Currently, the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) is planning to build the Ki-Jang Research Reactor (KJRR) in Ki-Jang, Busan. It is important to safely dispose of low-level radioactive waste from the operation of the reactor. The most efficient way to treat radioactive waste is cement solidification. For a radioactive waste disposal facility, cement solidification is performed based on specific waste acceptance criteria such as compressive strength, free-standing water, immersion and leaching tests. Above all, the leaching test is important to final disposal. The leakage of radioactive waste such as 137Cs causes not only regional problems but also serious global ones. The cement solidification method is simple, and cheaper than other solidification methods, but has a lower leaching resistance. Thus, this study was focused on the development of cement solidification for an enhancement of cesium leaching resistance. We used Zeolite and Loess to improve the cesium leaching resistance of KJRR cement solidification containing simulated KJRR liquid waste. Based on an SEM-EDS spectrum analysis, we confirmed that Zeolite and Loess successfully isolated KJRR cement solidification. A leaching test was carried out according to the ANS 16.1 test method. The ANS 16.1 test is performed to analyze cesium ion concentration in leachate of KJRR cement for 90 days. Thus, a leaching test was carried out using simulated KJRR liquid waste containing 3000 mg·L-1 of cesium for 90 days. KJRR cement solidification with Zeolite and Loess led to cesium leaching resistance values that were 27.90% and 21.08% higher than the control values. In addition, in several tests such as free-standing water, compressive strength, immersion, and leaching tests, all KJRR cement solidification met the waste acceptance or satisfied the waste acceptance criteria for final disposal.

The current construction and maintenance guidelines applied to airport pavement in Korea are those of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Air Transport Association (IATA), and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). In order to consider local conditions of airports in Korea, more specific details should be addressed in those guidelines. For example, the design and construction for pavements at airports in Korea follow the specifications of materials for general roads or foreign airport pavement guidelines, as there is no design manual or guideline for the granular base and subbase materials for airport pavement in Korea. In such circumstances, the likelihood of premature failure or accelerated damage increases, as the loading from airplanes is not fully taken into account or the local environmental characteristics are not considered. In addition, concerns in public facility drainage systems have been rising recently in line with the increase in the frequency and scale, caused by the global abnormal-temperature phenomenon, of localized torrential rain and snow. For airport runways, measures to maintain swift drainage systems are especially necessary to ensure safety and prevent flight delays. In this study, the appropriate moisture content and pavement method are analyzed by applying porous concrete developed for a cement-treated base course for securing permeability of airport pavement at an actual construction site. In addition, on-site construction testing was performed to determine the appropriate compaction method and the curing method to minimize cracking by using a compaction facility. To determine the optimal moisture content, a quality-control was performed by measuring the moisture content of porous concrete produced at a batch plant. For this purpose, a speed moisture test (ASTM D 4944) was performed on site because the unit-water content of the porous concrete affects its compaction and finishing. Before compaction, a grader was used to remove fragments on the subbase and then a tandem roller was used to level and compact. After compaction, the porous cement-treated base course, called porous concrete, was placed using an asphalt finisher. The mechanical properties and durability of the porous cement-treated base course with a variation of a degree of compaction: noncompaction, tandem roller moved back and forth once, three times, and five times. The pavement was covered with vinyl according to the curing guidelines suggested by the Korea Expressway Corporation’s highway construction specifications, to prevent evaporation from porous concrete that has relatively low moisture content. After curing, the core was collected to analyze the compressive strength, permeability coefficient, porosity, and freeze–thaw resistance characteristics.

As of 2016, Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) manages a total of 16,327 lane miles of Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement, which represents an important asset to TxDOT. As PCC pavements in Texas built in the 1960s through 1980s have already exceeded or are approaching the end of their design lives, many of these projects will require rehabilitations of some form. Considering the expected steady increase in truck traffic in the future, PCC overlays represent one of the best options for that rehabilitation. Currently, guidelines on PCC pavement overlays on PCC pavement focus on overlay slab thickness determination, but do not provide clear directions on whether existing PCC pavement is a good candidate for concrete overlay, or if the pavement is a good candidate, which overlay type –bonded concrete overlay (BCO) or unbonded concrete overlay (UBCO) –is appropriate. Sound guidelines are needed for the selection of an optimum overlay type, especially for continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) overlays, which could extend the performance period of structurally deficient PCC pavements in Texas at a reasonable cost. In the present study, the evaluations of PCC overlay performance of various BCO and UBCO projects built in Texas were conducted to develop the BCO design procedures based on mechanistic-empirical principles, and the development of design guidelines for the selection of an optimum overlay type.

Pollution of chloride ion-reinforced concrete can trigger active corrosion processes that reduce the useful life of structures. Multifunctional materials used as a counter-electrode by electrochemical techniques have been used to rehabilitate contaminated concrete. Cement-based pastes added to carbonaceous material, fibers or dust, have been used as an anode in the non-destructive Electrochemical Chloride Extraction (ECE) technique. We studied the performance of the addition of Carbon Fiber (CF) in a cement-graphite powder base paste used as an anode in ECE of concretes contaminated with chlorides from the preparation of the mixture. The experimental parameters were: 2.3% of free chlorides, 21 days of ECE application, a Carbon Fiber Volume Fraction (CFVF) of 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9%, a lithium borate alkaline electrolyte, a current density of 4.0 A / m2 and a cement/graphite ratio of 1.0 for the paste. The efficiency of the ECE in the traditional technique using metal mesh as an anode was 77.6% and for CFVF of 0.9% it was 90.4%, with a tendency to increase to higher percentages of the CFVF in the conductive cement-graphite paste, keeping the pH stable and achieving a homogeneous ECE in the mass of the concrete contaminated with chlorides.

본 논문은 샤르피 충격 실험을 사용하여 실리카 퓸 시멘트 페이스트의 내 충격성에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 일반 페이스트 및 개량 된 페이스트의 시편은 물-결합제 비가 0.5로 제작되고, 실리카 퓸의 비율은 각각 바인더 사용량의 5% 및 10%로 선택되었다. 내 충격성은 3일, 7일 및 28일에 V 노치 시험편을 사용한 샤르피 충격 실험에 의해 얻어졌다. 28일의 실험결과는 실리카 흄을 포함한 시멘트 페이스트의 충격량이 58 %까지 증가하였다. 실험 결과로 부터 시멘트 페이스트의 에너지 흡수 능력을 향상시키기 위해 실리카 퓸을 사용하는 것이 효과적임을 알 수 있다.

PURPOSES : It is necessary to prevent premature failure of concrete pavements caused by durability problems. The purpose of this study was to find factors affecting the durability of concrete pavements, and suggest improvement methods for existing concrete mix design. METHODS: Factors influencing durability were derived from laboratory test data for common field failure conditions and main properties of concrete cores taken from the field. The improvement of concrete properties was investigated by evaluating the performance of existing and proposed mix proportion designs and curing methods. RESULTS: The compressive strength and the absorbing performance of the low Blaine cement and the high-strength mixture were better than those of the TypeⅠcement. Wet curing showed better compressive strength, elastic modulus, coefficient of thermal expansion, and absorption performance than air curing or compound curing. As a result of comparing concrete cores collected in the field, the sections with good durability showed good performance in terms of resistance to chloride ion penetration, absorption, and initial absorption rate. CONCLUSIONS: The absorption performance was considered as a possible foactor affecting durability of cement concrete pavements as a result of field core tests. In order to improve the durability of the pavement concrete, it is necessary to improve the existing mixtures and curing methods.

우라늄 토양 및 콘크리트 폐기물의 동전기 제염 후 방사성폐기물의 시멘트 고화특성을 분석하기 위하여, 시멘트 고화 유동성 시험을 수행하고 시멘트 고화 시료를 제작하였다. 시멘트 고화시료에 대하여 압축강도, pH, 전기전도도, 방사선조사 효과 및 부피증가를 분석하였다. 방사성폐기물의 시멘트 고화의 작업 적정도는 175~190% 정도였다. 시멘트 고화시료의 방사선 조사 후 압축강도는 방사선 조사 전 압축강도 보다 약 15% 감소하였으나, 한국원자력환경공단 인수기준 (34 kgf·cm-2)을 만족하였다. 동전기 제염 후 방사성폐기물의 시멘트 고화 시료에 대한 SEM-EDS 분석결과, 알루미늄상은 시멘트와 잘 결합 한 형상을 나타낸 반면, 칼슘상은 시멘트와 분리된 형상을 나타내었다. 방사성폐기물의 시멘트 고화 부피는 시멘트에 대한 폐기물의 배합과 수분량에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 방사성폐기물의 시멘트 고화 부피(C-2.0-60)는 약 30% 증가였으며 동전기 제염 후 생성된 방사성폐기물의 영구처분은 적절하다고 판단되었다.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to develop bridge deck concrete materials based on ordinary Portland cement concrete, and to evaluate the applicability of the developed materials through material properties tests.METHODS : For field implementation, raw material (cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate) properties, fresh concrete properties (slump and air content), strength (compressive, flexural and bond strength) gain, and durability (freeze-thaw resistance, scaling resistance, and rapid chloride penetrating resistance) performance were evaluated in the laboratory.RESULTS: For the selected binder content of 410 kg/m3, W/B = 0.42, and S/a = 0.48, the following material performance results were obtained. Considering the capacity of the deck finisher, a minimum slump of 150 mm was required. At least 6 % of air content was obtained to resist freezethaw damage. In terms of strength, 51.28 MPa of compressive strength, 7.41 MPa of flexural strength, and 2.56 MPa of bond strength at 28 days after construction were obtained. A total of 94.9 % of the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity after 300 cycles of freeze-thaw resistance testing and 0.0056 kg/m2 of weight loss in a scaling resistance test were measured. However, in a chloride ion penetration resistance test, the result of 3,356 Coulomb, which exceeds the threshold value of the standard specification (1000 Coulomb at 56 days) was observed.CONCLUSIONS: Instead of using high-performance modified bridge deck materials such as latex or silica fume, we developed an optimum mix design based on ordinary Portland cement concrete. A test construction was carried out at ramp bridge B (bridge length = 111 m) in Gim Jai City. Immediately after the concrete was poured, the curing compound was applied, and then wet mat curing was applied for 28 days. Considering the fact that cracks did not occur during the monitoring period, the applicability of the developed material is considered to be high.

PURPOSES : So far, aged cement concrete pavement on express highways has been rehabilitated mainly with asphalt concrete inlay. However, potholes were the major problem, and they shortened the life of the inlay mainly owing to the poor drainage of water once it infiltrated the interface of the concrete and asphalt. The purpose of this study is to compare the performance and economic efficiency of asphalt overlay and inlayMETHODS: Overlay and inlay were compared through accelerated pavement testing, and a life-cycle cost analysis was conducted in this study using the CA4PRS program.RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS : It was found from accelerated pavement testing that the overlay exhibited reflective crack resistance that was more than twice as effective as that of inlay. The total cost (construction cost + user cost) within the analysis period (20 years) of the overlay was 37% lower than that of the inlay.

The Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) of dispersion condition is important factor when reinforce concrete or cement composite as CNC, because it is closely related to the strength reinforcement. Before the CNC is utilized to reinforcement of concrete or cement composite, it is essential to evaluate the dispersion properties. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to evaluate the dispersion of CNC. In this experiment, the specimen was prepared to the type of CNC suspension in accordance with weight ratio of CNC and the dispersion time of sonication. The first property, the dispersion properties of CNC, was evaluated by measuring turbidity and absorbance. The second property, the dispersion stability, was measured through the sediment time.

We demonstrated the sensitivity of optically active single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with a diameter below 1 nm that were homogeneously dispersed in cement composites under a mechanical load. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was selected as the dispersing agent to achieve a homogeneous dispersion of SWCNTs in an aqueous solution, and the dispersion state of the SWCNTs were characterized using various optical tools. It was found that the addition of a large amount of DNA prohibited the structural evolution of calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate hydrate. Based on the in-situ Raman and X-ray diffraction studies, it was evident that hydrophilic functional groups within the DNA strongly retarded the hydration reaction. The optimum amount of DNA with respect to the cement was found to be 0.05 wt%. The strong Raman signals coming from the SWCNTs entrapped in the cement composites enabled us to understand their dispersion state within the cement as well as their interfacial interaction. The G and G’ bands of the SWCNTs sensitively varied under mechanical compression. Our results indicate that an extremely small amount of SWCNTs can be used as an optical strain sensor if they are homogeneously dispersed within cement composites.

PURPOSES : It is necessary to clarify the rheological properties of cement paste as a basic research in the development of mechanistic concrete mix design. The rheological properties of cement paste with different binder types, mix propositions, and with/without high range water reducers have been analyzed. METHODS: In this study, ordinary Portland cement, fly-ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume, and limestone powder were used as binders. The range of water-binder ratio was 0.3-0.5, and a total of 30 different mixes have been tested. The slump flow test, V-funnel test, and Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) test were performed to analyze the rheological properties of cement paste. RESULTS : As a result of the slump flow test, it was found that the composition ratio of the binder contents greatly affected the paste flow when the high range water reducers were added. The results of V-funnel test showed that when the water-binder ratio was decreased without high range water reducers, the binder composition ratio had a large effect on the passing time of the V-funnel tester, but with high range water reducers the impact of the binder composition ratio was decreased. The slump flow and V-funnel have a certain relationship with the rheological factors (yield stress and plastic viscosity), but the correlation was not significant. Finally, we proposed the M-value considering the density and specific surface area of the binder. The correlation between rheological factors and M-value were better demonstrated than experimental values, but there is still a limit to predict the rheological factor in general mix design. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the rheological properties of cement paste were analyzed. The binder type, composition ratio of binder, and with/without high range water reducers have combined to provide the complex effects on the rheological properties of cement paste. The correlation between the proposed M-value and rheological factor was found to be better than experimental results, but needs to be improved in the future.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to suggest the construction and quality control method for the re-repair of a deteriorated partial depth repair for sections of Portland cement concrete pavement. METHODS : An experimental construction was conducted to extend the repair width for removing an existing repair section. A removal method was used to ensure early performance for a deteriorated partial depth repair section. Bond strength and split tensile strength were measured at the near vertical interface layer between the existing pavement and repair material. The area was analyzed for various conditions such as the extended repair area and the removing method of the existing repair section. RESULTS : As a result of analysis of bond strength and split tensile strength, the bonding performance of a milling removed section was improved over a cutting and hand breaker removed section. The bond strength was analyzed to increase slightly as the extended repair width for removing the existing repair section increased. The split tensile strength did not show a clear relationship to an increased extended repair width of an existing removed repair section. CONCLUSIONS: The milling removal method should be applied in the removal of existing deteriorated partial depth repair sections. The extended repair width for a re-repair section should be wider than the existing partial depth repair with at least a 75-mm length and width for the bond strength and the split tensile strength.

최근 시멘트 공장의 소성로 배출가스 악취로 인해 불편을 겪고 있는 민원이 지속적으로 제 기되고 있으며, 생활환경질을 향상시키기 위한 노력이 다양하게 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에 앞서, 시멘 트 공장에서의 악취 발생 원인을 규명하고, 대안을 마련하기 위해 사업장 주요 악취발생원으로 예상되는 소성로 배출가스를 분석하였다. 본 연구는 악취 유발 가스의 대기 흐름과 희석, 확산 효과를 수치적으로 해석하고, 지역생활 환경 개 선 및 친환경적 시멘트 생산시스템 구축을 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 일정한 풍향 및 풍속이 지속될 경우 특정 지점에서 악취의 영향이 발생될 수 있으며, 풍향 및 풍속의 변화율이 증가 될수록 악취 영향은 감소될 것으로 판단된다.

PURPOSES :In this paper, the flow of construction material was simulated using computational fluid dynamics in a 2D axisymmetric condition to evaluate the effect of initial or varying material properties on the final shape of a specimen.METHODS :The CFD model was verified by using a well-known analytical solution for a given test condition followed by performing a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the effect of material properties on the final shape of material. Varying dynamic viscosity and yield stress were also considered.RESULTS :The CFD model in a 2D axisymmetric condition agreed with the analytical solution for most yield stress conditions. Minor disagreements observed at high yield stress conditions indicate improper application of the pure shear assumption for the given material behavior. It was also observed that the variation of yield stress and dynamic viscosity during curing had a meaningful effect on the final shape of the specimen.CONCLUSIONS :It is concluded that CFD modeling in a 2D axisymmetric condition is good enough to evaluate fluidal characteristics of material. The model is able to consider varying yield stress and viscosity during curing. The 3D CFD-DEM coupled model may be required to consider the interaction of aggregates in fluid.

The compressive strength and electrical resistance of pitch-based carbon fiber (CF) in cementitious materials are explored to determine the feasibility of its use as a functional material in construction. The most widely used CFs are manufactured from polyacrylonitrile (PAN-based CF). Alternatively, short CFs are obtained in an economical way using pitch as a precursor in a melt-blown process (pitch-based CF), which is cheaper and more eco-friendly method because this pitch-based CF is basically recycled from petroleum residue. In the construction field, PAN-based CFs in the form of fabric are used for rehabilitation purposes to reinforce concrete slabs and piers because of their high mechanical properties. However, studies have revealed that construction materials with pitch-based CF are not popular. This study explores the compressive strength and electrical resistances of a cement paste prism using pitch-based CF.