This study investigated the relationship of collocations to reading and writing skills. Eighty-six Korean university students were given a collocation knowledge test, followed by a reading test; both lexical and grammatical collocations in the collocation test were extracted from the passages in the reading test. Subsequently, the students were given a writing test, and its topic was related to the content of the reading passages; both lexical and grammatical collocations appearing in their compositions were counted based on the classification criteria provided in The BBI Combinatory Dictionaty of English. The findings are as follows. There were no significant correlations between the students' co llocation knowledge and reading ski ll s. However, a significant correlation was found between writing quality and col location use. Good and poor readers were simil ar on average in both grammatical and lexical co llocations, which corroborates the nonsignificant relationship between reading and collocation knowledge. In contrast, good and poor writers showed significant differences in the use of both grammatical and lexical collocations, thus substantiating the significant correlation between writing quality and collocation use. The group difference was more pronounced in grammatical collocations. Across good and poor writers, lexical collocations were used much less than grammatical collocations. Taken together, these results support a need for EFL writers to learn both grammatical and lexical coll ocations to improve writing quality. The results also caution not to overgeneral ize the influence of co ll ocation knowledge on reading performance . •

The key regulators of apoptosis are the interacting protein of the Bcl-2 family. Bcl-2, an important member of this family, blocks cytochrome C release by sequestering pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins such as Bid, Bad, Bax and Bim. The pro-survival family members (Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bcl-W) are critical for cell survival, since loss of any of them causes cell death in certain cell type. However, its role during early porcine embryonic development is not sufficient. In this study, we traced the effects of Bcl-2 inhibitor, ABT-737, on early porcine embryonic development. We also investigated several indicators of developmental potential, including gene expression (apoptosis-related genes) and apoptosis, which are affected by ABT-737. Porcine embryos were cultured in the PZM-3 medium with or without ABT-737 for 6 days. In result, significant differences in developmental potential were detected between the embryos that were cultured with or without ABT-737 (14.7±3.0 vs 30.3±4.8%, p<0.05). TUNEL assay showed that the number of containing fragmented DNA at the blastocyst stage increased in the ABT-737 treated group compared with control (4.7 vs 3.7, p<0.05). The mRNA expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax increased in ABT-737 treated group (p<0.05), whereas expressions of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members (Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bcl-W) decreased (p<0.05). Also, expressions of the ER stress indicator genes (GRP78, XBP-1 and sXBP-1) increased in ABT-737 treated group (p<0.05). In conclusion, Bcl-2 is closely associated with of apoptosis- and ER stress-related genes expressions and developmental potential in pig embryos.

Large corporations and small and medium-sized enterprises businesses have tried finding cooperative partner models through win-win activity. In this study, certain factors were researched, which affect on the achievements by win-win activity of large corp

Neither Chinese character (Hanzi) learning nor classicalChinese literature instruction should be done in isolation. This paperexplores the way to integrate Hanzi learning, classical Chineseliterature and comprehensive reading in primary schools. It firstdiscusses the hypothetical mental process of children’s readingcompetence development. Guided by this hypothesis, children couldeasily learn Chinese characters in their reading practice, higher gradeprimary school students could learn to fluently read simple classicalChinese articles with proper pause, and they do not need to spend extratime on Chinese learning. In this paper, all of the practices are guidedby the principles of teaching target category in the curriculum designtheories accepted worldwide, such as how we teach students learn tocorrectly write the commonly used Hanzi required by course standards, howwe teach students to write Hanzi in a standard way so that theirhandwriting looks good, how we teach students to learn Pinyin, and howstudents could improve both reading and writing skills in comparativeclassical Chinese literature reading exercises, etc..

Persistent accidents related to food safety and expanded international trades have urged the world to be aware of the gravity of the accidents. Accordingly many countries have tried to come up with various laws, regulations, measures, support networks and educational programs for the agenda, particularly focusing on harmonizing food safety technologies among nations and fostering professionals. Also, APEC newly organized Food Safety Cooperation Forum (FSCF) in 2007 to exert multi-dimensional efforts to improve food safety for Asia Pacific nations. Up to now, 35 activities have been promoted since 2007 and additional 20 activities are waiting for their turns for action on the list of APEC project agenda. FSCF has the objective that it helps the stakeholders in food supply chain develop their own competence in that area, thus increase international trade among nations and maintain the globe healthy by applying the highest standards and best practices for the management of food safety ranging from production to consumption. To achieve this strategic objective, APEC subsequently formed Partnership Training Institute Network (PTIN) to build up the multilateral networks of specialists from governmental agencies engaging in food safety management, industries, academia and international organizations in Asia-Pacific region. This attempt made it possible for the world to exchange their scientific and technological information concerning food safety and strengthen related education and training. Today, international cooperation is essential for food safety management. Therefore, we need to participate actively in the activities of APEC FSCF to contribute to improving food safety technologies for the member countries of APEC. We also need to connect the domestic support programs with theirs.

Large corporations and SMEs Businesses have tried finding cooperative partner models through win-win activity. In this study, certain factors were researched, which affect on the achievements by win-win activity of large corporative and SMEs from a standpoint of development by SMEs, the establishment of confidence, technical innovation and competence of value chain competence in order to enforce supplying value under the win-win activity. The result of this research presents that the achievement of win-win activity by large corporations and SMEs is related positively to developmental capability, cooperative culture, developmental innovation, innovation of process, outer technological innovation and value chain.

Although somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has successfully been produced cloned animals in several species, the cloning efficiency is extremely low. It is generally believed that the low cloning efficiency is mainly attributed to faulty epigenetic modifications underlying the aberrant reprogramming of donor cell nuclei in recipient cytoplasm after SCNT. The nuclear reprogramming process involves epigenetic modifications, such as DNA demethylation and histone acetylation, which may be a key factor in improving the cloning efficiency. Recently, the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), such as trichosatin A (TSA) and m-carboxycinnamic acid bishydroxamide (CBHA), to increase histone acetylation have been used to improve the developmental competence of SCNT embryos. Therefore, we compared the effects of TSA with CBHA on the in vitro developmental competence and pluripotency-related gene expressions (Nanog, Oct3/4 and Sox2) in porcine cloned blastocysts. The porcine cloned embryos were treated with a 50 nM concentration of TSA or a 100 μm concentration of CBHA during the in vitro early culture (10h) after cell fusion and then were assessed to cleavage rate, development to the blastocyst stage and pluripotency-related gene expressions in NT blastocysts. All data was analyzed by chi-square. Following 4-5 replicates (245, 200 and 222 for NT, TSA and CBHA treated NT embryos respectively) there was no difference between normal NT and CBHA treated NT embryos, whereas TSA treated NT embryos was significantly decreased for cleavage rate (p<0.05). The developmental competence to the blastocyst stage in CBHA treated NT embryos (18.9%) significantly increased than that of normal NT and TSA treated NT embryos (9.4% and 11.5%) (p<0.05). In addition, all of pluripotent transcription factors (Nanog, Oct3/4 and Sox2) were highly expressed in the CBHA treated NT embryos, however, Sox2 and Oct3/4 were expressed in TSA treated NT embryos and Sox2 was only expressed in normal NT embryos (p<0.05). In conclusion, the treatment of CBHA as a histone deacetylase inhibitor significantly increased the developmental competence of porcine NT embryos and pluripotency- related gene expressions (Nanog, Oct3/4 and Sox2) in NT blastocysts.

목적 : 이 연구는 장애 아동의 재활치료 목표 설정을 위한 Perceived Efficacy and Goal Setting System(PEGS)와 자기효능감 검사의 상관관계와 부모 만족도 및 임상적 유용성을 알아봄으로써 목표 설정을 위한 아동 평가 도구로 써의 활용가능성을 검증하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 22명의 장애아동을 대상으로 PEGS의 내적일치도를 구하였고, PEGS와 지각된 자기효능감, 부모와 아 동의 PEGS의 상관관계를 구하였다. PEGS의 유용성 파악을 위해 부모 만족도와 작업치료사를 대상으로 평가 도 구 유용성 설문을 실시하였다. 결과 : PEGS의 내적일치도인 Cronbach's alpha 값은 .829이었다. PEGS의 아동과 보호자 평가 사이의 상관관계는 유의하지 않았지만, PEGS와 지각된 자기효능감의 상관관계는 유의하였으며 피어슨 상관계수는 .675였다. PEGS의 운동성 과제와 자기효능감 검사의 신체영역에서 상관성이 높았다. 결론 : 아동의 자기효능감을 통해 재활치료 목표 설정을 하는 PEGS와 자기효능감 검사의 상관관계가 있는 것을 나타났으며, 평가 도구의 유용성도 높게 나타났다. 추후 검사-재검사 신뢰도, 목표의 지속성, 치료 중재의 효과성을 확립한다면 앞으로 국내에서 PEGS의 활용이 가능할 것이다.

Correlations between cumulus cells and germinal vesicle (GV) chromatin configuration were examined in porcine oocytes. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected from 2～6 mm follicles and divided into three categories according to cumulus cell morphology. "A" group was compacted COCs with more than three cumulus cell layers. "B" group was COCs with less cumulus cell layers than "A" group. "C" group was COCs with one or less layer of cumulus cells. Cumulus cells were removed 0.1% hyaluronidase, and denuded oocytes were stained with Hoechst 33342. GV chromatin configuration was classified into GV-Con and GV-Dis. GV-Con meant that a nucleus was surrounded by condensed chromatin in a ring. GV-Dis meant that filamentous chromatin clumps were distributed in nucleus. The proportion (80.2%) of GV-Con in "A" group was significantly higher than "B" (62.0%) or "C" (44.9%). The proportion (55.1%) of GV-Dis in "C" group was significantly higher than "A" (19.8%) or "B" (38.0%). The meiotic competence of COCs was examined after 44 h culture. The proportion (90.0%) of oocytes reaching to metaphase II (M-II) in "A" group was significantly higher than "B" (76.5%) or "C" (45.5%). In conclusion, oocytes with good quality cumulus cell layers are synchronized early GV stage, and early GV stage is important for meiotic competence in pigs.

본 연구는 역량기반 인적자원관리와 역량개발 프로세스 및 인적자원관리 성과에 대한 기존의 연구와 실제 사례를 고찰한 후, 인적자원의 전략적 활용이 특히 중시되는 해운․항만 물류기업을 대상으로 이들의 관계를 실증분석하였다. 역량기반 인적자원관리 활동을 통해 조직내 인적자원관리 성과가 향상될 것이라는 관점에서 역량기반 인적자원관리와 인적자원관리 성과와의 관계를 규명하고, 이들의 관계에 대해 역량기반 인적자원관리 활동과의 전략적 연계의 정도를 나타내는 핵심역량

The brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) has been used to select the developmental competent oocytes in pigs, goats and cows. Growing oocytes have a higher level of active glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PDH) compare to mature oocytes and are rarely stained compared to mature oocytes, because G6PDH converts BCB to colorless. First polar body extrusion regard as a guideline of meoisis completion. Selection of polar body extrude oocyte is more developmental competent to blastocyst than unselected. This study was conducted to compare the BCB test to the polar body extrusion on selection of developmental competent porcine oocytes for the production of blastocyst. Cumulus-Oocytes complex were exposed to 26uM BCB stain diluted in NCSU-23 for 90 min. There was no significant difference embryo development to blastocysts between BCB treated and not treated(19.58±1.99 vs 18.75±2.27 %), which means there was no detrimental effect of BCB exposure to oocytes. Normal fertilization is not differed among treatment groups from 70.0 to 78.4% development to blastocyst, beside polyspermy did not. To compare two different selection methods, BCB test and polar body extrusion, evaluate the developmental competent of IVP embryos. BCB+PB+(blue stained and polar body extruded, 20.71±0.45%) and BCB－PB+(colorless and polar body extruded, 20.04±1.29%) groups are significantly (p<0.05) higher developed than those of BCB+PB－(blue stained and no polar body, 13.24±0.73%) and BCB－PB－(colorless and no poladbody, 7.25±0.77%). These results showed that selection of polar body extruded oocytes method is more efficient than that of BCB test.

This study was carried out to evaluate the nuclear, cytoplasmic maturation and developmental potential of bovine oocytes selected by brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) as indirect measurement of oocytes growth phase. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected from 2 to 8 mm follicles from slaughterhouse Hanwoo ovaries. The COCs were divided into stained cytoplasm to blue (BCB+) and unstained (BCB-) according to their ooplasm BCB coloration stained by of BCB after 90 min. Selected COCs were cultured in a TCM 199 for 18 to 26 h. Nuclear maturation and total cell number was evaluated after in vitro maturation (IVM) or in vitro culture (IVC) using Hoechst 33342, and cytoplasmic maturation was evaluated by intracellular glutathione (GSH) assay before (0 h) and after (24 h) IVM. The oocyte diameters were not differed significantly between BCB+ () and BCB+ () groups (p>0.05). However, the proportion of metaphase II oocytes in BCB+ group was significantly higher than BCB- group after IVM (p<0.05). GSH content of BCB+ group oocytes was significantly higher than that of BCB- group just after collection ( vs. , p<0.05), but not varied after IVM( and for BCB+ and BCB- respectively; p>0.05). The proportion of blastocyst formation and total cell number in BCB+ group (23.5% and ) was significantly higher than that in BCB- (9.8% and ; p<0.05). The results indicate that BCB+ group oocytes may provide a cellular and functional basis for the greater developmental competence in Korean Native Cow (KNC) oocytes.