Introduction Credit card issuers across countries now offer automated payment facilities online to ensure that consumers commit to regular repayments. However, insofar it is unclear whether repayment automation leads to better financial decisions. With an average of $880 billion of revolving debt in the U.S., it is no surprise that policy developers seek to remedy the global credit card debt problem. The current research makes three contributions. First, our study raises public awareness about the negative effects of automated payments on credit card repayments. Contrary to the established assumptions that autopay helps consumers to manage consumer finances (e.g., www.directdebit.co.uk), our experiment unanimously show that autopay facilities reduce the amount of credit card repayment. Second, our study offers a contemporary and relevant insight into the consumers’ online credit card management, which is distinct from its offline counterpart. Specifically, in an online environment, consumers can process information on their credit card and saving almost simultaneously. For example, some consumers may access credit and saving accounts in different browser tabs, while others who own credit and saving accounts from the same institutions may be able to access both accounts within the same webpage. Finally, our study enriches understanding of individual differences in repayment decisions behaviour. Our results indicate that certain attitudinal tendencies to credit cards heightens the effect of autopay on repayment, but this effect is intensified when the context involves those with low level of saving. Conceptual Development The Psychology of Automated Payment Credit cardholders often set up automatic monthly payments to avoid missed payments and incur penalties. The freedom and convenience associated with online banking means that credit card consumers can easily set up automated payment at an amount that they feel comfortable. Consumers can choose any amount ranging from the minimum amount, which is typically is set at 2% of the overall balance, to the full credit card balance. Prior research on goal pursuits suggests that people divide goals into subtasks to experience the motivational benefits of greater self-efficacy (Bandura, 1997). In this case, the use of automated repayment provides a sense of goal progress as it allows repayments to be made in smaller instalments, which in turn, bolsters one’s perception of self-efficacy with respect to the overall goal (i.e. total credit card balance). However, a boosted sense of achievement resulting from subgoal completion may lead consumers to undermine absolute progress towards the overall goal. As such, the subgoal – rather than the superordinate goal – becomes the most salient point of reference for individuals’ motivations towards goal pursuit (Besharat, Carrillat, & Ladik, 2014). Unfortunately, the focus on subgoals can lead to a sense of complacency and reduced persistence towards superordinate goal (Gal & McShane, 2012). Therefore, we expect that the presence of automated repayment cause consumers to focus on the more manageable subgoals (i.e., monthly repayments) rather than the unwieldy superordinate goals (i.e., total credit card balance). In addition, we theorise that the convenience of automated payment removes the salience of the “pain of paying” (Prelec & Loewenstein, 1998) away from future credit card repayment. A key characteristic of credit card expenses is that the “pain” of payment, which provides a nudge for self-reflection and intervention from overspending, is held at bay until the end of the month. However, with automated payment, such deliberation point is subverted to a one-time deliberation. Because automated payment shifts attention away from subordinate goals and reduces the complexity of monthly deliberation, we expect that consumers making automated credit card repayments will commit to less amount of repayment than those making non-automated payments. H1: Automated payment leads to lower repayment amount compared to regular non-automated payment. The Psychology of Credit and Saving Accounts The default setup of many credit card accounts tends to demarcate credit and debit (saving) accounts. For example, consumers may have separate login accounts to access information about their credit and debit accounts. Such financial accounts separation means that consumers also categorise debt and saving into separate mental accounts (Hershfield, Sussman, O’Brien, & Bryan, 2015). Previous research suggests that such erroneous categorization of overall wealth can lead consumers to make financially detrimental decisions, such as taking on high-interest rate debt, while simultaneously holding money in low-interest rate saving account (Sussman & O’Brien, 2015). The absence of overall wealth information in credit card accounts and statements means that people are likely to focus their attention to arbitrary information that may misshape one’s perception of wealth. We therefore expect that the absence of accurate information of financial capability in the form of saving account balance will lead consumers to anchor their repayment decisions on perceived wealth informed by the available credit limit. In contrast, the presence of saving information in credit card account has a direct influence over credit card repayment decision because it represents an accurate picture of one’s overall wealth. Thus, higher (lower) balance of saving account will lead to higher (lower) credit card repayment. We expect that the positive effect of credit and saving account on repayment transcend over the effect of repayment mode (i.e. automated versus non-automated repayment) as it reconciles the consumers’ saving and debt mental accounts. Hence: H2: The amount in saving account influences the amount of credit card repayment. Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Credit Card Debts Prior studies regularly report that credit card as a payment mechanism yield psychological effect on the consumers’ evaluation at the point of purchase. In comparison to more transparent and vivid payment methods such as cash, credit card payments causes consumers to trivialise past payment (Soman, 2001), reduces self-control (Chatterjee & Rose, 2012) and overvalue past income (Soman & Cheema, 2002). However, other studies suggest that consumers exhibit different individual differences in susceptibility to credit card’s psychological effects (Awanis & Cui, 2014; Rick, Cryder, & Loewenstein, 2008). For example, those characterised as spendthrifts, instant gratifiers, low in self-regulation and financial sophistication are likely to emphasise on the bright side of credit cards (i.e., spending/lifestyle facilitator). Consequently, these consumers tend to overspend with their credit cards. We expect that such individual differences in credit card mentality will reflect on the consumers’ repayment habits. Thus, we expect a negative relationship between individual-level susceptibility to credit card debts and repayment amounts. In addition, we also expect that individual differences in credit card debts susceptibility will moderate the relationship between automated payment and repayment decision (H1). Indeed, those who advocate the bright side of credit card (high susceptibility) may appreciate, or even celebrate automated payment facilities, as it makes credit card experience more convenient and worry-free. To this end, we suggest that individual-level differences in susceptibility to credit card debts will moderate the relationship between automated payment and repayment amounts. Furthermore, we propose that such moderated relationship is stronger and consequently more problematic among those with constrained resources (low saving). Specifically, cash-strapped consumers are at risk of placing greater emphasis on the bright side of credit cards to make up for their lack of financial resources. The combined effects of individual susceptibility to credit card effects and the misguided promise of automated payment are likely to lead these individuals to a path of revolving debt. Meanwhile, those with sufficient resources are unlikely to suffer the same extent of indebtedness due to their wealth. Thus, we hypothesise that the moderating effect of individual susceptibility to credit card debts on the relationship between automated payment and repayment amount will differ across those with low and high saving: H3: In low saving conditions, susceptibility to credit card debts moderates the relationship between automated payment and the amount of credit card repayment; in high saving no such moderation effect is expected. Method We conducted a 5 (current account balance) x 2 (payment mode) between-subject experiment involving a hypothetical scenario and repayment decisions. Current account balance has five levels: no account balance information (served as a control condition), $500, $1000, $2000 and $3000 and payment has two levels: autopay and regular payment. Across all experimental conditions, the minimum required payment and credit card balance were kept constant. In total, eight hundreds and nine US credit card users (458 women, 11% were aged 18-44 years, 42% from 25-34 years, 24% from 35-44 years and 23% were aged more than 45 years) were drawn from Amazon Mechanical Turk and were paid $.35 each for participation. Participants were asked to imagine that they had just logged onto their online account where they could see their online credit card statement with a balance of $1.937.28 and a minimum payment of £35.78. This minimum required payment was equal to two-percent of balance. The amount of credit card balance reflects the U.S. average of consumer credit card balance (Salisbury, 2014). Participants were told that they also saw their current accounts (i.e., the amount of money in their debit cards) and were also told that they do not have any other forms of financial obligations. Participants were instructed to indicate the amount of credit card repayment they would make in the light of the information provided in the online statement. We expect that the consumers’ understanding of compounding interest will affect their credit card repayment decisions. Therefore, we controlled for the participants’ financial knowledge, measured using three quiz-style questions following Navarro-Martinez, et al. (2011). Scores were calculated by tabulating the number of correct answers (one score for a right answer and zero for a wrong answer) and points are summed across the three questions to arrive at a single knowledge score. We measure participants’ susceptibility to credit cards effect (SCCE) by a 12-items scale adapted from Awanis and Cui (2014) (Cronbach’s α=0.89). The scale has been found to be invariant across cultures e.g., UK and Singapore. The scale items used a 7-point Likert format (1=strongly disagree, 7=strongly agree). Results and discussions A 5 (account balance) x 2 (payment mode) ANOVA revealed a main effect of current account balance, F(4,755)=61.50, p<0.001, η2=.246, such that higher current account will lead to higher repayment (Mcontrol=$960.64 (SD=53.91), M1=$181.85 (SD=58.08), M2=$390.55 (SD=53.78), M3=$1075.07 (SD=54.71), M4=$1138.45 (SD=51.84), see Figure 1). The ANOVA design also revealed a main effect of autopay vs regular payment mode, F(1,755)=28.44, p<0.001, η2=.04, such that the autopay (Mautopay=619.39, SD=35.17) brought about lower payments than the regular mode (MRegular=879.24, SD=33.72). Therefore, H1 and H2 are supported. Interaction effect of payment mode and susceptibility within low versus high account balance. We then examined the interaction effect of payment mode and susceptibility to credit card debt within three conditions: account balance is lower than the credit balance (high saving) and account balance is higher than the credit balance, and a control condition. We, therefore, recode the five levels of account balance experimental conditions into a dummy variable with three levels: 0 for control, 1 for low account balance and 2 for high account balance. The experimental conditions with account balance lower than the credit balance (i.e., $500 and $1000) is coded as 1 and those with account balance higher than the credit balance is coded as 2, no account balance information presented (i.e., control condition) is coded as 0. We centred the means of SCCE and use a PROCESS macro (Hayes, 2013) to estimate the interaction effect. Within low balance: the moderated regression results revealed the main effect of autopay (b=-233.23, t=-7.46, p=<0.001), main effect of SCCE (b=-43.318, t=13.04, p=<0.001) and interaction effect between autopay and SCCE (b=-81.48, t=25.64, p=<0.001) on credit card repayment. Simple slope analysis reveals that at there were significant differences in the repayment amount between low vs. high SCCE for regular participants (b=-81.70, t==-5.55, p<0.001). In contrast, for autopay participants, the effect of SCCE on credit card repayment is not significant (b=-.21, t=-.01, n.s). Within high balance: the moderated regression results revealed the main effect of autopay (b=-317.39, t=-3.57, p=<0.001) and main effect of SCCE (b=-135.10, t=-3.88, p=<0.001) on credit card repayment. The interaction effect between autopay and SCCE on credit card repayment is not significant p>.5).Within control: the moderated regression results revealed the main effect of autopay (b=-301.69, t=-2.13, p=<0.001) and main effect of SCCE (b=-156.24, t=-2.58, p=<0.001). The interaction effect between autopay and SCCE is not significant p>.5). Figure 2 shows the interaction effect discussed above for the two account balance experimental conditions: low account balance (panel A), high account balance (panel B). Patterns in control condition is similar to panel B. Based on these results, H3 is supported. General Discussion Automated payment is not as virtuous as many have assumed. In fact, autopay facilities encourage may reduce consumers’ long-term goal of debt repayment by craftily shifting attention away from superordinate goals to the more manageable and rewarding subgoals. We recommend that policy developers and practitioners should exercise caution in promoting the use of automated payment to enhance financial management. Such recommendations should come with a set of actionable guides to reduce debt levels in shorter time. Our findings also suggest that separation of many credit and debit accounts means that people tend to categorize debt and saving into separate mental accounts. This affects people’s ability to make informed repayment decisions, which should reflect one’s real ability to pay. Interventions that help people to accurately measure their real financial capabilities are expected to raise their repayment decisions. Therefore, we suggest that policy makers and practitioners reconcile credit card and saving account in a single online platform to enhance the consumers’ repayment decision.

South Korea has led the global online game markets successfully in the mobile game platform based social network service with commercialization and showed the potential of the mobile game market. Currently, Korea's game industry is accelerating the global expansion for the mobile game market based on online game technology and mobile infrastructure. However, recently as mobile games attract attention in the mobile business and digital entertainment markets, the competition grows so fast. Cooperation between game developers and publishers have important implications in mobile games as well as online games for competitiveness through selection and concentration. This study was designed to support decision making at the outsourcing for publisher and the development of mobile games with key success factor analysis. The key evaluation factors of the mobile game were extracted through the literature review and expert groups, and then the relative importance between each factor was derived to take advantage of the AHP, Multi-criteria decision method. Differences between the online game and mobile game were analysed in this evaluation process. Also we were able to verify this evaluation model by applying the released mobile game. As a result, accomplishment and gambling in the mobile game was found to be a key factor. Also differentiation factors from online game were social factor, scalability, reliability. Unlike the previous studies which have been focused on online games, this study offers the guideline of the decision making for the business success in the mobile game development and the sourcing, the most important steps in publishing business.

This paper empirically studies foreign investor investment decision-making factors of game industry. First of all, I couldn´t find many significant results relation to business performance. In terms of safety, The negative(-) relationship could be found between current ration, debt ration and foreign ownership. The growth(growth rate of sales, net profit growth rate) showed positive(+) relationship with foreign ownership. In terms of profitability, Between ROE, ROA and foreign ownership also showed positive(+) relationship . Finally, the R&D investments and weight of export are positive(+) related to foreign ownership. In this results, I can conjecture about foreign investor focus on Safety , Growth , Profitability. especially, can be inferred that R&D and weight of export factors attract foreign investors.

최근 유럽 의회와 이사회가 합의한 유럽연합 개인정보보호 규칙안은 정보처리기술의 발달에 따른 다양한 개인정보 활용 태양에 대하여 기존의 유럽연합 개인정보보호지침보다 세분화된 규정들 을 두고 있다. 이 중 빅데이터의 활용과 관련하여 특히 주목할 만한 부분은, 목적외 이용과 프로파 일링을 비롯한 자동화된 개인정보처리 및 이에 근 거한 개인에 대한 중요 결정에 대한 취급에 관한 사항들이다. 이에 본고에서는 현행의 유럽연합개 인정보보호지침과 새로운 규칙안, 그리고 우리나 라의 정보통신망법과 개인정보보호법의 관련 규 정을 비교해 보았다. 특히 규칙안과 우리나라법을 비교하여 볼 때, 규칙안은 목적외 이용에 관하여 우리나라 법보다 다소 유연한 규정을 두고 있으며, 프로파일링은 물론 프로파일링에 근거한 개인에 대한 자동화된 개별 결정에 대한 규정을 따로 두고 있다. 또한, 목적외 이용 및 프로파일링, 자동화된 개별 결정 과 관련하여 정보주체의 권익을 보호하기 위한 보호조치를 강조하고 있다. 이와 같은 접근은 정 보처리기술의 발달로 다양한 방식 및 내용의 개 인정보처리가 가능해지고, 이로 인하여 정보주체 의 권익에 미치는 영향이 커지는 현실을 감안할 때 우리 법의 입법론으로서도 참고할 만하다고 생각된다.

이 판례평석은 보험사고 중 보험자의 면책사항에 해당하는 자살에 대 해 보험자의 책임을 인정하는 법원의 판결에 관한 것이다. 이 판례평석 에서 인용한 판례들은, ① 극도로 흥분된 상태에서 자살한 사안에 대한 판례(대법원 2006.3.10. 선고 2005다49713 판결), ② 만취된 상태에서 자살한 사안에 대한 판례(대법원 2008.8.21. 선고 2007다76696 판결), ③ 정신질환 상태에서 자살한 사안에 대한 판례(서울고등 2007.11.27. 선고 2007나14508 판결)들로 이는 우리나라 생명보험표준약관(보험업 감독규정시행세칙 제5-13조 제1항 관련) 제5조에서 규정하는 보험자가 보험금을 지급하지 않는 사유 (① 피보험자가 고의로 자신을 해친 경우, ② 보험수익자가 고의로 피보험자를 해친 경우, ③ 계약자가 고의로 피 보험자를 해친 경우) 의 예외조항(동조 제1호)인 피보험자의 고의적인 보험사고에 대하여 피보험자가 심신상실 등으로 자유로운 의사결정을 할 수 없는 상태에서 자신을 해친 경우 에 보험자의 책임을 인정한 것 들이다. 법원은 상법 제659조 제1항 및 제732조의2의 입법 취지에 비추어 볼 때, 사망을 보험사고로 하는 보험계약에 있어서 자살을 보험자의 면책사 유로 규정하고 있는 경우, 그 자살은 사망자가 자기의 생명을 끊는다는 것을 의식하고 그것을 목적으로 의도적으로 자기의 생명을 절단하여 사 망의 결과를 발생케 한 행위를 의미하며, 피보험자가 정신질환 등으로 자유로운 의사결정을 할 수 없는 상태에서 사망의 결과를 발생케 한 경 우까지 포함하는 것이라고 할 수 없을 뿐만 아니라, 그러한 경우 사망의 결과를 발생케 한 직접적인 원인행위가 외래의 요인에 의한 것이라면 그 보험사고는 피보험자의 고의에 의하지 않은 우발적인 사고로서 재해에 해당한다. 고 판단하고 있다. 보험의 가장 중요한 기능은 우연한 사고가 발생한 경우, 구성원으로 하여금 경제적 어려움과 불안을 극복하는 데 도움을 주는 것이다. 물론 보험계약이 가지는 사행계약적 성격으로 인해 처음부터 보험금 취득을 목적으로 보험계약을 체결하거나, 생명보험계약 체결 후 고의로 피보험 자를 살해하는 것과 같은 보험범죄, 도덕적 해이의 문제 및 역선택의 문 제 등과 같은 역기능이 있는 것도 사실이다. 그리고 고의 자살사고의 경우, 보험의 순기능보다는 역기능 성격이 표 출될 여지도 많지만, 자살사고라고 할지라도 고의성이 내포되어 있지 않 은 사고 또한 적지 않은 것도 사실이고, 역기능적 성격보다는 그 사회 구성원의 경제안정을 통한 사회보장적 기능을 극대화 시키는 것이 보험 제도 본연의 취지에 더욱더 부합하는 것이라 할 것이다. 현행 상법이나 생명보험표준약관이 고의사고인 자살의 경우에도 일정 한 조건에 부합되면 이를 면책하지 않고 부책할 수 있는 단서 조항을 두 고 있는 이유도 보험의 역기능 보다는 순기능적 측면에 초점을 맞춘 것 으로 보아야 한다. 따라서 정신질환 등으로 자유로운 의사결정을 할 수 없는 상태 인 경 우, 피보험자 자신의 행동을 이해할 수 없고 그 행동에 대한 결과를 알 수 없는 상태임이 명백하므로 상법 제659조의 적용보다는 상법 제732조 의2를 적용함이 보다 합리적이라 판단된다. 또한 보험은 경제적 안정 이 라는 순기능을 가지고 있는 바, 자유로운 의사결정을 할 수 없는 상태 에서의 자살인 경우, 남겨진 유족에게 경제적 안정이라는 긍정적인 측면 을 가져올 수 있다는 부분도 간과할 수 없으므로 보험의 순기능적인 측 면에 입각하여 해석할 필요가 있다고 본다.

한우 사육두수는 한우 암소의 번식 정도가 어느 정도인지에 따라서 결정된다. 한우 암소의 번식 여부 는 산지가격에 대한 기대가격에 따라 결정된다. 이 논문은 한우 암소 번식농가의 의사결정 행위를 분석 한 것이다. 이를 위해 네 가지 기대모형이론을 적용하여 어느 모형이 보다 적합한 모형인지를 비교하였 다. 산지가격에 대한 기대가격을 형성함에 있어서 순수기대모형, 적응적기대모형, 부분조정모형, 합리적 기대모형 등 네 가지 모형을 적용하였다. 그리고 이들 네 가지 기대모형을 근거로 실제 암소도축과 송 아지공급함수를 추정하였다. 그 결과 한우 암소 번식농가의 의사결정은 상대적으로 복잡한 적응적기대 모형이나 부분조정모형보다는 순수기대모형이나 합리적기대모형으로 잘 설명되는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한, 모형 전체의 적합도에서는 합리적기대모형이 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

Background & Research Objectives The ever-changing nature of fashion and multicultural consumption motives shape and challenge the contemporary global fashion world. To some extent, it has been experienced that individuals across countries engage in similar fashion movements simultaneously. Therefore, it may be assumed that there partially exists a homogenized, transnational global consumer segment when it comes to the purchase of clothing items. Nevertheless, on the other hand, there still remain several divergences in the consumption behavior of fashion products around diverse parts of the world (Yurchisin & Johnson, 2010). It is universally agreed that consumers engage in shopping with specific decision-making modes and styles which make the search for a common instrument that is able to describe the purchase orientation of fashion consumers across cultures quite problematic and challenging. Indeed, according to the buyer´s cultural backgrounds, fashion consumption motives and the benefits searched for when buying an apparel product could be very different (Tahmid, 2012).Today´s fashion consumer is characterized by a continuously evolving set of complex wants and needs that can be satisfied by a wide variety of competing alternatives (Pandey & Dixit, 2011). The different aspirations and motivations which consumers express are generally shaped by various shopping outcomes which they are prone to achieve (Yurchisin & Johnson, 2010).Motivation is described as an internal state that activates goal-oriented behaviour. It refers to the processes that lead people to behave as they do. It occurs when a need is aroused that the consumer wishes to satisfy. The need creates a state of tension that drives the consumer to attempt to reduce or eliminate it. This need may be utilitarian (i.e., a desire to achieve some functional or practical benefit) or it may be hedonic (i.e., an experiential need, involving emotional responses or fantasies). Marketers try to create products and services to provide the desired benefits and help the consumer to diminish this tension (Solomon, 2013).It is advocated that fashion consumption is made up of two major categories of drivers, namely social consumption motives and individual consumption motives which both represent psychological determinants. Those psychological factors influencing apparel purchase behavior can be separated into rational, emotional (perceptional) and patronage motives (Diamond, 2005). Rational motives replicate a pragmatic orientation, such as quality- or price consciousness in purchase behavior. In contrast, emotional drivers include, amongst others, motivations linked to physical vanity and fashion consciousness, adventure-, gratification- and pleasure seeking, materialism, status and conspicuousness, impulsive and compulsive consumption. Patronage motives, on the other hand, reflect habitual buying and for instance are connected to brand-consciousness and store loyalty (Diamond, 2005). By profiling international apparel consumers based on their individual decision-making styles and modes, more meaningful ways to identify and understand different cross-cultural customer segments are offered. As a result, fashion industries are able to target each customer segment with more focused marketing-strategies, based on their motives and aimed-for benefits linked to purchasing clothing products.This topic raises a number of important questions for researchers and practitioners. To the authors´ knowledge no empirical contributions to compare and contrast prevalent motives of apparel consumption in Western nations exist. Hence, in order to fill this research gap and broaden this important research area, this explorative study focuses on the identification and discussion of similarities and differences in buying characteristics between the USA, France, Germany and Austria by analyzing valuable motives that have not yet been empirically examined in a cross-cultural fashion context. Methodology Starting with a review of existing literature regarding generic consumer decision making motives, like e.g. Sproles & Kendall (1986), Mokhlis (2009) and Hiu, Siu, Wang & Chang (2001), an initial classification into rational, emotional and patronage motiveswas undertaken for the field of fashion, which later on was expanded using the results of a qualitative pre-study conducted with 50 interviewees in New York to gain first insights as a basis for the proximate, main empirical research. In compliance with triangulation theory in social science (see e.g. Cohen & Manion, 2000), which advocates data collection from manifold sources, a combination of quantitative and qualitative research was carried out in the core study, consisting of expert interviews and an online consumer survey. Due to a lack of existing literature foundation, the main research is explorative and not based on specific hypotheses. In the first section, a qualitative analysis of the mentioned motives was done using NVivo on the grounds of 16 expert interviews with fashion marketing communication and design experts in the four research countries. The second part of the empirical study was conducted via a quantitative consumer survey, to enable a Web based questioning through Lime Survey. To minimize possible language barriers, the questionnaire was delineated in three languages, translated from English into French and German by bilingual professionals in order to ensure best possible quality, precision, accuracy, reliability and validity of the empirical study. For this specific type of quantitative research, a stratified random sampling procedure was applied. Altogether, 693 individuals (482 female and 211 male subjects) participated in the online survey, 174 in USA, Germany and Austria respectively, and 171 in France. The total non-student sample included participants with a mean age of 28.4 years. Subjects were asked to evaluate 22 rational, emotional and patronage motives derived from literature and the pretest on a 7 point Likert scale. Cross-cultural similarities and differences were revealed throughout the examination process. An analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) on the mean values and a subsequent Post-Hoc Tukey Test disclosed significant variations between the four nations for 15 out of the 22 tested motivational determinants influencing fashion consumption behavior. In a first step, the authors refrained from using a factor analysis, in order to retain more detailed information. Findings demonstrate that American consumers pay the most attention towards price-value relations and cheap deals, compared to the remaining countries. They additionally consider quality attributes the least when deciding upon which fashion products to buy. In contrast to the other nations, American consumers are most pragmatically oriented when deciding upon which apparel items to purchase. Furthermore, they engage the least in spontaneous clothes shopping in the spur of the moment. An investigation of the preferred brand segments per country supported these outputs by highlighting the statistic that American consumers buy significantly less apparel from the upper-middle price segment than Austrian, German or French consumers. Accordingly, in comparison to the other nations, American consumers purchase the most value/discount fashion. Moreover, outcomes illustrate that French consumers have a higher tendency of buying garments from the same stores and boutiques than Austrian and German consumers. Correspondingly, Austrian and German consumers feel significantly less confused by over-choice of apparel offerings than French consumers. To that effect, in terms of country of origin being a characteristic that impacts fashion consumption, findings prove that French consumers value national heritage of clothing more than Austrian and German consumers. Indeed, they tend to also pay more attention to buying apparel that originates from the home country. Outcomes further pinpoint that compared to Austrian and German consumers, Americans and French utilize fashion significantly more to make a positive impression on others, feel socially belonging and accepted as well as to be part of a reference group. In contrast to Austrians and Germans, Americans are more likely to adjust their wardrobe to the specific expectations and norms of their working environments. In addition, results indicate that French consumers devote more consideration towards dressing in accordance to their job conventions than Austrian and German consumers. Interestingly, Austrian and German consumers value physical vanity significantly more than American and French consumers. French consumers, however, employ fashion the most as a means of boosting satisfaction with one´s self-image, compared to the other research nations. Detailed results of the empirical study will be thoroughly discussed in the presentation in order to explicitly highlight specific common and divergent archetypes and patterns between the research countries. Additionally, final key outcomes, in-depth implications as well as limitations and directions for future research will be addressed in the conference.

This study understood what effect was produced on the purchasing decision making of outdoor wear by a shopping orientation, fashion involvement and demographic characteristics offered practical suggestions as to what effect was produced on the store selection criteria, product selection criteria for purchasing decision making in purchasing outdoor wear. This research was conducted through a questionnaire survey, and 397 males in were collected for analysis. The results were as follows. First, shopping orientation group was classified into hedonic shopping orientation group and utilitarian shopping orientation group. And it was classified into high fashion involvement group and low fashion involvement group according to fashion involvement. Product selection criteria were classified into 2 factors such as intrinsic attributes and extrinsic attributes. And store selection criteria were classified into 4 factors such as store atmosphere, store environment, promotion and salesmen. Second, there was partly significant difference in product selection criteria, and store selection criteria between utilitarian shopping group and hedonic shopping group. Third, there was significant difference in product selection criteria and store selection criteria between high fashion involvement group and low fashion involvement group. Finally, there was significant difference in the and according to age, job, and income among demographic characteristics.

본 연구의 목적은 계획행동이론을 적용하여 양양송이축제 방문객들의 축제 방문 의사결과정을 알아보기 위한 것이다. 이를 위하여 구조방정식 모형을 이용하여 방문동기의 구조적 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 계획행동이론에 대한 분석 결과 지각된 행동통제감은 행동의도에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 태도 또한 행동의도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 주관적 규범은 행동의도에 유의미한 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 행동의도와 관련된 축제 방문객들의 의사결정 과정과 연구와 양양송이 축제의 지속가능한 발전에 의미 있는 시사점을 제시할 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구에서는 팔로워십이 리더의의사결정방식 중 참여적 의사결정과 권한위임에 미치는 영향에 대 해 알아보고자 하며, 그 매커니즘을 밝히기 위해 LMX를 매개변수로 설정하고 있다. 기존 연구들을 살펴 보면 팔로워십에 관한 다양한 연구가 진행되어 왔으나 팔로워십이 리더에게 미치는 영향에 관한 연구는 찾아보기 어려운 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 팔로워와 리더를 구분하는 가장 중요한 요인으로서 리더 의 의사결정권을 상정하여 팔로워십이 이에 영향을 미칠 수 있는지를 알아보고자 한다. 즉 팔로워의 의사결정과정에의 참여는 리더의 의지에 달려있다고 보는 기존 관련 연구들과는 달리 본 연구에서는 리더가 팔로워의 행동(팔로워십)에 따라 팔로워를 의사결정과정에 참여시키거나 의사결정권을 팔로워에게 위임 할 것이라는 가정에 기초하여 가설을 도출하고 있다. 연구결과 팔로워십 중 독립적·비판적 사고는 LMX와 참여적 의사결정, 권한위임에 유의한 영향을 미치 지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 팔로워십 중 적극적 참여는 LMX를 매개로 참여적 의사결정에는 완전 매개효과를, 권한위임에는 부분매개효과를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과는 팔로워가 리더의영향을 받기만 하는 수동적인 존재라는 기존의 시각과 반대되는 결과이다. 즉 팔로워는 리더의 영향을 받을 뿐만 아니라 리더에게도 영향을 미치는 주체적이고 능동적인 존재가 될 수 있다는 점을 시사하고 있다.

A CCTV inspection method has been widely used to assess sewer condition and performance, but Korea lacks a proper decision support system for prioritizing sewer repair and rehabilitation (R&R). The objective of this paper is to introduce the results that we have developed in the Sewer Condition Assessment and Rehabilitation Decision-making (SCARD) Program using MS-EXCEL. The SCARD-Program is based on a standardized defect score for sewer structural and hydraulic assessment. Priorities are ranked based on risk scores, which are calculated by multiplying the sewer severity scores by the environmental impacts. This program is composed of three parts, which are decision-making for sewer condition and performance assessment, decision-making for sewer R&R priority assessment, and decision-making for optimal budget allocation. The SCARD-Program is useful for decision-makers, as it enables them to assess the sewer condition and to prioritize sewer R&R within the limited annual budget. In the future, this program logic will applied to the GIS-based sewer asset management system in local governments.

A combined treatment system using multiple source water is becoming important as an alternative to conventional water supply for small-scale water systems. In this research, combined water treatment systems were investigated for simultaneous use of multi-source water including rainwater, ground water, river water, and reclaimed wastewater. A laboratory-scale system was developed to systematically compare various combinations of water treatment processes, including sand filtration, microfiltration (MF), granular activated carbon (GAC), and nanofiltration (NF). Results showed that the efficiency of combined water treatment systems was affected by the quality of feed waters. In addition, a simply approach based on the concept of linear combination was suggested to support a decision-making for the optimum water treatment systems with the consideration of final water quality.

본 연구의 목적은 해양경찰의 현장지휘체계에 대한 문제점과 원인을 밝히는 것이다. 해양재난 발생현장에서 현장지휘관이 합리적인 의사결정을 할 것이라는 기대가능성에 대해 매우 부정적인 결론을 도출하였고, 여러 관점의 문제점을 연구하였다. 해양사고 대응 조직체계와 같은 구조적인 측면뿐만 아니라 의사결정과 같은 비구조적인 측면을 이론과 분석을 통해 비효율적인 조직체계, 합리적인 의사결정의 실패, 현장과의 소통 부족과 같은 문제점을 밝혀냈으며, 선진형 현장 지휘체계의 모색, 효율적인 조직, 전문인력의 양성, 개방적인 조직문화의 조성과 같은 대안들을 제시하였다.

The conventional clustering approaches are mostly based on minimizing total dissimilarity of input and output. However, the clustering approach may not be helpful in some cases of clustering decision making units (DMUs) with production feature converting multiple inputs into multiple outputs because it does not care converting functions. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has been widely applied for efficiency estimation of such DMUs since it has non-parametric characteristics. We propose a new clustering method to identify groups of DMUs that are similar in terms of their input-output profiles. A real world example is given to explain the use and effectiveness of the proposed method. And we calculate similarity value between its result and the result of a conventional clustering method applied to the example. After the efficiency value was added to input of K-means algorithm, we calculate new similarity value and compare it with the previous one.

세월호 침몰사고 초기에 신속하고 효과적인 구조대응 실패에 대한 원인 중 하나로 현장지휘관의 판단실패를 지적하고 있다. 아직까지 최종적인 사고원인분석결과가 나오지는 않았으나 사고현장에서의 초동대응은 피해를 최소화하는데 제일 중요한 요소이다. 바다는 육지에 비해 위험성, 고립성, 제한된 정보, 전통적인 바다라는 권위적 조직문화 속에서 현장지휘관들은 신속한 의사결정을 내려야 한다. 지금도 바다에서는 많은 사고가 발생하고 있다.

본 연구는 상사의 윤리적 리더십이 부하의 윤리적 의사결정 의도에 미치는 영향과 조직 분위기의 조절 효과를 검증하였다. 자료의 수집은 충청남ㆍ북도, 대전시 소재 제조업의 총무부서, 자재조달부서, 회계부서의 구성원을 대상으로 2013년 10월 1일부터 동년 동월 30일까지 295명에 대하여 조사하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 상사의 윤리적 리더십이 부하의 윤리적 의사결정간에 유효한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 조직 분위기의 이기주의는 상사의 윤리적 리더십이 윤리적 의사결정 의도에 미치는 영향에 있어 유의한 부(-)의 조절효과가 있으며, 원칙주의는 상사의 윤리적 리더십이 윤리적 의사결정 의도에 유의한 정(+)의 조절효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 기업의 리더는 자신의 윤리적 행동과 의사결정 과정의 윤리성을 다시 점검하여 부하에게 매력적이고 모범적인 역할 모델이 될 수 있도록 노력해야 하며, 부하와의 의사소통을 통해 윤리적 행동의 필요성을 인식시키고 명확한 윤리적 기준을 수립하여 보상과 통제를 해야 할 것이다. 이러한 윤리적 리더십이 정착되면 부하의 윤리적 의사결정을 향상시킬 수 있을 것이다. 또한 모든 구성원이 공감하고 공유할 수 있는 가치기준이나 행동규범이 정립되고 윤리성이 높은 조직 분위기를 조성하는 것이 구성원의 윤리적 의사결정을 높이는 지름길이라고 할 수 있다.

This study investigates Australian consumers’ decision-making styles for everyday products. The CSI is based on preliminary work done by Sproles (1983), in which he argued that there are certain fundamental styles that all consumers apply to their shopping and buying. These styles included brand, price, or quality consciousness and provided a conceptual framework for describing consumer decision making styles. Consumers’ decision-making styles influence how they negotiate their way through the decision-making process, i.e., how they approach information search, evaluation and selection, and purchase behaviour (Durvasula et al., 1996). The characteristics of decision-making styles can be effective in profiling an individual’s consumer style in terms of their product evaluation and selection process (Canabal, 2002). The CSI, however, has some limitations. First, previous studies using the CSI have mostly focused on non-specific product types (Durvasula et al., 1996; Leo et al., 2005). Secondly, most of the research using the CSI has focused on student samples (Fan & Xiao, 1998; Hafstrom et al., 1992; Shim, 1996; Sproles, 1983) that have limited income and marketplace experience, and are still learning their consumer styles. In the light of above limitations, this research is developed focusing on specific products (e.g., confectionary) and distributing the CSI within heterogeneous sample. Based on a sample of 229 respondents, an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was adopted to validate Sproles and Kendall’s (1986) Consumer Styles Inventory (CSI). Results found that six decision-making styles: ‘perfectionist, high quality’, ‘confused by overchoice’, ‘impulsive’, ‘habitual/brand loyal’, ‘novelty/fashion’, and ‘recreation conscious’ were retained from the original Sproles and Kendall’s (1986) CSI and one decision-making style such as ‘rational, price conscious’ was developed for Australian consumers. Results also found that 24 items were removed from the original CSI for better fit and ‘brand conscious’ decision-making style showed less than satisfactory reliability indicated that the original CSI inventory needed modification when being applied to Australian consumers. The findings of this study has extended the literature by determining the applicability and the generalizability of the CSI in context of everyday products which is yet to be known in relation to Australian consumers.

A large body of recent research has established that word-of-mouth websites have a major impact on consumer purchases and that this trend is particularly prevalent among the young in Japan. However, prior research into consumer decision-making processes has mainly discussed the sequence of events leading up to purchase, and only a few studies have considered the generation of word-of-mouth communication. Moreover, in the empirical analyses of this research, data was mainly gathered by experiments, and a survey field to firmly gather data has not been developed. This research has two objectives: 1) To propose a new decision-making process that considers the generation of word-of-mouth communication and 2) to create and empirically demonstrate a field that can observe the generation of such communication. Specifically, the author presents a new model of the consumer decision-making process that is based on the AISAS model, a model of advertisement flow, and empirically exhibits a survey field that uses mobile phones. From the results of the analysis in this paper, the following findings were confirmed for the three consumer packaged goods (CPG) investigated: the actual existence of a decision-making process of word-of-mouth communication for the functional drink; in post-purchase behavior, a high percentage of consumers not only engage in word-of-mouth communication, but also view product official homepages; in the case of the line-extension product, while awareness is easy to obtain, only a small amount of word-of-mouth communication takes place on the Internet and even for a private-brand product, information can be spread widely by skillfully utilizing topics in the mass media. Theoretical Background Research into consumers’ decision-making processes can be broadly divided into two flows. The first is constructed from research into consumer behavior and the second from research into advertising messages. The differences between the two are that the former is advanced by investigators who are focused on attitude formation in the decision-making process, while the latter is developed by practitioners who concentrate on how information flows. The stimulation-response type and the information-processing type decision-making processes have been constructed by research into consumer behavior. In the stimulation-response type, it is thought that consumers are mobilized by external stimuli, such as advertisements, store promotions, and discounts, which ultimately cause them to make a purchase. The Howard-Sheth model that appeared in the 1960s is representative of this type, and it describes a decision-making processes that occurs when the product purchased is comparatively inexpensive and requires low participation. In contrast, the information-processing type is a decision-making process for a purchase in which the consumer actively collects information and decides on his or her attitude in achieve personal purchasing goals. It is represented by the Bettman model and describes actions taken when the product price is comparatively high and when risks exist at the time of purchase. Consumers are assumed to adopt either of these decision-making processes, depending on which is more appropriate for their particular situations, but both models mainly describe the process up to the time the purchase is made and hardly mention word-of-mouth communication after it. The area that has been being researched from the perspective of successfully communicating an advertising message to consumers has relied on the AIDMA (Attention, Interest, Desire, Memory, and Action) model that was published in 1956, which was based on the AID (Attention, Interest, and Desire) model, advocated in 1898. Searching for advertisement effects based on this flow is known to be useful in predicting consumer behavior and in corporate branding. It is widely used in the business world, since it can be usefully applied to actual businesses, but it involves hardly any empirical analysis and so is frequently used just as a concept. As described above, consumer decision-making processes have developed as two systems, but as is seen in the review, the conventional decision-making process barely touches on word-of-mouth effects after purchase. Incidentally, during the last few years in the area of advertising messages, models incorporating word-of-mouth communication after purchase have spread in Japan. A typical example is AISAS, which is an abbreviation of Attention about the product; Interest; Search, including on the Internet; Action, namely, the purchase; and Share, such as purchasers writing their impressions of the product on the Internet. Related research has established that those people who are aware of and interested in the product are more likely to listen to word-of-mouth communication and that some people tend to be more likely to listen to it than others. The SIPS model, which was developed from AISAS and assumes that word-of-mouth communication is the starting point for a purchase, is an abbreviation of Sympathize→Identify→Participate→Share & Spread. It is a model with a new paradigm in that rather than the mass media, the trigger for a purchase is word-of-mouth communication, such as a comment on Facebook. From the above, it is clear that a decision-making process for the Internet age that addresses the following points needs to be established: 1) Rather than the conventional one-way model that starts with awareness and ends with the purchase, it is necessary to consider the effects that the sharing of information after a purchase have on others who are searching for information; and 2) the decision-making process is not concluded solely within the individual, and it is necessary to consider the effects that individuals have on the market as a whole. However, in actual purchase scenes, if there are products that are bought through the proliferation of information via SNS, then, as before, there are still many purchases generated by promotions. In other words, it is thought that decision-making processes will vary according to differences in products and consumers and that these various processes coexist. Therefore, next, we will consider how these processes vary because of differences in products and consumers. Empirical Analysis For the analysis in this paper, Minrepo from Docomo Insight Marketing Inc. (DIM) was used. DIM is a joint venture between NTT Docomo Inc., which is the mobile phone company with the largest share of the Japanese market, and Intage Inc., which is Japan’s largest research company. DIM’s Minrepo is a survey and an experiment field for an SNS that uses smart phones and a mechanism by which information posted on the SNS can be confirmed. The Docomo smartphone users post reports with attached photographs of products, meals, and other items they have been used or consumed, in response to which other Docomo smartphone users click on buttons such as “Looks good” and “Wish.” Unlike Facebook, users connect loosely with people with whom they are not acquainted, and so, in actuality, its network structure is closer to that of Twitter or blogs. In addition to observing their actions, it also enables the participants to be surveyed. The current survey period was one month, July 2013, and 2,342 people participated in the survey (of whom, 1,140 were men and 1,202 were women), and a total of 19,196 reports were posted. These postings included reports on three product brands: A, a high-selling functional beverage; B, a line-extension ice bar; and C, a private-brand sweet roll. Brand A was surveyed twice via smartphone, at the beginning and at the end of the survey period. Results First, data were compiled on whether many routes existed for the decision-making processes. From these data, among the 374 people who bought brand A during the relevant period, it was found that 254 of them had some sort of awareness or interest in the product prior to their purchase, that 55 of them purchased it without thinking, and that 65 were aware of and interested in the product and had word-of-mouth communication about it prior to their purchases. Moreover, of these purchasers, 33 of them said word-of-mouth communication was the information that spurred their purchases. Many people were aware of and interested in the low-price beverage prior to their purchase of it, which might be because it is a functional beverage. The percentage of people who sent out word-of-mouth communication was slightly more than 15%, while marginally more than 10% of people were influenced by it, and it is thought that this demonstrates that it is meaningful to take word-of-mouth communication into account when considering decision-making. Next, the routes for the awareness of the three products and the consumers’ behavior after the purchase were investigated. Table 1 shows the results of this investigation. In terms of this characteristic, the awareness rate within the store was high for each of the products, but the awareness rate for brand A was often the result of the many TV commercials that were broadcast for it, while the awareness rate for brand B, which is a line-extension product, was significantly influenced by the parent brand. In contrast to these findings, the cognizance from SNS was high for brand C, and even though consumers were not subject to advertisements about it through the mass media; it was ascertained that this brand succeeded in earning awareness in stores and via SNS. Table 2 shows the consumers’ behavior after their purchases. From it, we see that much word-of-mouth communication was generated for each of the three brands, but compared to brands A and C, the volume of word-of-mouth communication generated on the Internet for brand B was extremely small. This is result is thought to reflect the fact that brand B is a brand-extension product, and so while awareness of it tends to be high, it lacks freshness to the extent that it becomes a topic on the Internet. In addition, for brand A, a large percentage of the people surveyed checked the product on the company site after their purchases of it. It is thought that this was to ascertain what was meant by it being described as functional. Finally, for brand A, the results of the surveys of the conditions before and after the experiment were compared, and the characteristics of those people who responded that they did not first send out word-of-mouth communication but did so after the experiment were investigated. From this investigation, it was ascertained that those who frequently use Twitter and Facebook and those who believe that other people expect them to be a source of information engage in word-of-mouth behavior. This shows that it is not only the product, but also the characteristics of the consumer that greatly influence word-of-mouth communication. Discussion From a review of prior research on consumers’ decision-making processes and on the flow of advertisements, this paper presents a consumer decision-making process that corresponds to the present age of a developed Internet environment. This process was confirmed with data obtained from a pseudo-Twitter world, via actual mobile phones. From this, the following findings were established: the existence of decision-making behaviors that generate word-of-mouth communication; the coexistence of conventional information-processing and stimulation-response processing, according to the product investigated; differences in behaviors for coming into contact with information prior to purchase and for transmitting and searching for information after purchase; and the greater likelihood that people who use Twitter and Facebook to engage in word-of-mouth communication.

The amount of data in companies today in terms of volume, velocity and variety is unique in the history of business. Despite on-going calls for more accountability of the marketing function, there is a lack of studies that examine the role of metrics in order to interpret this data. This study focuses on how marketing metrics and financial metrics are used within organizations to both quantify and to explore data relevant for marketing mix decision-making. An analysis of primary data from six case studies and 29 marketing mix decisions promises to provide a rich understanding of the activities and metrics that are used to trigger and inform managerial decision-making. The aim is to contribute to the body of knowledge on metrics use with the aim of improving managerial decision-making, marketing mix performance and the standing of the marketing function in the firm.

This study focuses on consumer knowledge which is one of the determinants of consumer behavior, referring to difference in consumer knowledge at each stage of the purchase decision making-process. Thus, for that reason, the consumer behavior specified by consumer knowledge is difference at each stage of purchase decision making-process.