In supply chain, most partners except the top level suppliers have inbound and outbound logistics. For example, toll manufacturing companies get unprocessed materials from a requesting company and send the processed materials back to the company after toll processing. Accordingly, those companies have inbound and outbound transportation costs in their total logistics costs. For many cases, the company may make the schedule of distributions by considering only the due delivery dates. However, the inbound and outbound transportation costs could significantly affect the total logistics costs. Thus, this paper considers the inbound and outbound transportation costs to find the optimal distribution plans. In addition, we have considered the inventory holding costs as well with transportation costs. From the experimental results, we have provided the optimal strategies for the distributions of replenishment as well as deliveries.

In this paper, an alternative inventory policy that trades off the bullwhip effect at an upstream facility with cost minimization at a current facility, with the goal of reducing system wide total expected inventory costs, when external demand distributjon is autocorrelated, is considered. The alternative inventory policy has a form that is somewhere between one that completely neglects the autocorrleation and one that actively utilizes the autocorrelation. For this purpose, a mathematical model that allows us to evaluate system wide total expected inventory costs for a periodic review system is developed. This model enables us to identify an optimal inventory policy at a current facility that minimizes system wide total expected inventory costs by the best tradeoff of the bullwhip effect at an upstream facility with cost minimization at a current facility. From numerical experiments, it has been found that (i) when the autocorrelation is negative, the optimal policy is one that actively utilizes the autocorrelation, (ii) when the autocorrelation is small and positive, the optimal policy is one that neglects the autocorrelation, and (iii) when the autocorrelation is large and positive, the optimal policy is somewhere between one that actively utilizes the autocorrelation and one that neglect the autocorrelation.

In South Korea, the replacement of steam generators began with Kori Unit 1 in 1995, and to date, 20 steam generators have been replaced and are currently stored in intermediate storage facilities. In the future, additional decommissioned steam generators may arise due to measures like the extension of the lifespan of nuclear power plants. In Korea, technological development for dismantling steam generators is underway, and there is no track record of actual dismantling. Although the replaced decommissioned steam generators are stored in intermediate facilities, for site recycling purposes, steam generators, which have relatively lower radiation doses compared to reactor heads and other primary equipment, should be prioritized for dismantling. While there are various specifications for steam generators, those dismantled and stored domestically are of the Recirculation Type. They can be classified into three types: the Westinghouse type WH-51 used in Kori Unit 1, the Fra-51B used in Han-ul Units 1 and 2, and the OPR-1000 used in Han-ul Units 3 and 4. The quantity of U-Tubes varies depending on the specification, but the radiation is concentrated in the primary side components, the U-Tube and Chamber. Since the parts related to the secondary side are not contaminated, they can be disposed of independently after classification. To dismantle a steam generator, it is of utmost importance to first create a scenario regarding where and how the dismantling will take place. Through the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each scenario, the optimal timing, location, and cutting method for dismantling should be researched. Furthermore, based on those findings, the best scenario should be derived through an analysis of worker radiation exposure and dismantling costs. To achieve this, a 3D simulation software developed by Cyclelife Digital Solutions under the French EDF was utilized to conduct simulations based on different dismantling schedules and methods. As a result, the optimal scenario for dismantling the steam generator was derived.

Some leading manufactures vertically integrate wholesale functions in order to control those functions. Based on transaction cost analysis (TCA) and capability approach, this research proposes a conceptual framework why manufactures integrate wholesale functions or not. Specifically, it is suggested that human asset specificity and teachability positively related with vertical integration, while outside wholesaler know-how negatively related with vertical integration. Empirical analysis shows that decision on integration of wholesale functions are influenced by TCA and capability factors.

This study attempted to analyze the comparative advantage in terms of disaster safety costs in verifying the effectiveness and economic feasibility of the high-performance water-bulwark system in the pole tunnel, which was recently promoted as a part of the acceleration of vehicles. The tunnel to be analyzed was divided into a short tunnel(Anyang, Cheonggye) and a long tunnel(Suraksan, Sapaesan). As a result, it was analyzed that 25% of the improvement effect would occur if one lane was secured by applying the Water-Bulwark System. It was analyzed that this is because the time value cost, which accounts for a large proportion of the traffic congestion cost of short tunnels and pole tunnels, differs depending on the congestion time and traffic volume, not the length of the tunnel.

This study aims to analyze the cost of climate change damages to laver and sea mustard aquaculture, which are considered to be highly vulnerable to climate change in Korea. For this purpose, the correlation between aquaculture production and climate factors such as water temperature, salinity, air temperature, and precipitation was estimated using a panel regression model. The SSP scenario was applied to predict the changes in production and damage costs due to changes in future climate factors. As a result of the analysis, laver production is predicted to decrease by 18.0-27.2% in 2050 and 20.6-61.6% in 2100, and damage costs are predicted to increase from 29.7-50.8 billion KRW in 2050 to 35.7-116.1 billion KRW in 2100. Sea mustard production is projected to decrease by 24.5-37.2% in 2050 and 24.0-34.5% in 2100, with similar damage costs of 41.1-61.8 billion KRW and 41.1-58.6 billion KRW, respectively. These damage costs are expected to occur in the short term as damage caused by fishery disasters such as high temperatures, and in the long term as a decrease in production due to changes in aquaculture sites. Therefore, measures such as strengthening the forecasting system to prevent high-temperature damage, developing high-temperature-resistant varieties, and relocating fishing grounds in response to changes in aquaculture sites will be necessary.

PURPOSES : This study proposes a method for comparative analysis, based on geographic information systems (GIS), that can be used when introducing demand-responsive transit in areas where public transportation is not available. METHODS : To analyze areas where public transportation is neglected, bus stop location information, building location information, and administrative district boundary data for the census were acquired. Geocoding was used for address-based raw data to create a spatial database. Based on the collected data, the proportion of households separated by a certain minimum distance from a bus stop was aggregated and constructed through near analysis. When introducing a demand-responsive transit system, the operational cost was calculated and compared with the existing city bus transportation cost. RESULTS : Results show that the operating costs of introducing demand-responsive transit can be compared and analyzed using the proposed method, for a case study of Daejeon Metropolitan City. CONCLUSIONS : It is economically efficient to avoid the entry of route buses and introduce demand-responsive transit in areas isolated from public transportation where the number of people getting on and off is extremely low.

홍잠은 숙잠(熟蠶)을 수증기로 익혀서 인간이 섭취할 수 있도록 제조한 다양한 건강 증진 효과가 있는 천연 건강 식품이다. 현재 표준 제조 방법은 수증기로 찐 홍잠을 보관과 판매의 편의를 위하여 급속 냉동하여 동결 건조를 진행하는 것이다. 그런데, 홍잠을 동결 건조하는 과정은 많 은 시간과 비용을 필요로 하여 홍잠 제품 가격의 인상 요인으로 작용하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 홍잠을 수증기로 찐 후 바로 균질 액으로 제조하여 분무 건조하면 분말 제조 비용을 절감할 수 있음을 발견하였다. 그리고 홍잠 균질 액에 식용 단백질 분해 효소를 첨가하여 분해시킨 후, 단 1회의 분무 건조로 제품을 제조할 수 있는 방법을 개발하였다. 특히 홍잠 균질 액이나 효소 분해 홍잠 균질 액은 바로 액상이나 젤리 형태로 일반 또는 환 자용 특수 의료 용도 식품에 활용이 가능함을 보여주었다. 본 연구에서는 생산비용이 감소된 홍잠의 가공 방법을 제안하며 이는 제품 생성의 단가 를 낮추어 제품의 대중화와 양잠 농가의 연관산업 육성을 불러올 것으로 기대된다.

The study was aimed to investigate the operational meal costs by kindergarten size in Seoul and to analyze recognition for optimal meal prices. A survey (31.6% recovery rate) was conducted on all kindergartens (779 kindergartens) in Seoul on April 2021 using descriptive analysis, t-test, and dispersion method. A price sensitivity measurement (psm) method was used to determine optimal meal prices. Result showed an average food cost for kindergartens of 2,647 won, an average labor cost of 605 won, an average operating cost of 146 won, and the total meal cost of 3,506 won. Total meal cost decreased with increasing kindergarten size (p<0.001). On the other hand, kindergartens with more students decreased the ratio of food cost to total meal cost, and operating cost and labor costs (p<0.001) increased. The optimal price of kindergarten operators' meal cost (OPP) was KRW 3,673. Furthermore, the analysis showed the sensitivity of operators' meal costs to kindergarten size was insignificant.

남한과 북한은 6.25전쟁 후 간헐적으로 신뢰구축과 군비감축을 협의하고 있지만 상호 정치적 욕망에 의한 형식적 논의에 불가하고 실질적으로는 군사력 증강을 지속하여 추진하고 있다. 군사력 증강에 따른 군비경 쟁은 경제발전의 저해는 물론 정치·사회적 비용도 무시할 수 없다. 이러한 비용은 시간이 지날수록 커지며 남북한의 통일을 염두에 두었을 때 그 통일비용은 감당할 수 없는 부담으로 다가올 것이다. 한반도의 통일 은 분단의 역사를 종식시켜 한민족의 번영을 추구하고 세계 평화에도 기여할 수 있다. 그러나 통일은 남북한의 경제력 차이에 의한 소요비용과 사회적 혼란 등 여러 가지 문제가 야기될 수 있다. 이러한 관점에서 통 일에 소요되는 비용을 산출하여 재원을 마련하고 준비를 한다면 경제적 부담을 줄일 수 있을 것이다. 이와 같은 문제점을 설명하기 위하여 본 논문은 통일비용 조달을 위한 예산절감이 군비감축으로 어느 정도 기여 할 수 있을 것이라는 의도에서 군비감축의 접근방법과 비용을 미시적 차원에서 산출하였다. 군비감축으로 절약된 예산은 통일비용과 비교하여 설명하고, 군비감축을 통하여 절약된 비용을 축적하여 향후 통일비용으로 활용할 수 있는 방안을 제시하였다.

PURPOSES : This study reveals the social cost of illegal parking. Roadside illegal parking causes additional traffic congestion, air pollution, and traffic accidents. Several cities try to reduce illegal parking for the same reasons and build public parking spaces. However, few studies have been conducted on the effects and social cost of illegal parking problems. METHODS : In this study, a real-world study site was selected for the calibration of the VISSIM micro-simulator parameters, and several scenarios were created for developing illegal parking effect models. According to the simulation results, this study demonstrated five regression models that illustrated the average travel speed drop effects and the differences in emissions. RESULTS : Depending on the scenarios, the travel speed was dropped by 20 km/h–57 km/h and the levels of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide were increased by 111 g–279 g and 22.5 g–56.3 g, respectively. CONCLUSIONS : In this study, a methodology for estimating the social cost of illegal parking was established. Therefore, it is expected to contribute to the evaluation of policies related to illegal parking or the feasibility of facility investment.

In this study, effects of five raw water quality parameters (turbidity, odor compounds caused by algae, filter clogging caused by algae, pH increase caused by algae, and organic matter) on improvements and operations costs of typical water treatment plant (WTP) were estimated. The raw water quality parameters were assumed the worst possible conditions based on the past data and costs were subsequently estimated. Results showed that new water treatment facilities were needed, such as a selective intake system, an advanced water treatment processes, a dual media filter, a carbonation facility, and a re-chlorination facility depending on water quality. Furthermore, changes needed to be made in WTP operations, such as adding powered activated carbon, increasing the injection of chlorine, adding coagulation aid, increasing the discharge of backwashed water, and increasing the operation time of dewatering facilities. Such findings showed that to reliably produce high-quality tap water and reduce water treatment costs, continuous improvements to the quality of water sources are needed.

선박재활용으로 인한 환경오염 피해는 국제해운에서 과거부터 지속적으로 제기되어져 오던 문제이다. 특히, 동남아시아 지역의 선박재활용 환경 문제는 유럽 및 선진국에 소재한 선박소유주들로부터 비롯되고 있다는 여러 보고들이 최근 유럽의 비정부기관과 사회단체들로부터 발표되고 있다. 국제사회는 이러한 환경피해를 막기 위해 여러 가지 국제 및 지역적 규제를 개발해오고 있지만, 관할권 및 제도적 한계, 그리고 선주의 의도적 법률 우회로 인해 제도적 실효성에 의문점이 많은 상태이다. 이에 본 논문에서는 선박재활용과 관련된 현 국제조약 및 제도들이 선박소유자들의 편의치적 사용으로 인한 관련 제도 집행력의 부족과 선박 매매 중계자로 인한 실제 선박소유주 식별의 어려움으로 인해 그 실효성을 확보하기 어렵다고 보고, 이를 보완하기 위한 새로운 국제제도 필요성에 대해 알아본다. 특히, 본 논문에서는 선박재활용으로 인한 환경피해를 중심으로 그 피해를 보상하기 위해 선박소유자의 책임을 국제환경법 원칙 (오염자부담원칙 및 월경(越境)피해 책임 원칙)을 통해 어떻게 부과할 수 있는 지에 대해 중점적으로 알아보고자 한다.

The estimation of key indicators in a firm’s cost structure, such as marginal costs, economies of scale and elasticity of substitution are essential to defining the optimal pricing policy, investment and the regulation of ports. However, only a few studies have focused on the estimation of such indicators due to the unavailability of cost data on seaports. In addition, other port cost studies focused on all port activities. The output is measured as a physical product rather than as a service product. The main purpose of this paper is then to concentrate on one service, cargo handling in the port of Saint-Brieuc, and to examine the real composition of its costs. The estimation of a translog cost function suggested that the port may have an over employment of administrative staff in the handling service and a limited capacity when it comes to efficiency in the long run. The results also indicated increasing returns to scale that may suggest that the application of pricing at a marginal cost might not aid the total recovery of the outlay. These results are useful from an operational as well as an investment policy perspective.

Domestic fishing villages' net profit has consistently dropped down in recently, and currently it is down to 16.4%.This paper develop and increase fishing profit as this project will decrease 20% of the operation cost and eventually vitalize the fishing villages' economy. Especially, it could be an alternative solution to the constant requests of WTO (World Trade Organization) and UN ECOSOC (UN Economic and Social Council) to stop cross subsidization of marine products. IMO (International Maritime Organization) is concerned about air pollution caused by carbon dioxide production, and it strongly suggests on decreasing carbon dioxide discharge level. This paper will help protect ocean ecology as it will not only decrease various types of oil usage but also promote alternative technology solution. Also Increase business' profit by selling ocean and other related business parts and factors. Low speed electric car applies high performance level of motor and motor control devices. Among those, about 20% is the original cost of motor and motor control devices. Therefor entering low speed electric car market, parts sales and sales will increase.

목적 : 병원에 내원하는 근시 환자수를 통하여 유병률을 분석하고 의료비용을 통하여 근시 환자의 1인당 진료비의 변화추이를 분석하고자 하였다. 방법 : 건강보험심사평가원에서 제공하는 환자표본자료를 이용하여 근시로 병원에 내원한 외래 및 입원 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 유병률은 2015년도 인구총조사 데이터를 활용하였다. 결과 : 3년간 근시로 병원에 내원한 환자 수는 2015년도에 가장 많았으며, 외래진료가 대부분이었다. 남 성보다 여성의 환자수가 많았으며, 남성은 2016년도에 가장 많았고 여성은 2015년도에 가장 많았다. 의료기 관별 환자 수는 의원급이 가장 많았으며 보건기관 등이 가장 적었다. 지역별 환자 수는 서울과 경기지역이 많았으며 세종시가 가장 적었다. 근시 유병률은 인구 천 명당 남성은 25.15명, 여성은 30.17명으로 나타났 다. 의원급 요양기관의 유병률은 인구 천 명당 25.90명으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 광주지역의 유병률이 인구 천 명당 39.15명으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 근시로 내원하여 진료 받은 3년간 전체 평균 진료비는 서울이 가 장 많았으며, 대부분의 지역에서 2014년부터 2016년까지의 3년 동안 1인당 진료비가 증가하였다. 결론 : 근시로 병원을 내원하는 전체 환자수와 의료비용은 3년 동안 점차 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 이에 본 논문이 근시 환자의 안경원을 포함한 의료 서비스 이용 양상에 관한 기초자료로 도움이 될 것이라 생각한다.