PURPOSES : Construction cost estimates are important information for business feasibility analysis in the planning stage of road construction projects. The quality of current construction cost estimates are highly dependent on the expert's personal experience and skills to estimate the arithmetic average construction cost based on past cases, which makes construction cost estimates subjective and unreliable. An objective approach in construction cost estimation shall be developed with the use of machine learning. In this study, past cases of road projects were analyzed and a machine learning model was developed to produce a more accurate and time-efficient construction cost estimate in teh planning stage. METHODS : After conducting case analysis of 100 road construction, a database was constructed including the road construction's details, drawings, and completion reports. To improve the construction cost estimation, Mallow's Cp. BIC, Adjusted R methodology was applied to find the optimal variables. Consequently, a plannigs-stage road construction cost estimation model was developed by applying multiple regression analysis, regression tree, case-based inference model, and artificial neural network (ANN, DNN). RESULTS : The construction cost estimation model showed excellent prediction performance despite an insufficient amount of learning data. Ten cases were randomly selected from the data base and each developed machine learning model was applied to the selected cases to calculate for the error rate, which should be less than 30% to be considered as acceptable according to American Estimating Association. As a result of the analysis, the error rates of all developed machine learning models were found to be acceptable with values rangine from 17.3% to 26.0%. Among the developed models, the ANN model yielded the least error rate. CONCLUSIONS : The results of this study can help raise awareness of the importance of building a systematic database in the construction industry, which is disadvantageous in machine learning and artificial intelligence development. In addition, it is believed that it can provide basic data for research to determine the feasibility of construction projects that require a large budget, such as road projects.

Steel roof construction is on the most important and critical factors in the large spatial construction and necessary to be prepared under a radical planning. Therefore, the major management factors of steel roofing structure assembly must be critically reviewed during planning. Through the review process, it is necessary to reduce the construction cost, to prevent delays in the construction schedule, and to minimize construction errors. However, domestically due to the lack experience in large spatial constructions, a planning of roof construction is limited to have a radical planning. Especially due to unclear organization of the management factors in hierarchy, using them in reality for construction planning is difficult and reliability is low. Therefore, in this study, the goal is to conduct the major management factors in the large spatial construction. To achieve this, we have reviewed and analyzed the numbers of construction plans and construction reports and conducted a total 68 of the management factors. Based on the conducted factors, we have interviewed 16 experts with experience in large spatial construction. From the interview result, we have deduced the factors scored above 4.20 of 10 for critical factors. The results of this study will be used as a guidance for planning steel roofing structure assembly in large spatial construction. The critical factors will be provided to the site mangers for the quality management of large spatial constructions in practice.

This study aims to draw out planning principles and structure of Iksan imperial capital city in late Baekje, especially in view of the relationship among imperial capital city planning area, skeletal axis and the location of royal castle. With site survey and analysis of historical records, old maps, topographical maps, archeological excavation data, land registration map of 1915, some significant inferences were drawn out. Firstly from the point of topological conditions, the contiguous line of a stratum from Mireuk mountain(彌勒山) to Wangkung-ri castle(王宮里遺蹟) and two waterways made a topological axis of Iksan Imperial capital city. Secondly district of Iksan imperial capital city can be deduced to the inner area north to Kummado soil wall(金馬都 土城), south to the confluence of Iksan river(益山川) and Busang river(扶桑川), west to Okum mountain fortress(五 金山城) and Galjeon river(葛田川), east to line near to eastern wall of Jesuksa temple(帝釋寺). Iksan ssang-reung(益 山雙陵) was located outside western boundary line of capital city. Thirdly axis from Wangkung-ri castle to northern Kummado soil wall made a skeletal axis of city structure. It got through northern lowland along Buk river(北川) between Yonghwa(龍華山) and Mireuk mountain. Fourthly the location of royal palace can be deduced to the north part of the city around Kumma town area along the planning principle of northern royal palace.

[n QCC improve activities QC story is useful for solving problems_ Among those the planning and establishment of countermeasure step is most important in finding new alternatives and methods for problem solving. But that step is dealt with indifferent to

In this regard, the newly focused logistics information system makes reducing the expenses of whole logistic available by cutting down the expenses of materials, transportation and stock and also, it allows the company to cut down the procurement expense through the reduced lead-time and rationalize producing plans by eliminating the uncertain orders and fluctuation in procurement. It further more optimizes the efficiency of over all productions by meeting the dead line for delivery to the customers. In the recent environment of globalization where fierce competitions exist between manufacturers, logistics plays important role in the strategies of companies, and managements of companies try their best efforts in establishing the strategy to accomplish the innovative relationship between supply chain channels. Therefore, in this study, we try to suggest the model of consolidated logistics system that is integrated logistics information system with suggesting the better way of logistics and comparative analysis with logistics system to resolve the difficulties numbers of companies face after realizing what logistics information system is in Korea.

This study aims to analyze the affecting factors-construction of collaborative planning process and effect on Comprehensive Rural Village Development Project. To this end, targeting the 36 districts which were selected for 2004 Comprehensive Rural Village Development Project and completed their 2010 5-year projects, components of collaborative planning process and planning effect will be drawn and the affecting factors-construction of collaborative planning and effect on Comprehensive Rural Village Development Project will be analyzed below. According to the results of this study, the affecting factors of collaborative planning process of Comprehensive Rural Village Development Project on planning effect, The level of effect of individual component on endogenous variable appeared greatest mostly in the upper groups. In terms of the level of individual component effect, social learning process and interaction among participants affected greatest. The process of Comprehensive Rural Village Development Project is evaluated that it reflected collaborative planning theory of Healey enough. Therefore, in the course of Comprehensive Rural Village Development Project progress, collaborative planning model must pass social learning process and interaction among participants which are the most important components out of collaborative planning process as we saw in the upper groups. And in order to maximize the performance and results of Comprehensive Rural Village Development Project, the following sequential affecting factors model as Figure 7 must be suggested as optimal collaborative planning models of Comprehensive Rural Village Development Project. Based on the results of the study, the policy implication was drawn as follows. First, systematic supplementations in the form of a consultative body are required to perform Comprehensive Rural Village Development Project efficiently. Second, network needs to be built among different participants in Comprehensive Rural Village Development Project process. Third, systematic mechanism is required to improve social learning among different participants. Fourth, systematic rearrangement is required to guarantee the residents' realistic participation in the course of Comprehensive Rural Village Development Project process.