Kim, Kyu-hyun. (2023). “Question Tags in Korean Conversation: Displaying and Soliciting Empathy for Managing Delicate Action”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 31(4), 149-173. From the perspective of conversation analysis, this study analyzes utterances formatted with a question tag constructed as the tag-type clause kuci, “Isn’t it?.” Based on an examination of naturally occurring talk-in-interaction, it is argued that question tags, though generally intended to be a recipiency-mobilizing resource, serve primarily as a resource for empathy display and are geared toward retroactively managing the various “delicate” actions that their host utterance implements. Formulated as post-predicate elements, their use indicates the speaker’s trust that the recipient will provide an affiliative response by sharing the empathic stance exhibited in their host utterance. The kuci-speaker’s orientation toward soliciting the recipient’s affiliative uptake is frequently reciprocated by the recipient, who registers the “delicate character” of the kuci-marked utterance’s action by producing variously “nuanced” responses, for example, in a way that is empathically other-attentive, obliquely affiliative, or mildly resistant.

본 연구는 고기능 자폐 스펙트럼 장애아동을 대상으로 App-기반 청자 대화기술 훈련프로그램의 효과를 검증하고 자 하였다. 연구대상은 26명의 자폐 스펙트럼 장애, 아스퍼거 증후군, 전반적 발달장애로 진단된 초등학생으로, 연령 과 IQ, SCQ, ASSQ 점수를 사용하여 중재 집단과 통제 집단으로 짝지어 분배하였다. 중재 집단은 9주 동안 교사와의 비대면 학습을 주 1회 실시하고, 가정에서도 부모 또는 아동이 앱(App)을 활용하여 대화훈련을 실시하였다. 통제 집단은 다른 특별한 프로그램에 참여하지 않았다. 그리고 훈련 전과 후에 평가자와 아동 간의 1:1 대화를 수행하여 대화 자료를 수집하고, 대화차례 주고받기와 주제 운용능력의 변화를 비교하였다. 연구 결과, 중재 집단에서 본 연구에서 개발한 청자 반응 대화훈련 프로그램의 긍정적 효과가 발견되었다. 구체적으로, 중재 집단은 청자 조건에서 적절한 청자 언어 반응이 유지되었고, 통제 집단은 적절한 청자 언어 반응이 감소하였다. 그리고 화자 조건의 대화 차례 주고받기에서는 개시율과 유지율이 증가하고, 주제 운용능력에서는 적절한 주제 개시율이 증가하고, 부적절한 주제 개시율은 감소하였다. 논의에서는 청자 반응 대화훈련 프로그램이 고기능 자폐 스펙트럼 장애아동의 대화 양상 변화에 미치는 효과를 중점적으로 논의하였다.

From a conversation-analytic perspective, this paper analyzes the “committal” suffixes ci and cianha used as “pseudo-tags” in Korean conversation, which render the utterance they mark a request for confirmation (RfC) formatted in the form of a polar declarative question. The focus is given to examining differences ci and cianha as constitutive of mutually related but distinct forms of RfC, particularly in terms of the ways in which the confirmable is formulated and intersubjective understanding is solicited and negotiated. It is proposed that the RfC formatted with the pseudo-tag ci indexes the speaker’s orientation towards having the recipient help him/her “raise commitment” to the factually ascertainable character of shared information. Its use organizes recipiency in such a way that the recipient’s confirmation is solicited collusively. The RfC formatted with cianha, by contrast, furnishes the speaker with a discursive resource for engaging the recipient in a negotiatory process, prodding him/her to raise his/her “momentarily latent” commitment. With the confirmable grounded in general/shared knowledge, the use of cianha has the import of organizing a range of “attendant activities”, such as appeasing, whining, rebuking, etc.

In this paper analyzed the features of how native Korean speakers (K) and native Vietnamese Korean learners (VKL) organize the Apology conversation, focusing on the functional phase. Based on the discourse analysis, a role play was conducted to collect data. In order to investigate the influence of social variables (social status, intimacy), learners' mother tongues and learners' Korean proficiency, different social variables were given in role-play situations, and learners' Korean proficiency was limited to intermediate and advanced levels. The results of analyzing conversations focusing on ‘Error Checking–Apology-Apology Acceptance’, which is the intermediate phase of Apology conversation, are as follows. First, in the Error Checking Phase, K tended to make indirect or preliminary remarks. In contrast, VKL immediately presented communication purposes, and advanced VKL tended to use indirect speech and additional statement. Second, in the Apology phase, the higher social status the other party has and the lower intimacy the two speakers has, the more passive K were. Interestingly, VKL showed the same pattern. For intermediate-level VKL, it was observed that the dialogue sequences were not completed. Third, in the Apology Acceptance phase, K repeatedly expressed apologies through complex dialogue sequences. However, VKL performed a concise conversation by simple dialogue sequences, and the intermediate-level VKL expressed ‘relief’ and ‘gratitude’.

이 연구는 Skype를 활용하여 일본인 고급 학습자의 구어 오류 양상을 분석하고 교육적 의의를 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 학습자 발 화 2,947어절을 대상으로 오류 양상을 분석하였다. 그 결과 문법 오류가 34건으로 가장 많았으며 어휘(26건), 발음(22건), 담화(4건) 오류 순으로 나타났다. 이로써 알 수 있는 것은 첫째, 고급 학습자임에도 불구하고 모국 어 간섭의 영향을 여전히 받고 있다는 점. 둘째, 어휘 오류에서는 학습 어휘량이 많아지면서 유사 어휘에 의한 오류가 많이 나타난 점. 셋째, 두 언어의 문법 체계가 비슷하다고는 하지만 그럼에도 문법 오류가 가장 많이 발생했다는 점이다. 향후 일본인 학습자를 대상으로 교수를 할 때 이런한 점을 고려하여 이루어져야할 것이다.

본 논문은 중국어 교재 및 대본을 대상으로 대화문에서 没关系와 没事을 분석하 여, 교육적 제언을 제시하는 데 목적이 있다. 2장에서는 연구방법을 제시하고, 3장과 4장에서는 중국어 교재 25권과 대본 25편을 대상으로 没关系와 没事의 사용 상황을 분석하였다. 실제 생활에서 빈도수가 높은 没事는 교재에서의 빈도수가 낮은 반면, 대본에서는 매우 높았다. 교재에서의 没关系는 출현 빈도수가 비교적 높았으나, 쓰임 이 다양하지 않았다. 5장에서는 분석을 바탕으로 교육적으로 어떻게 지도하면 좋은 지에 대해 간략하게 제시하였다.

The conversation analysis approach of using audio and video recordings of naturally occurring conversation contrasts with other methods of collecting data in the social and cognitive sciences. This paper intends to describe the ways in which conversation analysts collect their data suitable for analysis, including the steps involved in preparing to record, the recording of naturally occurring social interaction, and also the processing of recordings after they have been made. Before actually making the recordings, researchers must first choose what type of conversation they will collect and what device to use. Researchers also need to obtain consent for recording from the participants in a conversation analytic study. While making the recordings, researchers must figure out many practical issues such as who, when, how, what, how much, and where to record. After recording, researchers need to store data in audio or video formats. Researchers also archive it, using codes for identification that facilitate later finding, quoting and retrieving of any file. This paper focuses on these choices as they are made before, during, and after recordings and places specific emphasis on the effects these choices have on the recordings. It also illuminates how these techniques are closely related to the methodological and theoretical assumptions of the conversation analysis approach.

Conversation analysis (CA) has grown in its status as a pragmatic approach to language-in-use worldwide, and its analytic perspective and methodology began to be introduced in Korea as early as in 1990s and gradually incorporated into the field of pragmatics/sociolinguistics in Korea. With a view to looking at how CA has established as an academic field in Korea, this article describes recent developments in CA in Korea, presenting an overview of how CA studies have been conducted by CAists stationed in Korea. Papers published in the period of 1990s to 2019 are reviewed and categorized in terms of some of the notable trends in research topics and methodological orientations, which are classified into grammar, interactional practices, and applied CA. The overview provides a basis on which the current state of affairs in domestic CA research is assessed, and suggestions are made for the direction of future development.

본 논문의 목적은 대화협력원리를 통하여 『史記』 대화문에 출현하는 표경부사(表 敬副詞) ‘幸’의 함축 의미를 분석하고 어떠한 한국어 번역으로의 화행 표현이 효율적 인가를 살펴보는데 있다. 이를 위해 먼저 ‘幸’의 사전적 의미와 용법에 대해 알아보고, 화자와 청자의 맥락적 관점에서 의사소통 과정을 살펴보았다. 표경부사로 사용되 었을 때 ‘幸’은 단순히 허사의 용법으로 해석되는 것이 아닌 前後 맥락의 함축 정보에 따라 표현이 각각 달라지기도 한다. 해석과 번역은 문법적으로 같은 구조, 어휘적 으로 같은 형태의 문장일지라도 각각 내포된 의미에 따라 서로 다르게 표현된다.

본 연구는 초등학생을 대상으로 게임 및 오락 목적의 매체 이용 정도와 가족과의 대화시간이 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향을 살펴보는 데 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 남학생이 여학생보다 게임 및 오락 목적의 매체 이용 정도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 가족과의 대화시간은 상대적으로 적은 것으로 나타났다. 한편 성별, 학년에 따른 삶의 만족도는 차이가 없었다. 둘째, 초등학생의 게임 및 오락 목적의 매체 이용 정도와 가족과의 대화시간은 유의한 부적 상관이 있었던 반면, 게임 및 오락 목적의 매체 이용 정도와 삶의 만족도는 유의한 상관이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 가족과의 대화시간과 삶의 만족도는 유의한 정적 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 초등학생의 게임 및 오락 목적의 매체 이용 정도와 가족과의 대화시간이 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향에 있어서 가족과의 대화시간만이 삶의 만족도에 유의한 정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

This study investigated the use of L1(English) by L2(Korean) learners’ interaction with their native-speaking conversation partners from a sociocultural perspective, using the lens of conversation analysis. The data included 64 hours of recorded interactions of 16 conversation pairs of nonnative learners of Korean and their native conversation partners as well as learners’ diary entries. Findings gleaned from qualitative analysis of learners’ use of their L1 (i.e., English) during native-nonnative pair interactions outside the classroom showed that the overall use of L1 by L2 learners found to be facilitative of their L2 learning. The results proposed a model of L2 learners interaction with their conversation partners that attempted to link learner’s use of L1 and their L2 proficiency, and concluded that learners’ interactions played a key role in improving L2 learners’ language proficiency. In addition, pedagogical recommendations based on the research findings were proposed.

본 연구의 목적은 코칭교육을 받고 전문코치가 되고자하는 사람들에게 제공할 수 있는 전문 코치 양성 코칭 프로그램을 개발하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해서 국내외 전문코치교육에 관한 자료들을 수집하고, 수차례의 워크샵 진행 경험을 바탕으로 전문코치양성을 위한 CPA(C-PLUS Active Coaching Model) 코칭 통합모델을 개발하였다. CPA코칭 통합모델은 C-PLUS에 코칭대화모델인 Active를 합친 약자로서 C-PLUS 코칭프로그램의 궁극적인 목표는 코칭을 통해 삶에 +(plus) 효과를 창출하여 누구라도 A⁺의 삶을 살 수 있도록 하는 것이다. 전문코치를 위한 C-PLUS 코칭프로그램은 총 20시간으로 구성되며, 코칭의 기본적인 이론과 기술들을 바탕으로 전문코치들에게 필요한 내용들을 포함하고 있다. 이 과정에서 사용된 코칭 모델은 CPA모델이며, 코칭대화모델은 C-PLUS코칭원리를 바탕으로 한 ACTIVE코칭대화모델이다. 구체적인 프로그램은 코칭에 대한 기초, 코칭의 원리, 코칭대화모델, 코칭의 기술, 코칭스타일, 코칭실습으로 구성하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 전문코치양성을 위한 ACTIVE코칭 대화모델기반 C-PLUS 코칭프로그램은 누구나 쉽게 코칭을 이해하고 전문코치가 되거나 코칭교육을 통해 생활 가운데 코칭을 활용하는 코칭접근법이 가능하도록 기초적인 코칭교육을 체계적으로 제공했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

This study analyzed to what degree artificial intelligence conversation systems can recognize and respond to human’s emotion language, and it aimed to suggest areas that need to be supplemented for emotional exchange conversations. For this purpose, the study conducted experiments on three kinds of speakers with artificial intelligence conversation system. As a result, the following points have to be solved for the emotional exchange in the artificial intelligence conversation system. First, from the viewpoint of recognition, it is necessary to strengthen the learning of various phrases and expressions related to the emotion, since only the emotion language composed of one word can be grasped at this time. Second, from the viewpoint of the reaction, it is necessary to construct effective dialogue and content by learning the proper dialogue principles as a communication partner for humans that can empathize and communicate, rather than as a machine that evokes instrumental purpose. The significance of the study is what an artificial intelligence conversation system needs for emotional exchange with humans to establish a foundation for a more accurate and efficient development of technology.

본 논고는 『史記』중「本紀」,「世家」,「列傳」의 대화문을 대상으로 하여 그라이스(Grice)의 대화협력원리 이론을 통해 화자의 화용양상을 살펴보았다. 협력원리로 화자의 대화를 분석해 보면 화자의 의도가 표면적 사전중심의 의미만이 아닌 이면의 함축적 정보에 의해 청자에게 효과적인 메시지가 전달되는 것을 알 수 있다. 함축은 화용론에서는 특히 중요한 개념이다. 기존의 통사론과 의미론이 문장 혹은 표면적 연구에 머물러 있었다면 화용의 관점에서는 발 화를 통해 화자가 상대방에게 전달하고자 하는 의도에 더 큰 비중을 둔다. 따라서 본 연구의 주된 목적은 기존의 연구와 번역에서 청자에 해당하는 독자에게 제공된 表謙副詞 “竊”과 “伏”의 부족한 함축적 정보를 알아보고 고전원문의 직역이 아닌 자연스러운 한국어 번역으로써의 대안을 살펴보는 것이다.

This study is based on a case study, in which an interactive teaching method has been applied to teach beginning level of Chinese to Korean college students. One of the lessons from the textbook, Speaking Basic Chinese (2013) has been used for teaching 21 students. The method suggests three stages of interactions by including: (1) word learning, 2) sentence production, and (3) sentence application. The stage of word learning is further divided into 3 steps: (1) pronunciation and understanding meaning, (2) inducing student participation, (3) confirmation and self-inspection. The second stage of sentence production is also divided into 3 different steps: (1) sentence production using learned words, (2) practicing sentences, (3) practicing sentences by role-plays. Likewise, the final stage of sentence application includes 2 practical steps: (1) interpreting basic sentences, (2) interpreting more complex sentences. This case study has found that the students feel more interested and motivated in learning activities through diverse interactions between the instructor and the students, and also interactions between the students. It is suggested that this kind of interactive approaches be applied to teaching the beginning Chinese conversation and higher levels as well. Finally, the finding of the present case study should be examined with more and in-depth studies and experiments in the future.

This paper on language learner strategies utilizes a little used quantitative, datamining technique called cluster analysis to investigate characteristics of groups of South Korean learners of English. After 71 students in three first-year university liberal arts English conversation courses completed the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL), and the number of learning strategies was reduced from 50 to 26 based on standard deviation (SD) results, the non-hierarchical (K-means) 3-cluster procedure was applied to the self-reported data. Following statistical analysis, each of the three cluster groups could be profiled according to achievement scores. At this point, six items emerged as particularly meaningful with regard to the latter, including direct strategies (a memory one and a cognitive one) and indirect strategies (two affective and two metacognitive). These strategies and their significance with reference to the local context as well as results previously reported in the literature are discussed. Finally, limitations of the study and implications for future research using cluster analysis are reported.

Using conversation analysis (CA), this study examines the less explored languageteaching genre within an English as a foreign language (EFL) context: the writing center tutorials. Focusing the analysis specifically on tutor talk, this paper investigates the contingent production of third turns of second language (L2) tutors. Following the lead of Lee’s (2007) study of teachers’ third turns in classroom discourse, this study used CA to analyze audio-recorded tutoring sessions conducted in English. The analyses highlight five ways in which tutors make use of the third turn position in an IRF sequence to maneuver the tutorials, specifically contingent on the two types of student response in the second turn. Based on the analytic findings that illuminate the diverse functions of the tutors’ third turns, this study concludes with pedagogical implications for English-mediated writing center tutorials in EFL contexts.

The study examines interactional practices for initiating topic in naturally occurring conversation using Conversation Analysis (Button & Casey, 1984, 1985, 1988-1989 to name a few) as a methodological tool. The data of the current study is comprised of 14 hours of conversation-for-learning (Kasper & Kim, 2015) data between one American graduate student and two Korean adolescent ESL learners. It is longitudinal data where the participants have met every two weeks over the period of nine months. Between the two typical sequential environments where topic shift occurs, the current study focuses on boundaried topical movement as opposed to stepwise topical movement. The study first presents a range of practices used to initiate topic at topic-bounding sequential environments as reported in L1 English speaker conversation, including topic initial elicitors, itemized news inquiry and news announcement. Then, the study shows how participants’ relative knowledge and estimated right to the knowledge of the news/topic significantly figure in the design of topic initiation. Lastly, the study provides a developmental picture of the focal L2 learner’s topic initiating practice along the timeline and concludes with some pedagogical implications.