 milliarcsecond (max) at K-/Q-band, respectively. KaVA achieves a high dynamic range of ~1000, more than three times the value achieved by VERA. We conclude that KaVA is a powerful array with a great potential for the study of AGN out ows, at least comparable to the best existing radio interferometric arrays.

On the knowledge based society is demanding for competent subjects who can create new knowledge and apply it as well as possess self-directed learning abilities. Even when it comes to instructing underachievers, changes in the systematic education program is being required. Underachievers show difference in learning ability with other students as their grade level increases and this leads to a decline in understanding about what is learned during class. Accordingly, this results in the loss of the desire to learn and is causing underachievement to become more serious. In this paper, arithmetic section was selected amongst all the other sections in an elementary mathematics textbook. In order to minimize the learning deficit of underachievers, recomposition was made with contents and stages appropriate for the instruction of underachievers to develop a self-directed learning model and implement the Scratch game program. As a result of applying the program of this study on underachievers who are in third grade of elementary school, it was analyzed that their competence of arithmetic operation was enhanced and that it also increased their level of interest about learning.