인공지능(Artificial Intelligence, AI)은 1950년대 초기개념과 이론을 앨런 튜링이 튜링 테스트를 제안하여 기계가 인간과 같은 수준의 지능을 가질 수 있는지 대한 질문을 던지면서 시작되었다. 1980년대부터 특정 분야의 전문 지식을 모방하여 지원하는 AI 시스템인 전 문가 시스템이 부상하기 시작하면서 Machine Learning이 중요성을 얻기 시작하였다. 특히, Decision Tree, Clustering 그리고 Neural Network Algorithm 등이 연구되기 시작하였다. Clustering 기법은 다양한 분야에서 통계분석에 사용되는 자료를 정제하기 위한 비지도 학습 중 하나로, 군집화 알고리즘을 사용하여 자료의 값(Pointer)들을 특정 그룹으로 분류하는 방법이다. 이러한 Clustering을 활용하여 기존 데이터에서 숨겨진 데이터들의 특성을 파악할 수 있으며, 일정 패턴이나 특징을 가진 데이터들끼리의 군집화를 할 수 있게 된다. 이러한 클러스터링은 다양한 산업 분야에서 적용 및 활용하고 있다. 산업화 이후 미국, 벨기에 등 많은 나라에서 효율적인 도로 관 리를 위해 자국의 특성에 맞는 Pavement Management System (PMS)를 운영하고 있지만 현재 많은 분야에서 적용하고 있는 AI를 활용한 사례가 매우 드물다. 한국에서도 수십년 동안 국토교통부와 한국도로공사에서 PMS를 이용하여 도로를 관리해 왔으며, 최근에 는 몇 개 지자체에서 PMS를 도입하였다. 하지만 한국에서는 오랜 PMS 운영 경험에도 불구하고 AI를 활용하지 않고 전통적 방법인 회귀모형을 활용하여 개발한 공용성 예측모형을 사용하고 있기 때문에 그 성능이 떨어지고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 Machine Learning Clustering 기법을 PMS 자료에 적용이 가능한지 확인하였다. 공용성 예측모형의 종속변수인 Performance Factors와 독립변 수인 Influencing Factors 간의 상관성을 확인할 수 없는 경우 클러스터링을 적용하여 종속변수와 독립변수 간의 상관성을 분명히 나 타내고 회귀분석이 가능하도록 하였다. Delaunay Triangulation을 적용하여 인천광역시 기상관측소의 삼각망을 형성하였다. 삼각망의 각 꼭짓점과 도로 각 지점 간의 거리에 대하여 Inverse Distance Weighted 방법을 적용하여 도로 각 구간의 PMS 자료와 영향인자를 매칭하였다. 클러스터링 기법을 원자료에 적용한 결과 공용성인자와 영향인자 간의 상관성이 분명해졌다. 또한, 클러스터링 이전과 이 후 자료의 확률밀도함수의 분포를 비교하여 클러스터링 이후의 자료가 이전의 대해서 대표성을 갖고 있는지 확인하였다.

본 고에서는 소를 통해 자신의 본성을 회복해 가는 십우도 (十牛圖)와 청소년들이 자아정체성을 찾아가는 과정을 비교· 고찰하였다. 청소년들이 자아정체성 확립을 통해 긍정적인 가치관과 자아를 형성하여 성숙한 사회적 존재로 성장할 수 있도록 노력하는 것은 현대 사회에 중요한 과제이다. 불교에 서 인간의 불성(佛性)을 소에 비유한 십우도는 선(禪) 수행 단 계를 소와 동자에 비유한 그림으로 자신의 본성을 발견하고 깨닫는 과정을 열 단계로 표현하였다. 십우도는 참나를 찾는 여정을 순차적으로 보여주는 치유와 수행의 과정이라 할 수 있다. 본 고에서는 청소년들이 자기 성찰과 치유를 얻고 세 상을 살아가는 지혜를 발견하는 기회를 가질 수 있도록 곽암 의 십우도와 상관성을 살펴보았다. 잃어버린 소를 찾아서 방 황하다가 소를 길들이면서 소와 일체가 되어 참나를 회복하 고 깨달은 후에, 다시 돌아와 중생 구제한다는 십우도는 청 소년의 자아정체성 확립에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있을 거라 고 사료 된다. 자아정체성을 발견하는 과정에서 중요한 내면 의 탐색, 도전과 성장, 인간관계와 영향, 그리고 성찰과 깨달 음은 십우도와 맥락을 같이 한다고 할 수 있다. 십우도를 통 해 청소년들이 올바른 삶을 찾도록 방향을 제시해서 그들이 건강한 자아정체성을 형성할 수 있도록 도움을 주는 것을 목 적으로 하는 본 고는 삶의 가치관과 자아정체성 확립으로 중 요한 시기인 청소년에게 삶의 방향을 제시하여 긍정적인 지 침이 될 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 있다고 할 수 있다.

Abstract Purpose : The distribution of axial length and ocular dimensions was investigated, and each correlation according to gender and age was investigated. Methods : Among 847 eyes of 438 patients, 207 eyes in 20s, 210 eyes in 30s, 216 eyes in 40s, and 214 eyes in 50s were measured for axial length with IOL-Master 700. Refractive error was measured with KR-800. Corneal curvature radius and corneal eccentricity were measured with Keratograph 4. Results : Axial length (male: 24.57±1.22mm, female: 24.03±1.12mm) and horizontal corneal eccentricity (male: 0.58±0.11, female: 0.54±0.12) tended to increase in decreased age, male and myopia. Mean corneal curvature radius (male: 7.82±0.25mm, female: 7.71±0.25 mm), and horizontal corneal curvature radius (male: 7.91±0.26 mm, female: 7.79±0.26mm), nasal corneal eccentricity (male: 0.68±0.14, female: 0.66±0.15), and temporal corneal eccentricity (male: 0.45±0.14, female: 0.44±0.13) tended to increase in decreased age and male. Mean corneal eccentricity (male: 0.57±0.12, female: 0.54±0.12), vertical corneal curvature radius (male: 7.71±0.27 mm, female: 7.65±0.24 mm), vertical corneal eccentricity (male: 0.56±0.15, female: 0.54±0.15), and inferior corneal eccentricity (male: 0.52±0.19, female: 0.46±0.22) tended to increase in male. The correlation with axial length and corneal curvature radius showed a high correlation in emmetropia and the horizontal. Horizontal and temporal corneal eccentricity showed a low correlation. Conclusion : Axial length, corneal curvature radius, and corneal eccentricity (excluding vertical) were higher in males. As age increased, axial length, and corneal curvature radius decreased. Among the 4 quadrants of corneal eccentricity, only the temporal s ide showed a significant correlation with axial length. Key words : Age, Axial length, Corneal curvature radius, Corneal eccentricity, Gender Authors ORCID:†

이 연구는 1세대 스마트 온실의 재배환경 데이터와 장미 절 화의 품질 특성 데이터를 수집하고 그 요인들 간의 상관 관계 를 분석하여 절화수명 예측 및 최적 환경 조성의 기초 자료를 얻고자 수행되었다. 이를 위해, 토경재배(SC) 및 암면배지경 양액재배(RWH) 하우스 각 1개소를 선정하여 1년간 기온, 상 대습도(RH) 및 수증기압차(VPD), 일적산광량(DLI), 근권온도 등의 환경 데이터와 매월 말 수확된 장미 ‘Miss Holland’ 절 화의 품질 특성 데이터를 수집하였으며, 이 데이터와 절화수 명과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 절화수명은 10월과 11월을 제외하고는 SC 하우스에서 RWH 하우스보다 더 길었다. 절 화수명과 환경 및 생육 특성 간의 상관관계 분석에서 SC 하우 스의 상관계수는 RWH 하우스보다 조금 더 높았으며, 절화수 명 예측을 위한 요소들도 두 하우스 간에 차이가 있었다. SC 하우스의 절화수명 Y=0.848X1+0.366X2-0.591X3+2.224X4- 0.171X5+0.47X6+0.321X7+9.836X8-110.219(X1-X8: 최고 RH, RH 일교차, DLI, pH, Hunter’s b value, EC, 절화 장, 잎 두께; R2=0.544)로 예측되었고, RWH 하우스의 절화수명 Y=-1.291X1+52.026X2-0.094X3+0.448X4-3.84X5+0.624X6 - 8.528X7+28.45(X1-X7: 경경, 야간 VPD, 최고 근권온도, 최 저 근권온도, 기온 일교차, RH 일교차, 최고 VPD; R2=0.5243) 로 예측되었다. 이 두 모델식으로부터 SC 하우스에서는 RH, EC 및 pH가, 그리고 RWH 하우스에서는 근권 온도가 절화수명에 더 큰 영향을 미친다는 것을 추론할 수 있다. 따라서 각 재배 방법에 따라 장미의 절화수명에 더 큰 영향을 미치는 환경적 요인을 효율적으로 관리할 필요가 있다.

Background: Estrus in cows can be detected through vaginal electrical resistance or conductivity. However, there are no studies measuring vaginal electrical resistance in Hanwoo cows. This study aims to measure the vaginal electrical resistance value in Hanwoo cows and compare it with estrus and ovulation. Methods: Vaginal electrical resistance values of 73 Hanwoo cows were measured before and after estrus at the Gyeongsangbuk-do Livestock Research Institute. Measurements were taken on days -6, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, and 6 of artificial insemination. Large follicles and ovulation were confirmed using transvaginal ultrasonography. Results: The vaginal electrical resistance averaged 225.6 ± 6.3 Ω days before the artificial insemination date, decreasing until the day of artificial insemination. The average vaginal electrical resistance was 163.7 ± 4.6 Ω on the date of artificial insemination, and 188.8 ± 4.3 Ω one day after artificial insemination, when large follicles were observed. In addition, on the 6th day after artificial insemination, the vaginal electrical resistance averaged 231.4 ± 5.5, which was similar to the 6th day before artificial insemination (222.5 ± 6.3). Transvaginal ultrasonography showed that most of the cows ovulated one day after artificial insemination. Conclusions: The accuracy of estrus is high if the vaginal electrical resistance is measured for cows with confirmed estrus, making is a potentially useful for determining the timing of artificial insemination.

algorithms for deriving and analyzing retroreflectivity influence factors through regression analysis. METHODS : An experimental road lane was created to examine the trends of retroreflectivity and LiDAR intensity values, and a controlled indoor experiment was conducted to identify influencing factors. The optimal algorithm was developed by regression analysis of the experimental data. RESULTS : The significance probability (P-value) through SPSS linear regression analysis was 0.000 for measured height, 0.001 for perpendicular angle, 0.157 for vertical angle, and 0.000 for LiDAR intensity, indicating that measured height, vertical angle, and LiDAR intensity are significant factors because the significance probability is less than 0.05, and vertical angle is not significant. The NNR regression model performed the best, so the measurement data with height (1.2m, 2m, 2.2m) and vertical angle (11.3°, 12.3°, 13.5°) were analyzed to derive the optimal LiDAR Intensity measurement height and vertical angle. CONCLUSIONS : For each LiDAR measurement height and vertical angle, the highest correlation between LiDAR Intensity and retroreflectivity was found at a measurement height of 1.2 meters and a vertical angle of 12.3°, where the model learning accuracy (R2) was the highest.

In order to apply indirect methods (such as scaling factors) to assess the radionuclide inventory of waste generated by nuclear power plants, it is essential to first evaluate the correlation coefficient between key radionuclides and those that are difficult to measure (DTM). The benchmark for the correlation coefficient (r) applied in indirect assessments is set at 0.6, and its significance can vary based on both its value and the size of the dataset. For instance, deriving a correlation coefficient using three data points versus utilizing a dataset with a hundred data points would yield different implications. This study addresses the variance in correlation coefficients based on data selection and presents a methodology for validating the significance of these coefficients. Additionally, we will discuss how these variances may impact the results of indirect assessments, such as scaling factor evaluations.

For the performance and safety assessments of deep geological disposal, developing scenarios, which represent possible long-term changes in the surface environment, is required. These scenarios are formulated using a list of FEPs (Features, Events, and Processes) that describes characteristics of disposal system components. In this study, using international FEP (IFEP) list from OECD/NEA, the individual FEPs related to uplift-subsidence and erosion-deposition were analyzed, and the correlation between each FEP was evaluated. From the IFEP list, the elements related to uplift-subsidence and erosion-deposition processes that cause long-term changes in the surface environment were identified. Uplift-subsidence, erosion - deposition, and the long-term change factors caused by them were analyzed and a correlation diagram was produced according to their interactions. Basis for the integrated analysis of long-term changes in the surface environment and the construction of long-term change scenarios were established considering the evaluation of the factors that cause uplift-subsidence and erosiondeposition, and their correlation with the hydrology-hydrogeology, topography and local climate of the affected surface. The results of this study will be used for systematically formulating scenarios of long-term changes in the surface environment due to uplift-subsidence and erosion-deposition based on natural phenomena. And, it may be necessary to modify and supplement the correlation of domestic FEPs based on the correlation diagram of IFEPs in order to analyze long-term changes in the surface environment in an integrated manner.

Considering the domestic situation where all nuclear power plants are located on seaside, the interim storage site is also likely to be located on coastal site. Maritime transportation is inevitable and the its risk assessment is very important for safety. Currently, there is no independently developed maritime transportation risk assessment code in Korea, and no research has been conducted to evaluate the release of radioactive waste due to the immersion of transport cask. Previous studies show that the release rate of radionuclides contained in a submerged transport cask is significantly affected by the area of flow path generated at the breached containment boundary. Due to the robustness of a cask, the breach is the most likely generated between the lid and body of cask. CRIEPI investigated the effect of cask containment on the release rate of radioactive contents into the ocean and proposed a procedure to calculate the release rate considering the socalled barrier effect. However, the contribution of O-ring on the release rate was not considered in the work. In this study, test and analysis is performed to determine the equivalent flow path gap considering the influence of O-rings. These results will be implemented in the computational model to assess sea water flow through a breached containment boundary using CFD techniques to assess radionuclide release rates. To evaluate the release rate as a function of lid displacement, a small containment vessel is engineered and a metal O-ring of the Helicoflex HN type is installed, which is the most commonly used one in transport and storage casks. The lid of containment vessel is displaced in vertical and horizontal direction and the release rate of the vessel was quantified using the helium leak test and the pressure drop test. Through this work, the relationship between the vertical opening displacement and horizontal sliding displacement of the cask lid and the actual flow path area created is established. This will be implemented in the CFD model for flow rate calculation from a submerged transport cask in the deep sea. In addition, the compression of the O-ring causes very small gaps, such as capillaries. In these cases, Poiseuille’s law is used to calculate the capillary flow rate.

목적 : 본 연구는 RGP 렌즈 착용 상태에서 렌즈후면과 각막전면에 존재하는 눈물층의 두께와 눈물의 굴절력을 측정하였다. 방법 : 본 연구의 대상자는 20명(평균연령 23.02±1.89세)이 참여하였다. 각 참여자는 각막곡률의 측정값에 따 라 피팅상태가 flat fit, alignment fit, steep fit이 되도록 3개의 다른 BC의 RGP를 피팅하였다. RGP렌즈를 착 용한 상태에서 OCT로 눈물층 두께 측정, 자동굴절계를 이용하여 눈물렌즈의 굴절력을 측정하였다. 결과 : 측정결과 베이스 커브에 따라 발생한 렌즈 후면과 각막 간의 눈물층 높이의 평균값은 플랫한 피팅 상태 에서는 6.20±1.06 μm, 정렬된 피팅상태에서는 9.10±1.55 μm, 스팁한 피팅상태에서는 12.5±1.50 μm으로 통 계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다(F(2, 57)=103.05, p<0.010). 피팅상태에 따라 생성된 눈물렌즈의 굴절력은 플 랫 피팅인 경우 –0.85±0.75 D, 정렬된 경우 –0.48±0.85 D, 스팁 피팅인 경우 +1.56±0.77 D로 통계적 으로 유의하게 나타났다(F(2, 57)=53.71,p<0.010). 3가지 피팅에 따라서 RPG 렌즈 후면과 각막전면의 있는 눈 물 렌즈의 두께와 눈물 렌즈로 생성된 굴절력과의 상관관계 분석에서 r=0.58로 다소 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 결론 : 본 연구에서는 정렬된 피팅이 된 경우, 최소의 굴절력 조정이 요구되며, 반면 스팁한 피팅인 경우 더 많 은 조정이 필요하다.

This study was conducted to assess the genetic variability and correlation of phenotypic characteristics in 12 tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes including 11 WorldVeg and one commercial variety (Pusa Ruby) in Terai (plain) region of Nepal in 2021–2022. This experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The phenotypic traits, including days to 50% flowering, plant vigor and height, fruit number/plant, fruit yield, fruit weight and diameter, fruit firmness and fruit pericarp thickness, and total soluble solids (TSS) content of the fruits, were studied. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits except for plant vigor. The genotype of AVTO1705 resulted the highest fruit yield (2.9 kg/plant) than Pusa Ruby, a commercial check (0.5 kg/plant). The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits and PCV values were maximum for the number of fruits, fruit yield, and fruit weight. High PCV, GCV, and genetic advance (GA) were observed for yield, fruit weight, and plant height, respectively, indicating the additive gene effect. High heritability for fruit yield/plant and plant height inferred the phenotypic selection for their genetic improvement. Fruit yield was significantly (P<0.05) positively correlated with the fruit number and fruit weight, and direct selection of these traits are reliable for yield improvement in tomato.

Modernism is an internationally accepted design style. In addition, traditional Korean costume is not the clothing of the past, but its form is also used in modern fashion. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the social and cultural contents of the morphological structure of traditional Korean costume, in order to derive the design characteristics of modernism and examine the global applicability of traditional Korean costume structure. For this study, photographic materials from museums, schematic drawings of relics, and Hanbok production books published by government agencies were analyzed. Further, this study examined traditional Korean costume, especially the modernism characteristics derived from Paul Greenhalgh and previous studies. The results are as follows. First, The traditional Korean costume is a cut based on basic shapes, along with a silhouette appears according to the background of the times. Second, the characteristics of modernism can be divided into universality, functionality, and simplicity. Third, as a result of analyzing the form structure of traditional Korean costume based on the characteristics of modernism, universality is expressed as standardized form, functionality as practical aesthetics, and simplicity as sustainable diversity. Furthermore, Korean costume has a difference in that was greatly influenced by various Eastern ideas and aesthetics of the late Joseon Dynasty. These findings provide a perspective of modern reinterpretation of the uniqueness and universality of traditional Korean costume in line with globalization by utilizing the design characteristics of modernism, an international style.

이 총설에서는 다양한 소재를 이용한 고분자 분리막의 제조를 위한 제조방식, 특성과 여러가지 인자들에 대해서 논의하고자 한다. 분리막 제조방식은 상전이, 계면중합, 연신, 트랙에칭 그리고 전기방사 같은 방법을 주로 강조하여 설명하 고자 하며, 추가적으로 다양한 응용에 따른 제조방식에 대한 한계나 응용성에 대해서도 설명하고자 한다. 또한 다양한 고분자 분리막의 표면거칠기, 표면장력, 표면전하와 표면의 기능성 작용기 같은 표면특성에 대해서도 정리하였으며, 막성능의 향상을 위하여 상전이법이나 계면중합 같은 일반적인 분리막 제조공정에서 필요한 추가적인 향상방법을 나타내었다. 트랙에칭이나 전기방사와 같은 새로운 제조방법의 가능성에 대해서도 분석하였다.

Considering the domestic situation where all nuclear power plants are located on seaside, the interim storage site is also likely to be located on coastal site. Maritime transportation is inevitable and the its risk assessment is very important for safety. Currently, there is no independently developed maritime transportation risk assessment code in Korea, and no research has been conducted to evaluate the release of radioactive waste due to the immersion of transport cask. Previous studies show that the release rate of radionuclides contained in a submerged transport cask is significantly affected by the area of flow path generated at the breached containment boundary. Due to the robustness of a cask, the breach is the most likely generated between the lid and body of cask. CRIEPI investigated the effect of cask containment on the release rate of radioactive contents into the ocean and proposed a procedure to calculate the release rate considering the so-called barrier effect. However, the contribution of O-ring on the release rate was not considered in the work. In this study, test and analysis is performed to determine the equivalent flow path gap considering the influence of O-rings. These results will be implemented in the computational model to assess sea water flow through a breached containment boundary using CFD techniques to assess radionuclide release rates. The evaluation of release rate due to container lid gaps has been performed by CRIEPI and BAM. In CRIEPI, the gap of the flow path was calculated from the roughness of the container surface without a quantitative assessment of the severity of the accident. In this work, to evaluate the release rate as a function of lid displacement, a small containment vessel is engineered and a metal Oring of the Helicoflex HN type is installed, which is the most commonly used one in transport and storage casks. The lid of containment vessel is displaced in vertical and horizontal direction and the release rate of the vessel was quantified using the helium leak test and the pressure drop test. Through this work, the relationship between the vertical opening displacement and horizontal sliding displacement of the cask lid and the actual flow path area created is established. This will be implemented in the CFD model for flow rate calculation from a submerged transport cask in the deep sea.